FRENCH & INDIAN WAR

FRENCH & INDIAN WAR

FRENCH & INDIAN WARKING WILLIAMS WAR, 1689-1697QUEEN ANNES WAR, 1702-1713

FRENCH & INDIAN WARRESULTSBRITAIN GAINS

NOVA SCOTIA

NEWFOUNDLAND

HUDSONS BAY

FRENCH & INDIAN WARBACKGROUND

RIVALRY BETWEEN ENGLAND & FRANCE

FRENCH & INDIAN WARENGLISH ADVANTAGES

ENGLISH COLONISTS OUTNUMBER FRENCH 20-1ENGLAND CONTROLS THE SEAS

FRENCH & INDIAN WAROUTBREAKMAJOR GEORGE WASHINGTON ATTACKS FORT DUQUESNE, 1754

George Washington

by Peale

FRENCH & INDIAN WAROUTBREAKWASHINGTON IS DEFEATED & CAPTURED

FRENCH & INDIAN WARESCALATIONBRITISH GENERAL BRADDOCK ATTACKS FORT DUQUESNE, 17551,500 BRITISH AND COLONIAL TROOPS ARE DEFEATED BY 850 FRENCH AND INDIANSBRADDOCK IS DEFEATED & KILLED

Braddocks Defeat by Alonzo Chappel

FRENCH & INDIAN WARWAR IS DECLARED, 1756BRITISH ARMY CONTINUES TO LOSE

FRENCH & INDIAN WARWILLIAM PITT BECOMES WAR MINISTER IN 1758 & TURNS THE TIDE

FRENCH & INDIAN WARKEY BATTLELOUISBURG IS CAPTURED BY THE BRITISH, 1758FORT DUQUESNE IS CAPTURED BY THE BRITISH, 1758

Washington raises the British flag at Fort Duquesne.

FRENCH & INDIAN WARDECISIVE BATTLE

BRITISH GENERAL WOLFE DEFEATS FRENCH UNDER GENERAL MONTCALM AT QUEBEC, 1759

FRENCH & INDIAN WARTREATY OF PARIS, 1763

END OF FRENCH EMPIRE IN NORTH AMERICA

ENGLISH COLONIAL POLICY

ENGLISH COLONIAL POLICYPROCLAMATION OF 1763

THE INDIAN LEADER PONTIAC LEADS A REBELLION AGAINST THE BRITISH COLONISTS IN 1763

ENGLISH COLONIAL POLICYPROCLAMATION OF 1763

THE BRITISH DEFEAT THE REBELLION, BUT DO NOT WANT TO FIGHT ANOTHER WAR

ENGLISH COLONIAL POLICYPROCLAMATION OF 1763

TO AVOID CONTACT BETWEEN THE COLONISTS & THE INDIANS, THE BRITISH ORDER AN END TO ALL SETTLEMENT WEST OF THE APPALACHIAN MOUNTAINS

ENGLISH COLONIAL POLICYPROCLAMATION OF 1763THE COLONISTS PROTESTTHE PROCLAMATION DEPRIVES AMERICANS OF LANDINTERFERES WITH CHARTER RIGHTSLAND SPECULATORS

ENGLISH COLONIAL POLICYSTRICTER ENFORCEMENT OF TRADE LAWSSELECTION OF GEORGE GRENVILLE AS MINISTER OF FINANCEREQUIRED CUSTOMS OFFICERS TO GO TO AMERICA

ENGLISH COLONIAL POLICYSTRICTER ENFORCEMENT OF TRADE LAWSISSUED WRITS OF ASSISTANCETRIALS HELD IN ADMIRALTY COURTS

ENGLISH COLONIAL POLICYNEW TAXESTHE SUGAR ACT, 1764

LOWER RATES THAN THE MOLASSES ACT, 1733STRICTER ENFORCEMENT

ENGLISH COLONIAL POLICYNEW TAXESTHE STAMP ACT, 1765

DIRECT TAX

FROM ONE CENT TO TEN DOLLARS

ENGLISH COLONIAL POLICYNEW TAXESTHE STAMP ACT, 1765PROTESTBOYCOTT

NONIMPORTATION AGREEMENTS

ENGLISH COLONIAL POLICYTHREATS TO COLONIAL SELF-GOVERNMENT

10,000 REDCOATS SENT TO AMERICA FOR OUR PROTECTION

ENGLISH COLONIAL POLICYREDCOATSPOSTED IN TOWNS, NOT ON FRONTIERSTRENGTHENED COLONIAL GOVERNORSFRIGHTENED LEGISLATURES

ENGLISH COLONIAL POLICYTHREATS TO COLONIAL SELF-GOVERNMENT

ROYAL GOVERNORS & OTHER OFFICIALS TO BE PAID BY THE BRITISH, NOT BY THE LEGISLATURES

ENGLISH COLONIAL POLICYDISOBEDIENCE OF BRITISH LAWSREVENUE LAWS DISOBEYED; SMUGGLING CONTINUEDQUARTERING ACT, 1765, DISOBEYEDPROCLAMATION OF 1763 DISOBEYED

ENGLISH COLONIAL POLICYQUESTION OF REPRESENTATION

PATRICK HENRY, VIRGINIA HOUSE OF BURGESSES, 1765, NO TAXATION WITHOUT REPRESENTATION

PatrickHenry

ENGLISH COLONIAL POLICYQUESTION OF REPRESENTATIONVIRTUAL REPRESENTATION: HOUSE OF COMMONS WAS PLEDGED TO REPRESENT EVERY PERSON IN THE EMPIREAMERICANS BELIEVED IN DIRECT REPRESENTATION

ENGLISH COLONIAL POLICYTHE STAMP ACT CONGRESSDELEGATES FROM NINE COLONIES SENT DELEGATES TO NEW YORK, 1765OTHERS SENT MESSAGES OF SUPPORT

ENGLISH COLONIAL POLICYTHE STAMP ACT CONGRESS

ORGANIZED A BOYCOTT OF BRITISH GOODS

Patriots burn stamps in Boston.

A Tory stamp agent is strung up by the seat of his pants.

Bostons Sons of Liberty . . . Ransack the house of Thomas Hutchinson.

ENGLISH COLONIAL POLICYSons of LibertyAfter assault on Hutchinsons mansion Sons of Liberty formed to prevent violence on that level.

Late 1765 stamp distributors had resigned or fled

ENGLISH COLONIAL POLICYElites moved to take over Sons of Liberty groupsElites feared the situation was getting out of handBoycott continues / previously colonies had purchased 40% of all British goods

ENGLISH COLONIAL POLICYRockingham succeeded Grenville as Prime MinisterMember of the House of Commons William Pitt supported the repeal of the Stamp ActStamp Act Repealed March 1766

ENGLISH COLONIAL POLICYDeclaratory Act Affirmed parliamentary power to legislate for the colonies in all cases whatsoeverInterpreted as in reference to Ireland (1719) in which Ireland was exempt from all British Taxes.Stamp Act ended in fundamental disagreement.

ENGLISH COLONIAL POLICYColonists question imperial relationshipThe educated turn to philosophers, historians and political writers. (Locke)Educated and uneducated turn to religion

ENGLISH COLONIAL POLICYLocke Natural Rights, life, liberty, and property-social contract government protects individual rightsIf government breaks contract people have right to overturn government

ENGLISH COLONIAL POLICYRepublicans admired a sense of civic duty-free people had to avoid moral and political corruption and practice disinterested public virtue-elected leaders would command obedience more by the virtue of the people, than by the terror of his power.

ENGLISH COLONIAL POLICYoppositionists English political writers including: John Trenchard, Thomas GordonSince 1720 prime ministers had exploited the treasurys vast resources to provide pensions, contracts, and profitable offices to politicians or buy voters Most members of Parliament no longer represented the true interests of their constituents

ENGLISH COLONIAL POLICYProtestant clergymen preached sermons to gain support for the cause ..stand up for God and liberty.-Clergy men had an enormous influence on the people-Far more people heard sermons than read the paper-Community leader proclaimed days of fasting and public humiliation

ENGLISH COLONIAL POLICYAugust 1767 George III dismissed Rockingham and placed William Pitt as Prime Minister.Pitt was against taxing the colonies, but was in poor healthLeadership passed to Chancellor of the Exchequer (treasurer) Charles Townshend

ENGLISH COLONIAL POLICY1765 Conflict in New YorkQuartering Act requires payment of some of the needs of British soldiers by local colonistsCandles, window panes, mattress straw, polish, and small liquor rationReinforced the presence of the British ArmySeen as tyrannyGeorge III threatened to nullify all colonial laws in NY if they did not comply (pay)

ENGLISH COLONIAL POLICYNEW TAXESHouse of Commons (landed gentry) cut own taxes 25%Townshend proposes laws to increase colonial revenueUse oversight in their arguments against the Stamp Act (no internal taxes)

THE TOWNSHEND ACTS, 1767IMPORT DUTIES ON TEA, PAPER, GLASS, & PAINT

ENGLISH COLONIAL POLICYNEW TAXESTownshend did not heed Greenvilles warningColonists opposed taxes because they taxed only to gain revenueNot to regulate trade

ENGLISH COLONIAL POLICYNEW TAXESTownshends 2nd motiveProduce revenue to pay royal governorsFreeing governors from colonial legislative controlThe Revenue Act would tip the balance of power to royal control

ENGLISH COLONIAL POLICYNEW TAXESReaction to Townhend ActWeak until Dickenson publishesLetters from a Farmer in PennsylvaniaLegality of an external tax depends on its intent (arguments similar to Stamp Act and Revenue Act)

ENGLISH COLONIAL POLICYNEW TAXESReaction to Townhend Act & Revenue Act Samuel Adams drafts a circular letterCondemning both taxation w/out representation and the threat to self-governance posed by Parliaments making governors and other royal officials financially independent of colonial legislature.

ENGLISH COLONIAL POLICYNEW TAXESReaction to Townhend Act & Revenue Act Samuel Adams letters were perceived by the British as rebellionHillsborough demanded the letters be disownedSave your money and Save your country!

ENGLISH COLONIAL POLICY

THE BOSTON MASSACREMARCH 5, 1770

The Boston Massacre

by

Paul Revere

ENGLISH COLONIAL POLICYNEW TAXESALL THE TOWNSHEND ACT TAXES REPEALED IN APRIL 1770, ONE MONTH AFTER THE BOSTON MASSACRE, EXCEPT THE TEA TAXTHE PRIME MINISTER, LORD NORTH, KEPT THE TAX ON TEA TO DEMONSTRATE PARLIAMENTS RIGHT TO GOVERN THE COLONIES

ENGLISH COLONIAL POLICYNEW TAXESNon-importation agreement movement collapses July 1770Colonists continue boycott of British tea Revenue from tea limited to 1/6 the level originally expectedFar to little revenue to pay Royal GovernorsSmuggling charges against Hancock were finally dropped

ENGLISH COLONIAL POLICYNEW TAXESCommittees of Correspondence, 1772-1773Intention of North to free Royal Governors of legislative domination as a fundamental threat to representative governmentSamuel Adams persuades every Mass. Community to appoint persons to be responsible for exchanging information and coordinating measures to defend colonial rights260 towns

ENGLISH COLONIAL POLICYNEW TAXESCommittees of Correspondence, 1772-1773March 1773 Patrick Henry, Thomas Jefferson, and R