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French and Indian War: 1754 - 1763. The British vs. the French in America. French. British. -Catholic -Few Permanent settlements -Main Econ. Activity is the fur trade -Preferred by Natives -Many native allies. -Protestant -Permanent settlements and large towns - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR: 1754 - 1763
French
British
The British vs. The French in America
Catholic Few Permanent
settlements Main Economic
Activity: fur trade Preferred by
Natives – many native Allies
Protestant Many Permanent
settlements & large towns
Main Economic activity: farming
Few native allies
Growing Rich from America
World Empires
Wealthy Enemies
ON THE EVE OF WAR… French:
Afraid of losing Fur Trade region of Ohio Country
Covet the region of the upper Ohio River Valley
Build forts in the Region (Ex. Ft. Le Boeuf near Erie)
British: Colonies are
growing in population and need more land!
Begin pushing westward.
Covet the Ohio country for expansion.
A young man named George Washington is sent from Virginia to scout out region and expel the French…
BASIC FACTS ABOUT THE FRENCH & INDIAN WAR
Dates: 1754 to 1763 (#1) Location: Quebec,
Northeastern Coast and Great Lakes region (Western Pennsylvania!)
French and Algonquin tribesvs. British, American Colonistsand Iroquois Confederacy
Expanded into Europe as the Seven Years War (#2)(1756–1763)
British Victory:Treaty of Paris-1763
GEORGE WASHINGTON DELIVERS A MESSAGE!DEC. 11, 1753
Washington and Christopher Gist are sent to deliver a message to the French.
They travel from VA to Ft.
Le Boeuf (near Lake Erie).
The message tells the French that the British claim the land known as the “Ohio Country” (west of the Appalachian Mtns.)
The French claim the land is theirs!
WASHINGTON AND GIST NEARLY DROWN!
…While crossing the Allegheny River on a raft.
…Managed to make it to a small island in the river.
By morning, they were able to cross over the frozen river to safety.
G.W.‘s life is spared - #1
….AT FT. LEBEOUF
WASHINGTON STARTS THE F & I WAR! – MAY 28, 1754
G.W. and VA militia (citizen soldiers) are assigned to build a fort at the “forks of the Ohio”
Larger French force overtakes it during construction and names it Ft. Duquesne(#6).
Washington and his men leave to return to VA with the information.
THE SPARK…
Battle of Jumonville Glen (#3) May 28, 1754 Ultimately triggers French & Indian War Lt. George Washington and 40 soldiers
ambush French militia led by Ensign de Jumonville in early AM
Jumonville killed in battle (assassinated by the Indian leader “The Half King”), an act which starts the war
When Washington returns to Western PA to help finish the fort, the British come upon a French camp…
WASHINGTON SURRENDERS AT THE ‘GREAT MEADOWS’ - JULY 3 - 4, 1754
G.W. and his militia hastily built a stockade for protection from the French & Indians –
called (# 4) Ft. Necessity.
A strong storm wet their powder and flooded the fort.
(#5)G. Washington and his men were captured.
THE VIRGINIANS MUST SIGN AN AGREEMENT PROMISING TO STAY OUT OF THE AREA FOR 1 YR.
The document was written in French (G.W. could not read French).
He and his men were permitted to march out since France and GB were not officially at war.
By signing the paper, G.W. unknowingly admitted to assassinating the French leader Jumonville…
G.W.’s life is spared - #2
BRITISH GEN. BRADDOCK ARRIVES TO CAPTURE FT. DUQUESNE Braddock with 2,600
British soldiers march toward (#7)Ft. Duquesne, attempting to capture it.
They make a road from VA to the OH Country.
After crossing the Mon. river, they march on at Turtle Creek (near Kennywood Park today).
The march in order while playing drums!
FRENCH & INDIANS AMBUSH THE BRITISH – JULY 9, 1755 G.Washington,
acting as a (#8) guide and advisor (Aide-de-Camp) for the British, warns Braddock that the French & Indians will use (#10)‘guerilla tactics’ in battle (ambush - shoot from cover then move to new spots).
Braddock does not heed G.W’s warning’
1000 British are killed along with Gen.Braddock
Regular forces (French and British) use European tactics (#11):
- Soldiers form parallel lines and face off at 100 yards or less
-Several volleys of musket fire precede a bayonet charge
Battle of the Monongahela July 9, 1755 Tough terrain French defenders
prepare an ambush Braddock fatally
wounded (#9) George Washington
becomes a hero French inflict defeat on British
FRENCH IN FULL CONTROL OF THE OHIO COUNTRY
Washington helped the British retreat while carrying the mortally wounded Braddock.
G.W. had bullets go through his coat and horses shot from under him – his life is spared again! - #3.
Braddock is buried under the road in the mountains (1 mile west of Fort Necessity)
WILLIAM PITT NAMED SECRETARY OF STATE IN BRITAIN (SOON BECOMES PRIME MINISTER)
William Pitt (#12)takes over wartime operations and plans a new campaign to defeat the French in the OH Country.
This is seen as the turning point of the war.
In 1757, he gives command to Gen. Forbes along with 2000 British troops.
Forbes cuts a road across PA to take Ft. Duquesne.
Ft. Ligonier (Loyalhannah)
FT. LIGONIER ATTACKED BY FRENCH & INDIANS – OCT. 12, 1758
About 50 miles from Ft. Duquesne, this fort was Forbes’ advance base for their march to capture the French fort.
French & Indians stage an attack on Ft. Ligonier to make the British think they are a powerful force.
G.W. stops a ‘friendly fire’ incident – saved #4
GEN. FORBES AND COL. WASHINGTON DECIDE TO MARCH ON TO FT. DUQUESNE
The ‘trick’ fails when a prisoner from Ft. Duquesne informs the British that the French have very few men and few Indian allies at this time.
With weather conditions deteriorating, they begin the final assault on Ft. Duquesne.
FT. DUQUESNE FALLS – NOV. 25.1758 Camped a few miles
away, the British hear explosions and learn that the French blew up parts of their fort and (#13) abandoned it.
The British allow it to burn down and later begin constructing (#14)Ft. Pitt, after William Pitt.
British are now in control of the OH Country.
With loss of (#15) Quebec (1759), New France is practically finished
French Navy inEurope defeatedat Quiberon Bay,cannot send help
British blockadeMontreal
Only a matter of time before French are finished off.
END OF THE LINE FOR THE FRENCH…
THE TREATY OF PARIS February 10, 1763
Signed by Great Britain, France, and Spain, with Portugal in agreement
France loses New France and all claims to the territory east of the Mississippi River
Spain ceded Florida to British, but later gets New Orleans and Louisiana from France
France retained islands Saint Pierre Miquelon
BUSHY RUN – AUG.5-6,1763 British Colonel
Henry Bouquet returns to the OH Country with British troops to stop Indian raids on settlers near Ft. Pitt.
He marches across PA using Forbes’ Road (today’s Rt. 30).
The battle took place at Bushy Run (near today’s Greensburg).
AFTERMATH OF WAR
England now largestcolonial empire in the world
The Colonists are independence minded under British rule
North America most prosperous area on earth
The French still continue to inhabit areas around Quebec and Montreal
CONCLUSION The war gave control of
North America to British Colonial officers fought
in the Revolutionary War France and Spain cede
control to England and never regain former possessions
Legacy of French colonialism lives on today in French- speaking Quebec
Eastern Native American tribes suffered greatly and continued rapid decline…