From May 17, 1954 To the 1960 Sit-Ins

See Editorial Page 3th e MILITANT

PUBLISHED WEEKLY IN THE INTERESTS OF THE WORKING PEOPLEVol. X X IV — No. 20 222 N E W Y O R K , N .Y ., M O N D A Y . M A Y 16. 1960 Price 10c

alien,” and had placed h im on a plane bound fo r Havana where he w ou ld rem ain one 'week be­fore departing fo r Prague, Cze­choslovakia, his eventual desti­nation.

The news appeared o n l y b rie fly in the headlines. I t was drowned by the fu ro r over the capture o f an Am erican m ilita ry plane tha t had invaded Soviet te rr ito ry and Eisenhower’s be l­lige ren t announcement tha t he a p p r o v e d such provocative flights. Y e t the release of the secret agent who murdered T ro tsky on S ta lin ’s orders was an im portan t event, deserving more a ttention than i t received.

Whatever doubts may have remained in some minds over the political identity of the killer were completely re­moved by the circumstances of his release.

He was taken from the prison ju s t before noon, d riven in a prison van fo r about a m ile and transferred to a governm ent lim ousine. The autom obile drove onto the ramp where the plane o f Cubana’s F lig h t 465 was

w arm ing its engines. There the prisoner was met by tw o Cze­choslovak diplom ats, O ldrich N ovicky and Edward Foulches. They made the f l ig h t w ith him .

And on w hat k ind o f pass­port did t he k ille r make his e x it fro m Mexico? N ot on the one w it h . w h ich he came into the country. That was a Can­adian passport bearing the name “ Frank Jacson.”

“ F rank Jacson” claimed he burned th is on the w ay to k i l l T ro tsky. I t was proved shortly a fte r the m urder tha t the pass­port was o rig in a lly issued to Tony Babich, a natura lized Can­adian citizen who was k illed figh ting the fascists in the Span­ish c iv il war. The passport was altered by S ta lin ’s secret p o li­tica l police, the N K V D , fo r use by “ Jacson.”

The Czechoslovak government provided “ Jacson” w ith a d ip ­lom atic passport fo r his ex it from Mexico. Made out in the name o f “ Jacques M ornard Van Dendreschd,” i t d id not lis t his place o f b ir th or the names of

(Continued on Page 2)

-The Truth About Cuba.

Do They Have a Case Against US Role?

B y Joseph Hansen

Second in a series of articles.

A favorite theme of the capitalist press is that the new Cuban government is doing everything it can to “ provoke” the United States.

Here we are in the U.S., an easy-going people like the Swiss, inclined to m ind our own business, anxious just to get by and live in peace, not bothering anybody; and then, fo r no good reason at all, this big, paranoiac country of Cuba, a m ilita ris tic nation armed to the teeth, suddenly starts pushing us around, like i t was try ing to start some­thing. Most ominous of all, according to this way of report­ing recent developments, the Cubans began screaming sub­versive anti-American sentiments at us. That, of course, proves the existence of a sinister plot, the ultim ate aim of which is to move in on our country and take us over.

I f you v is it Cuba, you get a different impression. I t ’s a small narrow island that would reach from San Fran­cisco to about Salt Lake City. In area i t ’s no bigger than Pennsylvania. They guess that the census now being taken w il l show about six and a ha lf m illion people.

A lthough the countryside is a lush tropical green, the people are poor. Here’s how Robert Taber, in the Jan. 23

(Continued on Page 2)

B y Tom K e rry

W hen in the past w e’ve spoken of the struggle fo r a socia lis t Am erica as a life and death m a tte r fo r hum an ity there were always some skeptics who accused us of exaggeration. Can there any longer be any doubt? The luna tic self-touted leaders of the “ free w o rld ” who ru le th is country have once again pushed m ankind to the edge o f the abyss. T his is “ b rinkm ansh ip ” gone berserk!

When in the past we made a special appeal fo r funds to con­test the election of cap ita lis t candidates, there were always some who said: We sympathize w ith you, we feel i t is good fo r socialists to speak out against the evils o f capitalism , bu t as a practica l m atte r we th in k i t is be tte r to spend our tim e, ef­fo r t and money to help a ‘lesser e v il ’ candidate who has a chance of being elected.

Can there ' be any lesser ev il choice among any o f the can­didates o f the r iv a l cap ita lis t ■parties who have, w ith o u t ex­ception, ra llied to the support o f “ leader” Eisenhower in his game of “ Russian rou le tte ” w ith the lives 6f the people?

The whole world stands aghast at the brazen effront­ery of the dollar patriots who, having been caught r edhand- ed, now claim the sacred

privilege of conducting war­like operations over the ter­ritory of the Soviet Union. All, of course, in the name of "freedom, democracy and peace."The “ b lunder” , they say, was

not in v io la ting the sovereignty o f another nation, bu t in getting caught. This is in line w ith the axiom o f the w ard-heeling boodlers who dom inate and con­tro l the tw o cap ita lis t parties. A n y Tam m any hack w il l te ll yo u : “ I t ’s no crim e to steal — the real crim e is in getting caught.” This is the m o ra lity tha t pervades the ru lin g Circles of the most hyp o c ritica lly pious governm ent on earth.

In a way, Eisenhower’s “ oper­ation suicide” is sym bolic of a pu tre fy ing social system, w hich has too long evaded the h is­to rica l .o b liv io n w h ich is its u ltim a te fate. Speculation is r ife about how the Am erican spy-p ilo t remained a live a fte r a ll o f the elaborate precautions taken to preclude such a pos­s ib ility .

The young man was given a revo lver, a dagger and a poison needle, and specific ins truc­tions to use one or a ll three to avoid being captured a live in case o f “ accident.” Die? For what? For the greater g lory o f W ashington and W a ll Street? To save face fo r the stockjob­bers, money-gr ubbers and price gougers fo r whose benefit th is

cap ita lis t governm ent is run?Bette r to live and le t the

ly in g scoundrels w rigg le out of the tangled web o f fraud and deception w hich is o f th e ir own weaving. The plane was equip­ped w ith an autom atic device to b low itse lf apart presum ably a fte r the p ilo t had been safely ejected. K now ing the m o ra lity of his employers and th e ir to ta l disregard of life and lim b — someone else’s of course — in the service of the a lm igh ty do l­lar, he took no chances o f get­ting h im se lf b low n up along w ith the plane.

The cap ita lis t po litic ians and th e ir pundits are outraged! Con­gressmen in House and Senate, Democrats and Republicans, as­sailed the hallow ed halls of gov­ernm ent w ith anguished howls o f the “ psychological defect” w hich led the m isguided p ilo t to stay a live to the embarrass­m ent o f the sa in tly Eisenhower and his cronies. The jou rna lis tic toadies are a lready im p ly ing tha t the p ilo t was, in rea lity , a “ com m unist” agent.

Under capita lism , operation suicide is the perspective o f­fered m ankind. The on ly a lte r­native is socialism. There is no “ lesser ev il.” I f you believe that, you w il l help us carry fo rw ard the struggle fo r So­cia lism . Send you r con tribu ­tion to: Socialist Fund, 116 U n i­ve rs ity PI., New Y o rk 3, N. Y.

( See Scoreboard, Page 2.)

Spy Plane Aggression Alarms Entire World

" We N eed a B e tte r W orld fo r O u r C h ild re n ”

M i l i t a n t p h o to b y J . H .

Gladys Barker Grauer, Socialist Workers candidate for U.S. senator from New Jersey, at her home in Newark. She is an active member of the Avon Ave. Parent Teachers Association and the Clinton H ill Neighborhood Council, which is pressing for improved school facilities in the area. When the sit-in demonstrations began in the South, Mrs. Grauer joined the weekly sympathy picket line organized at the Woolworth store in the downtown shopping area. Her three children in photo above are Edward, Antoinette and Edith.

By M yra Tanner Weiss

NEW YO R K C ITY, M ay 7 — Today’s New Y o rk Times reports that nearly 50 youth have been arrested in Durham , N orth Car­olina — seven w h ite students and about 40 Negro youth. They sat down at a lunch counter in a Kress store and refused to leave u n t i l they were served. For th is “ crim e” the manager of the Kress store had them ar-

“ Need to Put Union in Politics,” Says Chicago Teamsters Rally

By H ow ard M ayhew

CHICAGO, M ay 7 — Th irteen thousand teamsters jammed the Stock Y ard A m phitheatre last n ight in a g ian t ra lly to defend the unions against the curren t em ployer - governm ent attacks. The theme of the meeting was expressed by the mammoth lapel buttons inscribed, "Team ­sters’ Volunteers in P o litics,” d is tribu ted to the huge throng as they filled the hall.

“ This is the firs t tim e the Teamsters are fo rm ing a p o lit ic ­al body,” Chicago Teamster o f­ficial and chairm an of the ra lly , Ray Schoessling, to ld the audi­ence. “ We recognize the great po litica l power of our own mem­bership, once i t is organized. We are in a great struggle. We need a po litica l body.”

James Hoffa, general-presi- denl, reviewed the past 28 years of thè Am erican labor move­m ent, the ro le of the teamsters

and the curren t c ritica l s ituation. “ The past tw o-and-a-ha lf year figh t of the Teamsters’ Union in ­volves issues serious enough to be w orth our lives to w in ,” he said.

In reviewing the slrike struggles of the thirties and the gains the unions have made despite the opposition of the bosses and their agents in government, Hoffa men­tioned those who made major contributions to the fight. In this connection he referred to Farrell Dobbs as one who helped make possible the area-wide collective Team­sters' contracts involving 12 central stales. (Dobbs left the Teamsters' union in 1940 to become Labor Secretary of the Socialist Workers party. Later he became the parly's candidate for President of the

( Continued on Page 3)

rested and sent to ja il on charges o f “ trespassing.”

The New Y o rk Times d idn ’t lis t the names of those who were taken to ja il. Its happened to so m any hundreds of students throughout the South tha t even the police can’t keep the records stra ight. In Orangeburg, South Carolina, J im Lam brecht and I attended the tr ia l o f w ha t was supposed to be 51 of 380 stu­dents arrested. When the ro ll o f prisoners was called, i t was discovered there were on ly 7. Four students had been listed tw ice.

I don’ t know fo r sure who is among the 50 new v ic tim s of Kress’ “ justice” in Durham , bu t I am almost certain three young men J im and I ta lked to are in ­cluded. One was Donovan P h il­lips, 19, business adm in istra tion m ajor at N orth Carolina State College. A no ther was John Ed­wards, a quiet, young w orker- leader o f D urham ’s h igh school and college youth. And the th ird was Robert M arkham , so­ciology m a jo r at N o rth Caro­lina State.

A l l three o f these young men have g iven themselves com­p le te ly to the struggle to end segregation in the South. Every day is a tense day of organiza­tion — organizing pickets, o r­ganizing protest demonstrations at tria ls , organizing legal aid and ra is ing funds fo r the struggle. Studies at school w il l have to w a it fo r the v ic to ry of the in tegra tion movement.

A racist with foul language on his tongue came up to M r. Phillips on one of the picket lines and promised to cut his throat from ear to ear. "Okay," Donovan Phillips re­plied, "Cut my throat. I ' l l just be dead." Nothing could be worse for him than to submit without protest ever again to the injustice and humiliation of segregation. "They just can't scare us any more." young Phillips said with quiet pride.

W ith th is s p ir it the s it-in movem ent in Durham has been bu ilt. From the beginning of th e ir struggle last February they succeeded in closing the lunch counters o f segregating stores — W algreen’s, W ool- w o rlh ’s and Kress.’. The M ay 3 arrest o f 50 more youth in D u r­ham should te ll the segregators tha t the movement w il l not stop u n til in teg ra tion is won.

In Orangeburg, South Caro­lina. J im and I m et almost the en tire S tudent Council a t South Carolina State College. I t was already dark when we a rrived in town. We pu lled up a t a gas sta tion and asked the w h ite

p rop rie to r fo r d irections to the street we were looking for. He looked at. us w ith confusion on his face: “ You can’t be look­ing fo r tha t street, lady,” he said. “ T ha t’s colored.”

The street we wanted was (Continued on Page 3)

M yra Tanner Weiss, Social­ist Workers candidate for Vice-President of the United States. She recently made a tour of six states in the South together w ith Jim Lambrecht, National Secretary of the Young Socialist Alliance. They talked with student leaders of the sit-in movement on seven campuses. Comrade Weiss w ill soon begin a national tour to help ra lly support for the Ne­gro demonstrators in the South.

Hallinan Endorses Dobbs As Presidential Candidate

SAN FRANCISCO, M ay 9 — V incent H a llinan announced his endorsement o f F a rre ll Dobbs, presidentia l candidate of the So­c ia lis t W orkers party , a t a jo in t press conference, w ith Dobbs here today.

The 1953 Progressive pa rty presidentia l c a n d i d a t e said, “ W h ile I do not belong to M r. Dobbs’ party , I support his b id fo r the presidency. He is the on ly socialist candidate in the field. I cannot support any Re­publican or Dem ocratic p o lit i­cian.”

Commenting iro n ica lly on the low ca liber of m a jor p a rty p o li­ticians, H a llinan quipped tha t th is country is unsurpassed in the am ount of “ in te llec tua l de­mocracy” i t perm its. “ Where else,” he said, “ could you find a country tha t a llow ed men of

such low in te llec tua l stature as H a rry Trum an or a R ichard N ixon to become President and V ice-President respectively?”

As the 1952 Progressive pa rty banner bearer, H a llinan vigor-, ously opposed the U.S. “ police action” in Korea. As a ttorney fo r H a rry Bridges when the governm ent tr ied to deport the West Coast Longshore U nion leader, H a llinan was tw ice ra il­roaded to prison fo r his ex­posure of the governm ent’s red­ba iting an ti-labo r attack.

He opposed the liqu ida tion of the Progressive party , m a in ta in ­ing the need fo r continu ing op­position to the tw o cap ita lis t parties. He supported the So- ci a l i s t W orkers pres identia l ticke t in 1956 and has active ly prom oted un ited independent so­c ia lis t p o lit ica l ac tion .

Natalia Trotsky Predicts His Reward W ill Be Liquidation by Stalin's Heirs

On May 6 the Mexican authorities announced that they had released the assassin of Leon Trotsky from prison, some four months before completing his 20-year sentence, ordered him deported as an “undesirable«--------------------------------------------

Prague Accepts Trotsky’s Killer

Help Fight Bipartisan "Operation Suicide"!

LEON TRO TSKY, co-leader w ith Len in of the Russian Revolution, assassinated by a S ta lin is t agent in 1940. H is k i l le r was released from a Mexican prison M ay 6.

Unions Launch Labor Party In Canada

By Tom K e rry

The convention decision of the Canadian Labor Congress to launch an independent po litica l pa rty has given some of our top “ labor statesmen” a bad case of the jitte rs .

The CLC is the Canadian sec­tion of the A FL-C IO . A t its re­cent national assembly in M on­treal, 1,600 delegates represent­ing 1,458,576 members, enthusi­astica lly adopted a resolution subm itted by the CLC executive comm ittee to collaborate w ith the Canadian Co-operative Com­m onwealth Federation (CCF) in p reparing a founding convention to launch the new party.

The action o f the Canadian A F L -C IO unions constitutes a challenge and repudia tion of the ruinous coalition po litics to w hich the Am erican union lead­ers c ling despite disastrous con­sequences in both countries.

The labor movement in Can­ada, as in th is country, has been subjected to ferocious employer a ttack bolstered by savage un ion-busting legislation. Spear­heading the assault on labor are the cap ita lis t po litica l parties in con tro l o f government. This gangup on labor by the Cana­dian version of the Republicans and Democrats led' to a funda ­mental reconsideration of the coalition po licy w h ich was p a t­terned a fte r tha t pursued by the Am erican union heads.

This c ritica l evaluation of la ­bor’s po litica l po licy has oc­cupied the attention of the Cana­dian union leaders fo r the past several years. The A p r il 1960 special convention issue of

( Continued on Page 4)

Lovell Assails Washington on Plane Incident

DETROIT, M ay 10 — Frank Love ll, Socialist W orkers party candidate fo r U.S. Senator, b i t ­te r ly denounced the W hite House, State D epartm ent and Pentagon fo r “ a s in ister con­spiracy to keep the cold w ar a live through provocation and espionage.” He also accused them of “ calculated lies tha t show the b razen contempt they have fo r the Am erican people.”

L o ve ll’s ind ic tm ent h it the Democrats as w e ll as the Re­publicans: “ N ot a single Demo­cratic presidentia l candidate, of the many yakk ing away fo r months, have so fa r had the nerve to denounce th is latest outrage o f the adm in istra tion .”

Love ll is campaigning fo r an end to atom ic tests and produc­tion, w ith d ra w a l of a ll U.S. troops from abroad and an end to cold-w ar provocations of any k ind. .

N.Y. Panel To Discuss Sobell Case

N EW Y O R K — Noted pub lic figures w il l discuss the case of M orton Sobell at a pub lic meet­ing Tuesday evening, M ay 24, at the C om m unity Church, 40 East 35th Street. Sobell was ra i l­roaded to prison fo r “ conspiracy to com m it espionage.”

The speakers are: Congress­man Randal Harm on o f In ­diana, Norm an Thomas, Rev. Thomas K ilgo re , D w ig h t M c­Donald, Conrad L yn n and Mrs. M orton Sobell. Sponsors in ­clude: Rev. John H a y n e sHolmes, Rabbi H a rry Halpern, M a x w e l l Geismar, M u rray Kem pton, M ax Eastman, John F in e rty and Dr. Reinhold N ie ­buhr.

"They Can't Scare Us," Say Students in South

Dobbs Scores War Threats

B y M u rry Weiss

A t a press conference in San F r a n c i s c o M ay 9, w h ich was w id e ly reported in the Bay Area,. F a rre ll Dobbs, presidentia l candidate o f the Socialist W orkers party , de­nounced the flig h t o f an A m ­erican plane over Soviet te r­r ito ry as a provocative cold- w ar act tha t has shocked the en tire w orld .

"The fo re ign po licy of th is count ry is one of deceit, ly ­ing, spying and general m is­leading of the pub lic ," he charged.

“ Both the Democrats and Re­publicans,” the socialist candi-. date continued, “ rushed in to say how Russia b ru ta lly shot down an unarm ed p ilo t w ho happened to s tray on the Soviet borders. Then i t tu rns ou t the p ilo t was clear in the heart o f Russia. . . .The Pentagon gang and th e ir h ire lings in the bought press were caught red- handed, spying and ly ing . . . . The people feel W ashington is try in g to make fools out o f them .”

Dobbs was in te rv iew ed by the m a jo r San Francisco dailies at the office o f V incen t H a llinan , p rom inent a tto rney and a na­tio n a lly know n independent so­c ia list. H a llin a n announced at the press conference his sup­po rt o f Dobbs’ candidacy. (See story below.)

Brazen Course

The events since M ay 7, when Khrushchev announced t h e capture o f an Am erican p ilo t whose plane had been shot down M ay 1 w h ile on an “ espionage” m ission deep in Soviet te rr ito ry , fu l ly bear out Dobbs’ charges.

A t firs t the State Departm ent, the W h ite House and the Penta­gon rep lied to the Soviet repo rt by tr ip p in g over each other in a series of bald-faced lies. W hen W ashington saw tha t its lies w ould be exploded because the U.S. p ilo t declined: to use his suicide k it, the State D epart­m ent decided on a course so brazen as to d e fy h is to rica l comparison.

I t b land ly announced that, yes, the U.S. p ilo t was on a spying m ission; tha t spy planes w ou ld continue to fly over the Soviet U nion; and tha t the im ­m inent danger o f a Soviet “ massive surprise a ttack” on the “ free w o rld ” was “ ample w a r­ra n t” fo r such invasions o f So­v ie t te rr ito ry .

These madmen are u tte r ly contemptuous o f the tru th . They even ignore the m em ory o f the A m erican pub lic about w idely- know n facts. These assertions were made a few days a fte r the U .S. A rm y itse lf had released a study p rov ing “ tha t the So­v ie t U nion was not even a t­tem pting to b u ild a force tha t w ou ld enable i t to s ta rt a gen-

( Continued on Page 4)

N.Y. Meet Will Hear Dobbs Cuban Report

NEW YO R K — F a rre ll Dobbs, presidentia l nominee of the So­cia list W orkers party , w i l l speak on “ The Cuban R evolution As I Saw I t ” at a pub lic meeting here F riday at 8 p.m., M ay 20. The meeting w i l l be held at the M ilita n t Labor Forum , 116 U n i­ve rs ity Place.

Dobbs Flays State Dept. Cuba Policy

Urges Amity In TV Appeal

SAN DIEGO, C a lif.— “ I don’t know w hat provocation Castro has given us. E ve ry th ing he has done has taken place in Cuba. How can tha t provoke the U nited States? He hasn’t come over here and messed in Am erican affa irs like the cor­porations and the State D epart­ment are messing in Cuban a f­fairs. W hy can’t we act on a live and le t live basis?”

T ha t was how F a rre ll Dobbs, Socialist W orkers presidentia l nominee, rep lied to a te levision in te rv ie w e r’s query on Cuban “ provocation” o f the U.S. in a telecast here M ay 5. Dobbs is tou ring the country speaking on, “ The Cuban R evolution as I Saw I t . ”

Dobbs was in te rv iew ed by Pat H iggins on the local NBC program, “ Up to the M inu te ,” w h ile on a campaign v is it here. He was also in te rv iew ed on KFBM .

On the “ Up to the M inu te ” show, H iggins also asked Dobbs i f i t wasn’t tru e tha t the Cuban governm ent has made the U.S. a "w h ip p in g boy.”

“ From w hat I ’ve seen in Cuba,” rep lied Dobbs, “ the Cubans have very good cause fo r com plain ing about the trea t­ment they are ge tting from the U nited States.”

In support o f th is view, Dobbs c ited the “ pe tty harassing ac­tion o f the U.S. in w ithd raw ing its ag ricu ltu ra l inspectors from Cuban ports. These inspectors had checked shipments o f tro p i­cal f r u it before they were loaded. In case o f com plaint, a correction could be made before shipping. Cuba m ust now ship uninspected f r u it to U.S. ports where re jection m ay mean loss o f the cargo as w e ll as the cost o f shipping.

Declaring the revo lu tion “ is b ring ing m any im po rtan t ben­efits to the Cuban people,” Dobbs to ld his te levis ion au­dience tha t U.S. po licy tow ard Cuba is m aking the Am erican people look “ mean, greedy and grasping.”

Page Two T H E M I L I T A N T Monday, May 16, 1960

Leaders of Anti-Pass Struggle In South Africa Are Socialists

B y Frances James

A ccord ing to B ritish as w e ll as South A frica n sources the Pan- A fr ica n is t Congress was the in i­tia to r and organizer of the re ­cent mass actions against the hated pass system of the racist Verw oerd regime. In the lig h t o f the deep im pact th is mass m ovem ent has made on the free ­dom movement th roughout A f r i ­ca, i t is exceptiona lly im portan t to report tha t the P an-A frican ­ists openly procla im a socialist program and reveal considerable know ledge of M a rx is t theory and method.

The P an-A frican is t Congress grew out o f a le ft-w in g sp lit w ith the o lder A frica n N ational Congress in November, 1958. Years o f ideological battles, p ro ­gram m atic disputes and tactica l differences preceded the sp lit. A ccord ing to PAC leaders, these in te rna l struggles and the test of experience in action have th o r­oughly. demonstrated tha t the A N C leaders have abandoned “ A frica n nationalism and its h is­to r ic tasks” o f libe ra tion through se lf-determ ination and have be­come identified “ w ith the ideas and program o f the ru lin g class.”

A sketch of the h is to ry of the

sp lit in the Congress movement is given by P. Nkutsoeu Raboro- ko, one of the PAC leaders, in the A p ril-Ju n e 1960 issue of A frica South: '

"The Africanists are the for­mer members of the original ANC Youth League, the hard core who remained unswerv­ingly loyal to the ideas and principles of the liberatory movement when disintegra­tion set into it and gravitation began towards the ideas of such movements of the ruling class as Moral Rearmament, the Congress of Democrats and the Liberal party."The P an-A frican is t Congress

has a membership of about 200,- 000 according to the testim ony of its president, Robert Sobuk- we, in the Johannesburg re ­gional court where he is now standing tr ia l fo r “ in c itin g A f r i ­cans to v io la te the pass laws.”

The old Congress movement adheres to a program o f “ broad hum anism ” expressed in the in ­te rna tiona lly know n “ Freedom C harte r” w h ich proclaim s in its preamble, “ We, the people of South A frica , b lack and w h ite together — equals, countrym en and brothers — adopt th is Free-

...Truth About Cuba(Continned from Page 1)

Nation, succinctly described the ir situation before the revolution that overthrew the Batista dictatorship.

“ Cuba’s illite ra cy rate was one of the highest in the hem is­phere, 33.5 per cent. A m illio n Cuban women and ch ildren had never w orn shoes. H a lf a m illio n campesinos had never tasted m ilk , o r meat. More than a m illio n had never had even the most rud im en ta ry medical care. Thousands of guajiros in the S ierra Maestra were as isolated from the rest o f the nation as though they live d on an island in the Pacific, w ith o u t roads, communications, or any contact w ith the out-

• side w o rld .”To go to Cuba and ta lk w ith these people is h igh ly

educational. They are most friendly. In fact they are eager fo r Americans to v is it Cuba. I f you ask them about the ir revolution they w il l go out of the ir way to explain i t to you, fo r they are as proud of it as we are of our revolution of 1776. In fact you’l l find much in common, fo r they like to cite us as one of the ir examples. From Patrick H enry’s famous words they even chose the main slogan of the ir revolution: “ L iberty or Death!”

B ut you had better brace yourself fo r a shock i f you haven’t done a lit t le reading about Cuba before landing in Havana. They th ink that in its attitude toward struggles fo r independence the USA has changed considerably since 1776. They look at the United States today the way our revolutionary forefathers looked at Tory England. Instead of acting as a good neighbor, America, they ar e convinced, has done them great damage. I t has forced the ir economy into abnormal shape, siphoned off the ir wealth, and saddled them w ith oppressive regimes.

They do not blame the American people. Their experi­ence is that the ordinary American is a well-meaning, favorably disposed person; unfortunately he doesn’t know much about Cuba or any other Latin-Am erican country and he is inclined to accept as gospel whatever he reads in the newspapers. The Cubans blame the financiers and monopolists, who, in contrast to the working man, study Latin America assiduously and are very alert to economics and politics below the Rio Grande.

One of the things that rankle w ith the Cubans is a long-standing tendency in Washington to look at the ir country as a prize to be taken like the Louisiana Purchase or Texas, California, and the other parts of the West which we seized from Mexico. They can quote declarations going back as far as Thomas Jefferson and John Quincy Adams on the advisability of eventually grabbing Cuba. They cite proposals of statesmen of the Southern slavocracy to wrest Cuba from Spain and make it another slave state.

Cuba’s struggle fo r independence from Spain began in 1868. I t is the conviction of the Cubans that this struggle could have been won rather rap id ly had aid .been forthcom­ing from America. Instead, Washington’s policy was to prevent Cuba from gaining her independence, the reason­ing being that i t was better to le t the declining Spanish empire retain ru le u n til the “ f r u it ” became “ ripe” where­upon i t could be expected to drop in to the w aiting A m eri­can lap.

Cuba’s freedom fighters continued to battle against the Spanish tyranny. By 1898 vic tory was in the ir hands. However, in January of that year President M cK in ley began open preparations fo r w ar on Spain. A t the end of the month, the U.S. battleship “ Maine” was sent to Havana harbor. On February 15 i t blew up w ith a loss of 266 lives. The true cause of the explosion was never determined, but the suspicion remains that it was a cloak-and-dagger opera­tion hatched in Washington.

In any case, u tiliz ing the explosion as a pretext, Con­gress voted $50,000,000 “ fo r the national defense” and on March 25 declared that a state of war had existed w ith Spain fo r fou r days.

American troops were landed in Cuba under the pro­claimed aim of aiding the Cuban struggle fo r independence. The Spanish-American War was short. Spain signed a peace treaty on December 10 ceding the Philippines, Guam and Puerto Rico outrigh t to the United States and relinquishing Cuba. But American troops did not leave the island. They stayed four years as an army of occupation.

Among the things this army did was to prevent the Cubans from form ing a government of the ir own free choice. The W all Street interests sought to annex Cuba. However, public clamor rose in the United States against such a brazen move. The Democratic party, in strik ing contrast to its present-day, bipartisan, “ me too” attitude, made an issue in the 1900 elections of “ Republican” imper­ialism. “ Im peria lism ,” whether Republican or Democratic, was an accurate label fo r Am erica’s new role in world affairs.

Today, to expose the hypocrisy of State Department propaganda, the Cubans remind Americans of that army of occupation. “ You demand that the Castro government hold immediate elections,” they say. “ B ut when your army occupied our country, you prevented elections from being held fo r four year's.”

dom Charter. A nd we pledge ourselves to strive together, sparing ne ither strength nor courage, u n til the democratic changes here set out have been won.”

No Equality

The Pan-A frican ists have c r i­ticized the “ cha rtis t” perspective o f the ANC on the fo llo w in g grounds: “ To them ,” w ritesRaboroko, “ master and slave— the exp lo ite r and the explo ited, the oppressor and oppressed, the degrader and degraded — are a ll equals. To them indigenous A frican nationals and im m ig ran t European fore ign nationals — the dispossessed and th e ir dis- possessors, the v ic tim s and th e ir robbers — are a ll countrymen. F o r the progressive and the re ­actionary — the A frica n subject and h is fo re ign overload, the A frican na tiona lis t and the co lon ia list or w h ite supremacist, the libe ra tiona lis t and co llabor­a tion ist — are a ll brothers.”

The P an-A frican ists fo r th e ir pa rt envisage the establishm ent o f “ a non-racia l democracy in South A frica as w e ll as th rough­out the w hole o f A fr ic a ” as a goal th a t can be reached on ly through a p rio r v ic to ry in the struggle fo r the nationa l self- determ ination of the A fricans.

Raboroko, in the previously cited A fr ica South articles, quotes the A frica n is t program as fo llow s:

"To unite and to rally the African people into one na­tional front on the basis of African nationalism.

"To fight for the overthrow of white domination and for t h e implementation a n d maintenance of the right of se lf determination for the African people.

"To work and strive for the establishment and the main­tenance of an Africanist so­cialist democracy, recognizing the primacy of the material and spiritual interests of the individual.

"To advance the concept of the Federation of Southern Africa and of Pan African­ism."

Charge of Black Racism

In answer to the AN C charge tha t the A frican is ts expound a “ poisonous and sterile rac ia lism ” and represent a “ v iru le n t black fascism” Raboroko says: “ A f r i ­canists attach no po litica l sig­nificance to the biological make­up of any people. . . . The crucia l issue today is w hether the in ­terests o f the five m illio n Eu­ropeans th roughout A fr ica must continue to dom inate over those o f the tw o hundred and e ighty m illio n A fricans, o r w hether the reverse process should obta in .”

A frica n is t P resident Sobukwe answers the charge o f black racism in the November, 1959 issue of the magazine D rum , published in Johannesburg: “ A ll na tiona lis t movements on the continent a im at w ip in g out racism, im peria lism and so on. In a U n ited States of A frica there w il l be no ‘racia l groups’ and I am certain, tha t w ith the freedom movement fro m Cape to Cairo, Morocco to Madagas­car, the concentration o f so- called ‘m in o rity groups’ w il l dis­appear.”

P. Raboroko expresses the A frica n is t position on th is ques­tion in terms tha t reveal a deep fa m ilia r ity w ith the Len in is t concept o f the in te rre la tion be­tween national se lf-determ ina­tion struggles and the achieve­m ent of equa lity through the socialist revo lu tion . R eferring to the contrad icto ry “ opposites” o f w o rke r and exp lo iter, black and w hite , indigenous A frican and European colonia list, he says, “ The problem o f the syn­thesis of opposites cannot be re ­solved by the wave o f the magic wand.” The “ u ltim a te recon­c ilia tio n ” between these “ sets o f an tithe tica l categories,” he in ­sists, “ is possible on ly in A f r i ­canism,” tha t is, in m ilita n t A frica n nationalism and the establishm ent of socialist demo­cracy.

Korean War — Who Lied, Who Told Truth?B y A r i Preis

(Second in a series of articles)

W ithou t pausing even to ques­tion President T rum an ’s in ­volvem ent o f' th is country in a w ar in Korea, the Am erican trade-union leaders p rom ptly o f­fered “ labor’s a ll” to safeguard the Rhee d ictatorship. “ The labor leaders fe l l in to line like orderlies snapping to a ttention,” reported A lb e r t P arker in the J u ly 10, 1950, M ilita n t. A F L President W illia m Green, in the Ju ly , 1950, Am erican Federation- ist, called fo r “ a ll-ou t prepared­ness” and the “ m obiliza tion of labor” to back T rum an ’s Korean action. C IO President P h ilip M u rra y w ired ' T rum an his “ wholehearted and unstin ting support.” U A W President W al­te r Reuther, w ith his usual p ithy language, declared: “ We regret the use o f m ilita ry power, but we d idn ’t make the decision, the Commies d id .”

As fo r the S ta lin ists, the ir ranks betrayed u tte r bew ilde r­ment. T he ir vehicle, the P ro­gressive pa rty , bad ly sp lit, re ­mained s ilen t in the firs t weeks o f the war. Three weeks after the sta rt of the war, fo rm er U.S. V ice-President, H enry Wallace, the “ G ideon” o f the Progressive p a rty ’s self-proclaim ed “ Gideon’s A rm y ” fo r “ peace” and its 1948 presidentia l candidate, issued a pub lic statement backing U.S. in te rven tion and urg ing con tin ­uation o f “ our figh t against the N o rth Korean troops.” A fte r this, W allace q u it the PP. A few Republicans in Congress, in ­c lud ing Senator Taft, com­plained fo r the record about T rum an ’s disregard of Congress in dragging the U.S. in to w ar— and then they voted fo r new huge m ilita ry appropriations and a new d ra ft law.

O nly one voice c learly and b o ld ly opposed U.S. in te rven tion in Korea and spoke the w ish of the Am erican m a jo rity . The So­c ia lis t W orkers party , through its candidates and leaders, pub­l ic ly denounced the U.S. inva ­sion of Korea and called fo r the w ithd raw a l of a ll Am erican troops from the Far East. A tru ly unique and h is to ric event occurred on J u ly 15, 1950, when

TR U M A N

U.S. partic ipa tion in a w ar was attacked fo r the firs t tim e in a radio broadcast du ring the war.

Speaking over the ne tw ork of the A m e r i c a n Broadcasting Company, under the FCC regu­lations, Joseph Hansen, SWP candidate fo r U.S. Senator from New Y o rk State, devoted a h a lf- hour address to an exposure of the im peria lis t nature of T ru ­man’s policies and the class character of the struggle in K o ­rea.

Hansen said: “ Am erica is dan­gerously close to the police state. The people were not consulted about p lung ing in to the c iv il w ar in Korea. N ot even Con­gress was consulted. T rum an usurped the pow er of tak ing Am erica in to w ar.”

He concluded w ith the appeal: “ We ask you to protest armed in te rven tion in Korea. L e t’s get out of th is undeclared, unap­proved, unjust, unpopular w ar w ith Korea. Le t the Korean people decide th e ir own fate.”

I f the conflic t in Korea was a c iv il war, then U.S., UN or any o ther outside interference was expressly p roh ib ited by the UN charter. I t forbade UN mem­bers “ to in te rfe re in matters w hich are essentially w ith in the domestic ju risd ic tio n of any state.” The clever B ritish d ip ­lomatists, w ith several centuries of background in every sort of im peria lis t in te rvention , were the quickest to see the huge hole

in the U.S.-UN propaganda dike. They rushed to p lug it. B ritish Tory A n thony Eden, who was to succeed W inston C hurch ill in 1955 as B ritish P rim e M in ister, w ro te in the New Y ork Times of Ju ly 17, 1950: “ The figh ting in Korea is not, o f course, a c iv il w ar in a d istant land. I t is a tr ia l o f strength between com­munism and the free w o rld .”

Great B rita in and the “ free w o rld ” — w hich boiled down to only 16 members of the UN ou t­side of the U nited States — ac­tu a lly contributed about 50,000 troops in a ll to th is “ t r ia l of s trength,” compared to the five- m illio n members o f U.S. armed forces sent to the Korean thea­te r of w ar in three years.

In a h is to ric declaration pub­lished in the M ilita n t and re­p rin ted th roughout most of the w o rld except in the Soviet bloc countries, James P. Cannon, SWP national secretary, on Ju ly 31, 1950, addressed “ A le tte r to the President and Members of the Congress.” H is uncom pro­m ising a ttack on the U.S. w ar- makers answered the chief lies about the Korean struggle. He w rote in part:

“ The explosion in Korea ex­pressed the profound desire of the Koreans themselves to un ify th e ir country, to r id themselves of fore ign dom ination and to w in th e ir complete na tiona l inde­pendence. I t is true tha t the K re m lin seeks to take advan­tage of th is struggle fo r its own reactionary ends and w ould sell i t tom orrow i f i t could get an­other deal w ith W ashington. B u t the struggle itse lf has the over­w he lm ing and whole-hearted support of the Korean people. I t is p a rt o f the m igh ty upris ing of the hundreds of m illions of colonial people th roughout Asia against Western im peria lism . This is the real tru th , the real issue. The colonial slaves don’t w an t to be slaves any longer.

“ This is more than a figh t fo r un ifica tion and national libe ra ­tion. It is a c iv il war. On the one side are the Korean w o rk ­ers, peasants and student youth. On the other are tire Korean landlords,usurers, capita lists and th e ir police and p o lit ica l agents. The impoverished and exp lo ited

w o rk ing masses have risen up to d rive out the native parasites as w e ll as th e ir fo re ign protec­tors.

“ W hatever the wishes o f the K re m lin , a class w a r has been unfo ld ing in Korea. The N orth Korean regime, seeking to mo­b ilize popu lar support, has de­creed land reform s and taken nationa lization measures in the te rrito ries i t has won. . . .

“ These reforms, these prom ­ises of a be tter economic and so­c ia l order have attracted the peasants and workers. This prospect o f a new life is w hat has imbued a sta rv ing subject people w ith the w il l to fig h t to the death. This is the ‘secret weapon’ th a t has wrested tw o- th irds of South Korea from U.S. im peria lism and its native agents and w ithstood the troops and bom bing fleets of m igh ty W all Street. . . .”

Am ong those who tr ie d most assiduously to deny, conceal or p lay down the class character o f the Korean W ar were the S ta lin ists themselves. They had long since abandoned the M a rx ­ist conception th a t the nature of wars is determ ined by the class interests and classes involved. They had adopted the im p e ria l­ist lingo of “ aggressor" and “ n o n-aggressor,” “ peace-lover” and “ w ar-love r,” w h ich conceals the class nature and class aims

. . . Prague Accepts Trotsky’s Murderer(Continued from Page 1)

his parents. B ut i t was good fo r a trans it visa th rough Cuba; and M exican offic ia ls said tha t on his a rr iv a l in Prague he w ould assume Czechoslovak citizenship. They d id no t ex­p la in w h y the Czech govern­m ent fe lt im pelled to extend this honor to T ro tsky ’s m urderer.

“ Jacques M ornard ” was the name he used when he was in ­troduced to S y lv ia Ageloff, the Am erican g ir l w ith w hom he lived as husband fo r some tw o years in order to establish entry to the T ro tsky household.

W hen the M exican police questioned h im a fte r the m u r­der, he added the “ Van Den- dreschd” to the foregoing alias, c la im ing th a t he had been born a t Teheran in 1904, the son o f a Belgian d ip lom at. This was proved to be false.

Identity Known

The true id e n tity o f the assas­sin has been established as Jaime Ramon Mercader del Rio Hernandez. He was born in B a r­celona, Spain, in 1914. (On the Czechoslovak d ip lom atic pass­port, according to the press, he gave his age as 52, a discrepancy of six years.) A l l the know n facts about Mercader are p re ­sented in Isaac Don L ev ine ’s book, “ The M ind o f an Assas­sin,” inc lud ing photographs from the fa m ily album, and evidence tha t he and his m other were Stalinists.

Levine seeks to use the as­sassination fo r an ti-S ov ie t and even a n ti-T ro tsky is t purposes, bu t the facts he presents about the k i ll in g and who p lo tted i t are accurate.

W ritin g fro m M exico C ity, D anie l Janies reported in the M ay 8 New Yor k Post th a t “ the Soviet cu ltu ra l attache here, V la d im ir N ovikov, w ent to Cuba

Socialist Fund ScoreboardCity Quota Paid Percent

Connecticut $ 100 $ 94 94N ew ark 265 156 59N ew Y ork 4,300 2,383 55D e tro it 625 284 46Chicago 800 •325 41Denver 60 24 40Los Angeles 4,500 1,583 35Cleveland 650 194 30Boston - 350 100 29P hilade lph ia 400 116 29Bay A rea 925 ■ 260 28San Diego 245 68 28M ilw aukee 300 78 26St. Louis 80 20 25T w in Cities 1,700 385 23A llen tow n 110 10 9Seattle 500 30 6P ittsburgh 10 0 0General 80 20 25

Tota l through M ay 10 $16,000 $6,130 38

last Sunday and re liab le sources say his mission was to arrange fo r M ercader’s reception in H a­vana and the tr ip to Europe.”

Accord ing to a M ay 7 Asso­ciated Press dispatch from H a­vana, “ M ornard ’s a rr iva l came about the tim e th a t tw o Czech offic ia ls reached Havana from Prague. T h e y are Jarom ie Pesek and V a rtin ie Jansa, de­scribed as members of an offic ia l comm ercial mission.”

Several Soviet o il tankers are e ither docked in Havana or ex­pected, on w hich Mercader m ight leave fo r Eastern Europe. When he a rrived in Havana w ith his tw o Czech d ip lom atic friends or guards, he disappeared from public sight. According to the M ay 9 London D a ily Telegraph, he is “ being kept in tem porary seclusion . by Czech embassy offic ia ls.”

As was to be expected, M er­cader’s release was accompanied by slander of the m artyred T ro t­sky ’s fo llowers. Here is how i t appeared in the M ay 6 dispatch from M exico C ity to the New Y ork Times:

“ M exican offic ia ls have said tha t M ornard h im se lf feared he w ould be k ille d by pro -T ro tsky elements soon a fte r his release. The surprise departure seemed designed to avoid th is happen­ing in M exico.”

The tru th is th a t T ro tsky ’s fo llow ers have every in terest in keeping the k i l le r alive. T ro t­sky ’s guards decided this, im ­m ediately a fte r M ercader had driven a pickaxe in the So­v ie t leader’s bra in. T ro tsky, too, w h ile he was s til l conscious in ­sisted tha t his assailant’s life be spared, so th a t he could ta lk .

The ones who have most to gain from com m itting Mercader to the silence of the grave are Moscow’s secret p o lit ica l police and those at the ve ry top of the Soviet governm ent who inspired Prague’s departm ent of fore ign affairs to make Mercader a Czech citizen.

Trotsky's widow, Natalia, now nearing 80, expressed this in a few vigorous words when she told the Mexican press May 7: "Mornard goes now to his reward of elimination. He was just an instrument. We knew that from the beginning. I f he had not succeeded in his task, some other Kremlin hatchet man would have taken his place."

In tw o ed itoria ls (M ay 8 and May 9) the New Y o rk Times sought to u tilize the m urder of T ro tsky by S ta lin ’s secret police as an argum ent to defend A m er­ican provocations against the So­v ie t Union. T ro tsky, however, was too pow erfu l a defender of the w orkers state w h ich he helped create to be easily u t i ­lized in im peria lis t propaganda and i t does not seem lik e ly tha t th is tw is t w i l l be fo llow ed up.

A more objective a ttitude was taken by the St. Louis Post D is­patch w h ich expressed regret at the pending disappearance of “ S ta lin ’s best-known tr igge r- man.” For “ unless the man was an ig n o ra n t. tool, b lin d ly obe­d ient to others, how much he could te ll o f w ha t led to the end of Leon T ro ts k y !”

That is exactly w h y S ta lin ’s heirs were so interested in get­ting T ro tsky ’s assassin in th e ir hands. They w ant to end once and fo r a ll the danger tha t th is professional butcher m igh t fin a l­ly speak and reveal to the w o rld th e ir share o f the g u ilt in one of the most unspeakable crimes in a ll h istory.

In m y a rtic le tw o weeks ago in the M ilita n t I reported that, in the firs t 15 days o f ou r spe­cia l 50 cents fo r s ix months in ­troduc to ry subscription cam­paign, we averaged approx­im a te ly ten new subs per day. This was ve ry good bu t I pre­d icted tha t when a ll o f our sub campaigners swung in to action we w ou ld be tte r th a t figure.

I am happy to repo rt tha t the results to date not on ly con­firm ed m y pred iction b u t ex­ceeded m y fondest expectation. For the 25-day period, from A p r i l 15 to M ay 10, we have re - ceived 360 new subscriptions and 87 renewals. This has boosted our average to 15 new subscribers per day since the beginning o f ou r 50-cent elec­tion special.

I f we m a in ta in th is average th roughout the 90-day period o f the special sub campaign we w il l add 1,350 new M ilita n t readers to our subscription lis t. B u t I th in k we can do better. We have ye t to hear from some o f our c r a c k sub-getters th roughout the country. A num ber o f groups are ju s t get­t in g started. A lthough we have now received subs from every area, there are several Socialist W orkers pa rty branches lagging behind whom we know w il l pu t on a rea l-spurt to-catch up w ith the leaders.

There has been no change in the standing o f areas since m y last repo rt. The five leading units, in the order o f th e ir standing, are: N ew Y o rk (88 new, 10 renewals), Los Angeles (66 and 17), D e tro it (54 and 11), M ilw aukee (28 and 5), and C h i­cago (19 and 11).

Close behind the leaders are: N ew ark (22 and 3), San F ran­cisco (17 and 2), T w in C ities (6 and 10), and Denver (11 and 0). Denver, one o f those slow in ge tting started, w rites “ Sorry we are la te in s ta rting our sub campaign. We hope to b ring in more than our quota before the d rive is over.”

Remember our offer on the Cuba series by our editor, Joseph Hansen. We are p re ­pared to supply back numbers o f the paper to a ll new sub­scribers who w ish to get the

en tire series. W h ile on the sub­je c t o f Cuba, we received a b r ie f note from a new sub­scriber last week enclosing $10 fo r a subscription and a ll back issues o f the M ilita n t conta in ing artic les on the Cuban revo lu tion .

Each day’s m a il th is past m onth has been a r eal tonic. W hat I crave is m ore ton ic—in the economy size i f you know w hat I mean!

of the partic ipants in w a r un­der an opaque film o f psychol­ogical and m ora lis tic te rm ino ­logy. R esponsib ility fo r w ar is1 thus reduced to “ who shot first?” . In th is case, the W hite House said N orth Korea; ,the K re m lin said South Korea.

B u t Moscow, l i t t le desiring to b u ild up any independent re v ­o lu tiona ry force, denied the N orth Koreans any a irc ra ft. The 50,000-man N orth Korean arm y had on ly a few already-anti-. quated Soviet W orld W ar I I tanks, according to a Korean d is­patch in the Ju ly 31, 1950, N ew Y ork H erald Tribune. The N orth Korean forces and th e ir South Korean supporters, said th is same dispatch, “ are supp ly ing themselves ra the r p le n tifu lly w ith arms and m ateria l from re ­trea ting Am erican and South Korean troops.”

When the N orth Korean forces were compelled to re trea t a fte r General D o u g l a s M acA rthu r made a successful am phibious land ing at th e ir rear, L t. Gen. George E. Stratem eyer, com­mander of the U.S. Far Eastern Forces, to ld the U nited Press in October 1950: “ The success of the A llie d operations in Korea had depended on the fact th a t the Communists had no a ir force \yo rthy o f the name.” I f they had had one, he added, “ we w ould not be in Korea today.” A New Y o rk Times sum m ary of the w a r at th a t tim e conceded tha t “ a squadron or tw o of Rus­sian planes could have turned the tide against the U nited Na­tions.”

(N ext week: “ A C iv il W ar.” )

A d v e r t is e m e n t

It's Special During Election

To help w in a w ider audience fo r the tru th about such big issues as independent politica l action, the struggle fo r Negro equality, the freedom fight of coun­tries like Cuba, the growing movement fo r a world of peace and abundance, we’re making a special sub­scription offer during the election campaign. A fu l l 26 weeks fo r only 50 cents!

We hope you’l l continue to subscribe to America’s fighting socialist newspaper after you’ve read i t fo r 26 weeks, but there’s no obligation.

The M ilitant116 University PlaceNew York 3, N . Y .

Yes, I ’d like to take advantage o f you r special election offer. Enclosed is 50 cents fo r a 26-week subscription.

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C ity Zone Slate

Have You Read These?

The struggle for- Negro equa lity has m any facets — and a long background. To be­come more effective in the fight, you need to be w e ll in ­formed. Check th is lis t o f books fo r any gaps in your reading; and then take ad­vantage o f the special prices.

Black Reconstruction inAmerica 1860-1880. B y W. E. B. Dubois. 746 pp. O rig in a lly $6.50. N ow $3.95 (cloth).

The W all Between. ByA nne Braden. 306 pp. O rig ­in a lly $1.85. N ow $1.25 (pa­per).

Caste, Class and Race. ByO live r C rom w ell Cox. 624 pp. O rig in a lly $7.50. Now $4(cloth).

The Strange Career of Jim Crow. B y C. V ann W oodward. 183 pp. O rig in a lly $1.50. Now $1-19 (cloth).

Black Bourgeoisie. B y E. F ra n k lin Frazier. 264 pp. $4 (cloth).

Negroes on the March. ByD aniel G uerin. 190 pp. $1.50 (cloth). $1 (paper).

Origins of the New South, 1877-1913. By C. Vann W ood­ward. O rig in a lly $6.50 (cloth). Now $6.

The Struggle for Negro Equality. By Saunders and Parker. 48 pp. 10 cents.

The Class Struggle Road to Negro Equality. A Resolution adopted by the Socialist W orkers party. 24 pp. 25 cents.

Desegregation: L a b o r ' sStake ih the Fight. B y Jean Simon. 16 pp. 25 cents.

Pioneer Publishers 116 U n ivers ity Place N ew Y o rk 3, N . Y .

Drive for New Readers Moving Into High Gear

By K aro lyn K e rry Business Manager, the M ilitant

Coffee Bean Explosion?A t the end of th is year’s sea­

son there w il l be an estimated surplus o f 64 m illio n bags of coffee, enough to meet w o rld needs fo r a year and a half.

M onday, M ay 16, 1960 T H E M I L I T A N T Page Thréë

S u b s c r ip t io n : $3 a y e a r ; C a ­n a d ia n , $ 3 .5 0 ; fo re ig n , $4 ,50 . t h e MILITANT S e co n d c la s s p o s ta g e p a id

a t N e w Y o r k , N . Y .

E d i t o r : J O S E P H H A N S E N M a n a g in g E d i t o r : D A N IE L R O B E R T S B u s in e s s M a n a g e r : K A R O L Y N K E R R Y

P u b lis h e d w e e k ly b y th e M i l i t a n t P u b lis h in g A s s n ., 116 U n iv e r s i t y P l., N . Y . 3. N . Y . P h o n e : C H 3 -2 1 4 0 .S ig n e d a r t ic le s b y c o n t r ib u to r s do n o t n e c e s s a rily ' r e p re s e n t th e M i l i t a n t 's p o lic ie s . T h e se a re e xp re s s e d in e d ito r ia ls .

Vol. X X IV — No. 20 M onday, M ay 16, 1960

May 17May 17 is the sixth anniversary of the

U.S. Supreme Court’s school desegregation decision. The court then declared: “ To separate them [Negro school children] from others of sim ilar age and qualifications solely because of the ir .race generates ,a feeling of in fe r io r ity as to the ir status in the community that may affect the ir hearts and minds in a way un like ly ever to be undone.”

Who can even measure, let alone undo^ the damage done to the hearts and minds of the children s till in Jim Crow schools— a ll the Negro children in the Deep South and 99% in the Mid-South — six long years a fter the above words were offic ia lly enunciated? And when w il l th is warping of ch ildren’s lives end?

From its very beginning in 1954, school desegregation was slow and partia l and confined mostly to the border states. But that in it ia l slowness and deficiency have come to seem almost sw ift and full-fledged compared to the slowdown and token com­pliance which ensued after the firs t two years. This present school year marks the lowest point yet. The desegregation pro­cess has v irtu a lly halted. Only a few new districts undertook to desegregate this year and the number of Negro pupils involved nationally totals but a few hundred.

Such is the fate of “ the law of the. land” when it runs counter to the vested interests of the Southern racist-big-busi- ness alliance.

Does this mean that the famous Su­preme Court decision of May 17, 1954, was an empty v ic tory fo r the Negro people and the ir allies? No. I t was an im portant legal and moral victory. A ll i t needs is enforcing —and enforcers. When the la tte r go in to action, having the legal r igh t w il l be an im portant advantage.

When the high court decision was announced six years ago, the M ilitan t counterposed an attitude of realism to the w ish fu l th ink ing and jub ila tion so preval­ent in the Negro and libera l press to the effect that “ Jim Crow Schools in the South Are Dead!” We likened the w inning of the desegregation decision by the Negro people to the working class’ v ic to ry in getting Clause 7A into the NRA Codes in 1933. That clause gave the workers the “r igh t” on paper to organize unions and bargain collectively, just as the 1954 decision gave the Negro people the “ r ig h t” on paper to integrated schools.

But, we pointed out, just as the w ork­ers had had to battle, suffer beatings and,

in some cases, lay down the ir lives, to w in in fact what they had been granted in law, so opponents of Jim Crow could only trans­late the ir legal “ r ig h t” to integrated schools in to fact through unrem itting struggle.

Nothing could be clearer today!Who else w il l bring about real and

complete school desegregation? That great “ m oral” preceptor in the W hite House who shies away from the issue as i f i t were the all-tim e sandtrap of a golfer’s nightmare? Or the Dixiecrat-controlled Democratic Congress? The stomach-turning exhibition it made of itse lf on the c iv il-righ ts b ills gives the answer to that.

That the federal courts, le ft as they have been by the other branches of govern­ment to the ir own devices, could not, even i f they wished, bring real .desegregation in this century or the next, is now clear. Ac­tua lly the Supreme Court has steadily re-

* treated under racist pressure from its or­ig inal decision to the point where fu rthe r retreats would jeopardize the very p rin ­ciple of desegregation.

Are there any grounds fo r hope in the coming conventions of the Democratic or Republican parties? Political observers are agreed that the made-to-be-broken plat­form promises of these two big business parties w il l weasel even more than usual on enforcement of school desegregation.

Where then is there any hope? Where are the potential enforcers to make integra­tion a reality?

They are just now discovering them­selves and assembling the ir forces — in the sit-downs at Southern lunch counters and on the picket lines, South and North. None of the big business-controlled parties nor organs of government w il l give the Negro people the ir rights. The Negro people w il l w in these themselves — w ith the aid of allies among the whites, p rinc ipa lly among the workers. The Negro students at this very moment are gaining the necessary know-how for the enforcement of school desegregation and transm itting this know l­edge — the power of m ilitan t mass action — to the whole colored population.

More than mere historical coincidence lies in the follow ing. In the 1930’s, labor made a rea lity of its paper “ r ig h t” to union­ize through mass struggles marked by sit- downs and picket lines. In the 1960’s the Negro people have embarked on a course of mass struggle marked by sit-downs and picket lines which w il l make a rea lity of the ir paper “ r ig h t” to integrated schools and the ir other rights “ guaranteed” by the Constitution.

South Korean Workers SpeakThere is scant prospect that Washing­

ton w il l realize its hope that the revolu­tionary tide in South Korea which swept out the Rhee dictatorship can now be quelled by promises of superficial reforms. Popular pressure fo r fundamental social change not only remains strong in South Korea, but a v ita l new ingredient has been added. For the first time since the student- led uprising, Korean workers have taken action in the ir own name to press demands on the “ caretaker” government.

“ The agitation fo r drastic economic and politica l reforms . . . has penetrated to an unexpected level of the Korean social order, the porters of Seoul,” reported Robert T rum bu ll in the May 11 New York Times. “ Students of Korean affairs do not recall when Korea’s most depressed class has ever spoken up in a body on a question of national importance.

“ Yesterday saw the firs t organized politica l move by the muscular porters, who earn a liv ing by carrying enormous burdens — sometimes two or three hun­dred pounds — on wooden frames shaped like an ‘A ’ strapped to the ir backs.”

About 100 of the porters, he reports, followed by 600 other people, marched in Seoul in defiance of m artia l-law regula­tions. Shouting and chanting, they demand­ed a constitutional clause fo r “ confiscation of illegally, accumulated riches.”

Current revelations have made clear that the bulk of the wealth of Korean bankers and capitalists has come d irectly from the wholesale plundering of the U.S. $'4-billion aid program. The demand of the porters is equivalent to a call for expropri­ation of capitalist holdings.

In the large port c ity of Pusan, dem­onstrators marched 20,000 strong four days in a row demanding the immediate resig­nation of the National Assembly. M artia l- law commanders did not dare to try and stop them. “ Let us end a life tim e of liv ing in shacks,” was the principal chant of the demonstrators.

The students, too, continue to press the ir demands. In Seoul, high school stu­dents staged a sitdown in fron t of C ity H a ll demanding dismissal of the ir p rincipal arid

several teachers associated w ith Rhee’s hated L ibera l party. When troops hurled tear-gas bombs, they wrapped the ir jackets around the ir faces and stayed put. I t took bayonets to disperse them.

A previous student sitdown in front of the National Assembly had demanded that slated public hearings on constitution­al amendments hear not only legal experts, but workers and farmers too.

The student movement, which electri­fied the world w ith its daring challenge to Rhee’s powerful police for ce, has now es­tablished a central “ Student Committee for the A p r il 19 Uprising,” w ith representation from a ll m ajor schools.

•

“ No one doubts,” reports Trum bull, “ that the students w il l rise again i f the ir demands . . . go unsatisfied for long.”

T rum bu ll also reports that “ a small groundswell of le ft-w ing thought” has de­veloped in the country and is particu la rly strong in Pusan and other southern port cities.

This politica l development has ripped the “ democratic re form ” mask off the in terim banker-landlord government of Rhee’s hand-picked successor, Huh Chung.

On May 7 his troops raided a meeting of representatives of about a dozen previ­ously dormant farm , labor and socialist groups. They were discussing plans fo r fo r­mation of what was reported here as a “ moderate Leftis t opposition party.” The meeting was broken up and a number of the delegates are being held in traditiona l Rhee style by the police who have even refused to divulge the names of the pris­oners.

Previously a dozen persons who had reportedly met to discuss reconstitution of the Rhee-outlawed Labor (Communist) party were ja iled and denounced as a “ Communist spy ring.”

The Huh regime has assured the State Department that its anti-communism w il l be “ effective” and not “ stereotyped” like Rhee’s. Current social and political devel­opments in South Korea strongly suggest that H uh’s anti-communism w il l prove no more effective than Rhee’s as a weapon fo r oppression of the people.

Prices Go D ow n in C uba

In a store at a co-operative. It's so new that the lighting fixtures aren't in yet. Prices on consumer goods are set by adding enough to wholesale costs to cover operating expenses. A t this store prices were appreciably lower than in the big privately owned department stores in Havana.

Many of the items, such as thread, bolts of cloth and canned goods still come from the United States. Under American domination, Cuba was forced to arrange her tariffs so as to give preferential treatment to U.S. business-

M i l i t a n t p h o to b y J . H .

men. The Castro government has announced plans to make Cuba more self-dependent. W ithin a year, for example, it is hoped that Cuba can grow her own rice instead of im ­porting it from the U.S.

The cash register is a prominent reminder of the distance Cuba must go before capital­ism is transcended. But W all Street draws no comfort from this in view of the inroads made' into imperialist holdings on the island and the promise of more to come. "Communism!" screams the American capitalist press.

. . . Negro Students in South(Continued from Page 1)

ju s t across the ra ilroad tracks. We drove across tha t d iv id in g line and found ourselves in a d iffe ren t w orld . The fact tha t i t was “ colored” was the least o f the differences. I t was alive. In the b ig aud ito rium a v is it­ing band was about to give a performance. The s t u d e n t lounge was filled w ith high school students ta lk in g earnestly in scattered groups. The very young had “ taken over” the lounge fo r the evening and we had a hard tim e fin d in g ,u n o c ­cupied chairs where we could s it and ta lk . A meeting o f the students w ho were to be tr ied the nex t day gathered in an­other b u ild ing to lis ten to th e ir lawyers’ advice.

The contrast between the tw o parts o f the tow n o f Orange­burg looked even more stark the next m orning. F o rty -s ix nea tly dressed young Negro stu­dents ignored segregation signs in the court house and sat q u ie tly along the fro n t benches. We sat w ith them. Then a w h ite man approached us and in troduced h im se lf as Ju lian S. Wolfe, Solic itor-G eneral. He was extrem ely nervous, w rin g ­ing his hands continuously. He was try in g to “ exp la in ” to us the “ Southern po in t o f v ie w ” and sp illed out a ll his prejudice in a to rre n t o f almost incoherent words.

The m agistrate also ap­proached us. He hoped a ll th is troub le w ou ld no t p revent in -

. . . Teamsters(Continued from Page 1)

U.S. in 1948, 1952 and 1956. Currently he is the SWP nom­inee for the same office.)Hoffa ripped in to the K en­

nedy - Landrum - G r if f in Law show ing how i t takes away the r ig h t of w orkers to elect the ir own leadership, opens the affairs o f th e ir organizations to the spying of employers, and in tro ­duces compulsory s trikebreak­ing.

He cited examples: In Penn­sylvania the courts have ru led tha t a un ion ’s r ig h t to d is tribu te handbills is in v io la tion of the new law ; in Texas the law is used to deny Teamster members a vote in union elections; in an­other case a union v ic to ry in a p lan t election was voided under the law because the p roperty was “ sold” to a new owner.

N e ithe r the Democrats nor Republicans speak fo r labor, Hoffa declared. The Teamsters’ j leadership, he said, has come to | realize the need fo r labor to o r­ganize p o lit ica lly . This he ad­m itted “ w ould not be easy, i t may take many months or years, but we w il l do it ; then we w il l tre a t’the po litic ians as they have been trea ting us; w e’l l vote these phonies off.”

New Policy Needed

H offa d idn ’t exp la in how his p o litica l action program differed from ; tha t o f the A F L -C IO o f­ficials since he made no call fo r a break w ith the po licy of sup­porting candidates of the tw o big business parties.

C erta in ly there are p len ty of strong and b itte r words by labor offic ia ls already on record con­cerning the b i-partisan union- smashing drive. W hat is needed now is no t mere strong words but a new po licy such as the Canadian unions have under­taken — a Labor p a rty policy.

dustry from m oving in to his town. He said he was glad there had been no violence in Orangeburg, ev iden tly fo rge t­ting the fac t tha t the local po­lice had tear-gassed the stu ­dents, turned fire hoses on the s ilen t demonstrators and a r­rested 380 of them. Tota l ba il came to $38,000.

In N ashville , Tennessee, we called on A tto rn e y Z. A lexander Looby whose house had been dynam ited by racists ju s t a few nights before. A l l the lawyers in N ashv ille have given legal aid to the em battled students there. B u t fo r some unex­plained reason, M r. Looby and his w ife were singled ou t fo r destruction. A t 5:30 in the m orn ing o f A p r i l 19 ton to tw en ty sticks o f dynam ite were th row n a t the fro n t o f the house. M r. and Mrs. Looby were sleepingv in a rear bed­room when three-quarters of th e ir house b lew up around them. We saw the ru ins. A nd the house nex t door was almost equa lly destroyed, the stairs hanging c raz ily fro m the re ­mains of the upstairs bedroom, m iracu lously vacant th a t m orn ­ing. Across the street was a big, modern d o rm ito ry tha t housed male students at F isk U n ive rs ity . A l l the w indows were shattered by the early m orn ing blast and I m arveled tha t none o f the sleeping stu ­dents had been in ju re d by the shower o f broken glass.

That same day between three and four thousand stu­dents marched on the mayor's office. The high school stu­dents didn't even bother to get permission to leave school for the protest demonstration. Now the Negro community is raising money to rebuild M r. Looby's home which had been insured only to the value of $3.000.

Those frigh tened w h ite c it i ­zens, inc lud ing the m ayor, who professed shock and ind ignation at the dynam ite b last could easily demonstrate th e ir sym ­pathy by b u ild in g a new home fo r the Looby ’s themselves so tha t the necessary funds w on’t have to come out of the pockets o f the Negro com m unity, pock­ets tha t are a lready em ptied by the need to supply bail fo r im ­prisoned youth.

tSouthern Moods

W hile in the South I was in ­terv iew ed by s ix d a ily news­papers in three cities. The press trea tm ent given me in these Southern papers was no less fa ir and ob jective than N o rth ­ern papers genera lly give to a socialist candidate. A l l the w h ite reporters I ta lked to were op­posed to the violence o f the racists, some were in sym pathy w ith the heroic struggle o f the Negro students. B u t the sym ­pathy expressed was s tr ic t ly “ off the record.”

The w h ite South is m ostly apathetic and afra id . A few live in a frenzy o f hate. A t the other pole, the few who are inspired by the example o f the Negro students, have stepped out hero ica lly as allies. These few match the courage o f the Negro you th and are singled ou t by the racists fo r special v ilifica tio n and b ru ta lity .

B ut the Negro com m unity in the South is un ified as never before. I t is una fra id and filled w ith optim ism and hope in the fu tu re . H ow long w i l l i t be before th is em ancipating s p ir it

leaps over the color bar to b ring the w h ite w orkers and youth to

I th e ir feet? W hen th a t day comes racist te rro r w i l l be a n ightm are o f the past and a ll Am erica can look fo rw ard to a free r l ife .

Deductible ItemThe In te rna l Revenue Serv­

ice has a llowed a N ew Jersey contractor to take an income tax deduction on a $1.8 m illio n bribe he gave to a high o ffic ia l o f the Dom inican Republic. The br ibe was a “ necessary and o rd inary business” expense, the IR S held.

Next WeekA participant's account, by

Joyce Cowley, of the mass all-night vigil at San Quen­tin Prison when Caryl Chess­man was executed.

The AmericanW ay of Life

A $ 7 5 ,0 0 0 AwardThe C ity of New York has been ordered to pay

$75,000 to Johnson Hinton, a 34-year-old Negro. The award was made by a Supreme Court ju ry which upheld H in ton ’scharges of m alicious prosecu-lion, assault and false arrest.

On A p r il 26, 1957, H in ton saw some cops breaking up a figh t between a man and woman in Harlem . He protested the w ay the cops were handling the couple.

A fte r the police had the couple in a pa tro l car, they turned to H inton. One of the cops, accord­ing to testim ony at the tr ia l, beat h im on the head, “ causing h im to scream in pain as he fe ll to the ground.”

The other cops jo ined in beat­ing him , i t was testified, u n til he was soaked w ith blood. He was then taken to a station house where, he charged, he was beaten and kicked in to uncon­sciousness. He was then taken to a hospital and w h ile there book­ed fo r fe lonious assault. A grand ju ry la te r refused to in d ic t h im .

H in ton underw ent tw o opera­tions as a resu lt o f the beatings. A s ilve r plate had to be inserted in his sku ll. The fa the r o f fo u r ch ildren, he has been unable to w ork since and has been liv in g on c ity w elfare.

Delinquency On the Rise?

C a rl J. Koenig, C iv il Defen se D irector of Bergen County, New Jersey, has a beef. He says the younger generation is refusing to conform like i t should. He ex­pressed his ire a fte r high school students in his area circulated petitions protesting the M ay 4 a ir-ra id d r ill.

Instead o f doing w ha t they ’re to ld, Koehig complained, today ’s youth are going in fo r demon­strations.

“ They find i t necessary to op- p o s e every th ing ,” he said, “ They’re always fo r o r against th is or tha t o r the other th ing.

“ The kids, o f course, p ick th is up when they read about the demonstrations in the South, and South A frica , and Korea, and a ll over the w orld .

“ They’ve decided no longer do they have to be s tr ic t conform ­ists, b u t have adopted the a tt i­tude, ‘we’l l do something about th is .’

“ I t ’s no t ju s t CD,” Koenig d o le fu lly observed. “ I t shows up elsewhere, lik e in the trend

nowadays against ROTC. Our

kids are becoming a l i t t le less pa trio tic and dedicated than they used to be.”

Mass ParanoiaDo you th in k tha t the b ig

danger from nuclear fa llo u t is rad ia tion poisoning? T a k e i t from Dr. Forrest Western, dep- pu ty d irector of the A tom ic E n­ergy Commission’s office o f health and safety, you ’ve got i t a ll w rong. The real danger is “ the im pa irm ent o f the m ental hea lth of the people” w hich is resu lting from a ll the “ extravagant d is­cussions” about fa llou t.

Dr. W estern cited a concrete example o f th is m ental im p a ir­m ent In St. Louis, Mo., w here the s tron tium 90 count in m i lk is said to be the highest in t he country, a group o f citizens asked h im i f the m ilk cou ldn ’t be processed to reduce the s tron tium content.

D r. Forrest rep lied f i r ml y to th is addle-paled question. H e pointed out tha t at most 50 t o 500 p,eople a year w il l die of leukem ia as a resu lt o f past nu ­clear testing. There is a w ay o f processing the m ilk , h e added, bu t i t w ould cost about $500,000,- 000 a year. W ould anyone argue, he asked, th a t i t ’s w o rth th a t much money ju s t to save be­tween 50 and 500 lives?

In case his questioners could­n ’t grasp th a t huge figure, D r. Western broke i t down fo r them. To reduce the s tron tium content in m ilk w ould cost one cent a quart.

Clear ly , a proposal to spend a penny a qua rt to p revent leuke­m ia is a psychotic a ttack on the p ro fit system w hich is the found­ation o f ou r w ay o f life .

— Herman Chauka

Non-Deductible FeeThe D epartm ent o f In te rn a l

Revenue, w h ich specializes in creating ta x loopholes fo r busi­ness men, has ru led tha t the job fees paid by w orkers to em­p loym ent agencies are no longer deductib le in com puting fed­era l income tax.

W hy not pass this copy of the M ilitant on to a friend?

In Other Lands

World Mourns Caryl ChessmanLatin Americans Express Outrage In Demonstrations

The execution of C ary l Chess­man in San Q uentin ’s gas cham­ber on M ay 2 caused such an outburst of hatred tow ard the U.S. in L a tin Am erica tha t Am erican embassies in a num ­ber of countries had to call fo r heavy police protection against the pub lic ’s w rath . Here are some of the reactions as Prensa Latina , a L a tin Am erican news agency, reported them :

“ N orth Americans, past mas­ters in the ,-art o f propaganda, spend m illions of dollars every year try in g to gairl sym pathy to th e ir aims,” commented Brazilian newspaper D ia rio De Noticias on M ay 3. “ A nd ye t w ith surpris ing ineptitude they th ro w away a chance to earn tha t sym pathy free o f charge.”

Protest demonstrations s ti l l continued on M ay 8 in B raz il where 2,600,000 people had signed petitions tha t were fo r ­warded to C a lifo rn ia ’s Governor Edmund B row n in a va in a t­tem pt to save the p risone r-w rit- er’s life .

Labo r leaders, clergymen, c iv ic groups, w rite rs and p u b li­cations are supporting the cam­paign, in itia ted by the news­paper D ia rio Da Noite, to have the ashes of Chessman buried in B razil. The campaign began a fte r the management o f a cemetery in Glendale, Calif., re ­fused to authorize the b u ria l be­cause o f Chessman’s agnostic be­liefs.

T h a t Chessman’s 12-year struggle ended in death d id not surpr ise B raz ilian w r ite r Alice P im enta who was among the firs t to support h im . She said, “ S i n c e President E isenhower denied mercy in the Rosenberg case, [Ju lius and E the l Rosen­berg, executed in 1953, were ac­cused o f being ‘atom spies'] I knew there was no fee ling of justice or hum an ity in his heart.”

Students, who have been in the vanguard of the protest movement, published an ed i­to r ia l a ttack ing U.S. justice in the newspaper, M etropolitano, o ffic ia l organ o f the students’

M etropo litan Union. “ We do not believe,” said the ed ito ria l, “ that such an absolute, rude and inhum an solution as the death sentence m ay be an argum ent fo r the maintenance of the social order.”

Barbosa Lima Sobrinho, a So­c ia lis t Federal Congressman, commented in the newspaper Journa l De B raz il, “ The U nited States believes i t has the r ig h t to In tervene in a ll the countries o f the w orld , bu t does not pe rm it a single w ord w hich may seem as an in ten tion of changing th e ir decisions.”

In Quito, Ecuador, hundreds of U n ive rs ity students dem onstrat­ed on the m ain streets, M ay 3, shouting, “ Yankee m urderers” and “ Down w ith Yankee Im - peria lism .” Police used tea r gas bombs to prevent the demon­strators from reaching the heav ily guarded U.S. embassy. Several students were wounded.

B u t the next day the students stoned the embassy b u ild in g and broke m any w indows. The po­lice v io lently dispersed the de­monstrators, tangled in single combat w ith the students and -used Several tear gas bombs. There was no report as to the num ber o f in ju re d persons.

A statement condemning the U.S. governm ent was issued by students from the teachers col­lege in R io de Janeiro. They said the U.S. pu t its e lf “ to shame before the governments o f the w hole w o rld .”

In Bolivia, shouts of protest and hostile actions were d i­rected against U.S. citizens a fte r Chessman’s death. The news­paper La Nacion in La Paz, de­clared th a t the “ psychological ca lvary o f tw e lve years” suffered by Chessman was “ punishm ent enough fo r any crim e he could have com m itted. Chessman did not k i l l anyone and other c rim ­inals such as A l Capone, whose g u ilt was un ive rsa lly known, were not executed.”

In Mexico, 5,000 inmates o f the M exico C ity pen iten tia ry ob­served one m inute of silence to protest Chessman’s death. Jose Perez Moreno, a M exican Dep­uty, declared tha t the execution had on ly one resu lt: “ I t te rrified the w o rld .”

C apita l punishm ent, he said, “ is ho t reducing the wave of crimes in the countries where

th is law is enforced.” (T h ir ty - five countries, inc lud ing most o f L a tin Am erica, have abolished the death pena lty and m any more do not invoke the law.)

When day ligh t fe ll upon the U.S. consulate in Veracruz, M ay 6, its premises were covered w ith painted signs protesting the m urder and ca lling U.S. ru lers, “ Assassins.”

Cuban novelist and short s tory w r ite r Enrique Labrador Ruiz, declared tha t the execution was “ a barbarous act. . . . I f Chessman was g u ilty , w h y did they w a it so many years to execute him? W hy were they a fra id to pardon him? Is i t th at C a lifo rn ia ’s governor was a fra id of losing his p o lit ica l clientele? They have com m itted a real crim e.”

In the opinion of a Bogota, Colombia, atto rney Rafael Pove- da Alfonso, Chessman “ in prac­tice suffered tw o sentences: 12 years in prison and the death penalty. This is an impressive crue lty , po in ting ou t the defi­ciencies o f justice in th is tw en ­tie th century. U ndoubted ly th is is the most inhum an pena lty ever meted out to any man, espe­c ia lly when th is man is no t g u ilty of the w orst possible crim e.”

In Santiago, Chile, nine la w students from the U n ive rs ity o f Chile protested to Am erican am­bassador, W a lte r Howe. S tudent Sonia Sepulveda, asked w hy the execution had been delayed fo r the e ighth tim e in February. “ Tha t was a m istake,” Howe answered. “ There was a m is­understanding between the gov­ernor o f C a lifo rn ia and the State Departm ent.”

Gov. B row n had been in ­form ed by the State D epartm ent tha t the U ruguayan governm ent “ antic ipated hostile ” student de­m onstrations du ring E isenhow­er’s to u r o f the area i f Chess­man were executed at th a t tim e.

Chessman’s death has created such a wave o f ind ignation in Uruguay tha t the governm ent has had the guard at the U.S. Embassy in M ontevideo heav ily reinforced. A l l the newspapers devoted th e ir fro n t pages to the story of Chessman’s prolonged agony. One o f them said: “ San Q uentin ’s gas chamber ended the long to rtu re o f C ary l Chess­man.”

Socialism Debated A t U. of MinnesotaEditor:

F or the firs t tim e in more than a decade, the issue o f capi­ta lism vs. socialism was fo r ­m a lly debated at the U n ive r­s ity o f M innesota. The speakers were C arl Feingold, Minnesota organizer o f the Socialist W o rk ­ers pa rty and professor John B u ttr ic k .

The professor seemed fa m ilia r enough w ith the argum ents of re fo rm is t socialists and had ready answers fo r such argu­ments. B u t he was at a com­plete loss in debating w ith a proponent o f a revo lu tiona ry change in our social system.

Here, fo r instance, is how he tr ie d to re fu te Fe ingold ’s con­ten tion th a t rac ia l d iscrim ina­tio n was a product o f cap ita l­ism. The professor asked: W ere not the schools and churches the places where dis­c rim in a tio n was a t its highest; and were no t the s c h o o l s and churches co llec tiv is t and socialist organizations, w h ile in b u s i n e s s d iscrim ina tion was m uch less?

Feingold answered th is by dem onstrating how both school and church are dominated by cap ita lis t ideology and - pe r­fo rm the func tion o f im p la n t­in g the race pre jud ice tha t is used by the employers to d iv ide the workers.

A fte r the meeting, m any stu­dents came to the p la tfo rm to

continue the discussion. The h igh in terest in w ha t a socialist speaker had to say indicates tha t a fte r a long period o f ab­sence o f such debate there are good prospects fo r more dis­cussion, fo rm a l and in fo rm a l, of socialism on /the campus here.

J. B.Minneapolis

W ould Labor Party Be Anti-Socialist?Editor:

I w ould lik e to see the M i l i ­ta n t p r in t some m ateria l on the perspectives fo r a labor pa rty in the U.S.

Some socialists believe tha t because of the speedup of the social process due to the q ua lita ­tive change induced by the H - bomb, the idea of a transitiona l labor p a rty has been outmoded; tha t is, as an h is to rica l step pre­ceding a h igher leve l of de­velopm ent ra ther than as an end in itse lf, the p o litica l instrum ent o f socialism. They believe tha t a labor pa rty dominated by the union bureaucrats w ou ld be opposed to socialism and w ould drag the socialist movement back 20 years — a’ tim e lag the w o rld m ight not survive.

Both the Com m unist and So­c ia lis t W orkers parties include a labor p a rty in th e ir respective b lueprin ts fo r the fu tu re . May we have a series o f artic les on this?

D. P.South Gate, Calif.

T HE MILITANTHe's Sticking To the UnionEditor:

I have been out o f work, fo r a lmost three months a fte r being discharged fo r cooked up rea- sons fo r being a m ilita n t union member. I have filed a griev- ance b u t i t hasn’t been settled yet. B u t I feel I w il l f in a lly be able to w in m y case. I t ’s the old s tory — a fte r the company found out I was acting as a union member, they tr ied th e ir best to get me o ff the job. B u t I can assure you th is has only made me more determ ined in pursuing the ideals o f the w o rk ­ing class more fu lly .

You should be getting some inqu iries about the M ilita n t fro m the state o f Louisiana where I have m ailed copies to people to in troduce them to the princip les o f the w o rk ing class. I hope you get m any subscrip­tions from i t .

M . L.Chicago

America's ImageEditor:

W hat an image th is country has presented since W orld W ar I I . H irosh im a and Nagasaki. Then the execution of the Ros- enbergs . . . Now Chessman A nd some people th in k th is govern­m ent of the rich w il l b ring peace and jus tice t o the w orld .

W. F. W.Los Angeles

V O L U M E X X IV M O N D A Y , M A Y 16, 1960 N U M B E R 20

Working MothersB y Helen Baker

The C h ild ren ’s Bureau of the D epartm ent of H ealth, Education and W elfare recently re ­leased its 1958 survey, “ C h ild Care A rrange­ments o f F u ll T im e W ork ing M others.”

As the Bureau states, the trend is c learly fo r ever more mothers to enter the labor force. The survey does not concern itse lf w ith the various r easons fo r th is change in the Am erican fam ily , w hich has been tak ing place the last ten years. I t deals on ly w ith one of the results — namely, the k ind of care tha t is available fo r ch ildren o f w o rk in g mothers.

M ore than seven m illio n mothers w ith c h il­dren under 18 years of age are employed as fu ll- t im e workers. One out of seven mothers in the country is in the labor force. One out of every tw o mothers in the labor force has c h i l - ' d ren under 12 years o f age. Tw o-and-a-ha lf m illio n w orking, mothers have ch ild ren under sijc years o f age.

Aside fro m the pub lic schools, there is no general provis ion fo r the care o f ch ildren of w o rk in g mothers. Each m other must make her own arrangements. This prevents her as a ru le fro m securing the best k ind of care fo r her ch ildren. She m ust often r e ly on relatives, friends, neighbors or older children.

' ‘O n ly one out of 40 ch ildren of w o rk in g mothers was in a group care center, o r a to ta l o f 121,000 ch ild ren ,” the C h ild ren ’s Bureau found. “ In most com m unities in the U.S., a m other w il l be fo rtuna te i f she can find group care fo r her ch ild o r ch ildren, more fo rtunate i f she finds a good version of group care fa c il i­ties, and most fo rtuna te o f a ll i f she finds one o f the best.”

Again, “ Rare indeed is the mother who can benefit from the extended school services tha t are being provided in an increasing num ber of com m unities.”

H ow do the mothers and ch ildren fare who are no t fo rtuna te enough to have access to group-care centers? For one ch ild out of every e igh t under 12 years of age, the C h ild ren ’s

Bureau found i t impossible to state who cared fo r the ch ild or w ha t type of care was provided.

Here is how enumerators, in the survey de­scribed other types of arrangements:

“ M other w orks n igh t sh ift, cares fo r ch ild in the daytim e.”

“ M other lives in apartm ent over d ry-c lean­ing establishm ent where she works, cares fo r ch ild as she w orks.”

“ M o the r w orks in the fie ld, brings children along — baby takes nap in the car.”

A nd here is an example of the h ig h ly touted Am erican F am ily Togetherness: “ C h ild w orks chopping cotton w ith m other.”

The m other’s occupation determ ines in part the type of ch ild care she is able to arrange. M others in the professional and managerial positions — tha t is, the h igher income brackets— generally have non-re latives come in to care fo r the ch ild or ch ildren.

In m iddle-incom e-bracket occupations such as clerks, the ch ild ren are generally cared fo r by relatives, by neighbors, or in the fo rtuna te cases, by ch ild care centers.

In agricu laura l w o rk — the lowest paying category — separate ch ild care is fo r a ll prac­tica l purposes non-existent. M ost non-w hite w o rk ing mothers — who have tw o out o f every five of the ch ildren under 12 years of age fa llin g under the scope of the survey — are in the last category.

The study conducted by the C h ild ren ’s B u ­reau states the needs of w o rk ing mothers. The solution, w hich the Bureau does not present, lies in a vast m u ltip lica tion of ch ild-care centers.

These centers should operate 24 hours a day. They should be free of charge and be located in w orking-class neighborhoods, on fac­to ry grounds o r in the fields. M obile units should be established fo r the benefit of m ig ra ­to ry workers. F ina lly , the centers should be staffed by professional child-care people, con­cerned w ith the ch ild ren ’s physical as w e ll as emotional w ell-be ing.

Rights Fighter Summoned by House Probers

L O U IS V IL L E , M ay 5 — V e r­non B row n, an in tegra tion is t and a central figure in the fa ­mous K en tucky “ sed ition” case of a few years ago, is among 40 persons summoned to appear before a House Un-Am erican A c tiv itie s subcommittee in San Francisco. The subcommittee is headed by Rep. Edw in W illis , Louisiana D ix iecra t. Hearings are set fo r M ay 10 to 13.

B row n and s ix other w h ite persons were indicted on a sedition charge in 1954 a fte r they helped a Negro, A ndrew E. Wade, IV , to buy a house in a w h ite neighborhood and defend­ed the Wades’ r ig h t to occupy the home..

W hile B row n was out of town on a v is it, persons inspired by the W h ite C itizens Council dynam ited the home. Instead of prosecuting t h e dynamiters, authorities ind ic ted the people who had aided the Wades. B row n spent five months in ja il before the charges against h im were dropped.

In a statement in San F ran­cisco on the slated House com­m ittee probe, B row n charged tha t the on ly th ing the 40 per­sons summoned have in common is th a t they have helped to o r­ganize p icke t lines, boycotts and other ' actions in support of Southern s it-in demonstrators.

M eanwhile, as the House red- hunters prepare th e ir projected v ic tim iza tion of in tegration sup­porters, the W h ite Citizens Council o f K entucky has openly called on its members to take up arms to protect “ p riva te rights and p rope rty ” against s it-in demonstrators. W ill the House committee probe th is incitem ent to violence?

N o t a n A i r R a id S h e lter

Notes in the News"DO AS I SAY, NOT AS I DO" — The gen­

eral conference of the M ethodist C hurch has called on its ten m illio n members to set a goal of to ta l abstinence from in tox ica ting liquor. A t the same tim e the conference defeated by an overw helm ing vote a proposal tha t a ll churchoffic ia ls be required to re fra in from drink ing .

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W ON'T B ITE H A N D TH A T FEEDS H IM —E arl K in tn e r, chairman of the Federal Trade Commission, says he’s against new legis lation to clean up the advertis ing industry . He ex- .p la ins: “ I ’m paid to defend capita lism , no t todestroy i t . ”

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SAC CO -VAN ZETTI STORY SLATED FORT V —The N ational Broadcasting Company has Scheduled a tw o -pa rt te levision dram atization fo r June 3 and 10 of the case of Sacco and Vanzetti," the w orking-class m artyrs lega lly m urdered by the State o f Massachusetts in 1927. Pennsylvania Supreme C ourt Justice Musman- no, who was a defense law yer in the case, co l­laborated on the T V script. He says i t w il l be an accurate docum entary account and th at “ The people w il l th us get to know w hat a te rrib le m iscarriage of justice occurred in the execution o f . . . tw o absolutely innocent men.”

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A U TO M A TIO N JOB LOSSES — E ight hun ­dred thousand unionists have lost th e ir jobs in the past five years as a resu lt o f autom ation, according to A FL-C IO president George Meany. He said the steel and auto industries have beenamong the hardest h it.

* * *

OREGON W ORK R ELIE F — E igh t Oregon counties have revived the depression practice o f com pelling people on pub lic w elfare to w ork fo r the county — at sub-standard w elfare rates, o f course. W ashington County offic ia ls boast th a t they saved $10,000 on a brush-clearing p ro ­je c t tha t was done by w e lfa re recipients instead o f regu lar county road crews.

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SETBACK FOR CUSTOM-HOUSE C U L­TUR E — The U.S. Customs C ourt has ru led tha t a mosaic by Pablo Picasso, the world-celebrated a rtis t, is a “ w ork of a rt” and subject to the re ­duced d u ty on a rt objects. Customs offic ia ls had previously ru led the mosaic ju s t another “ a rtic le o f glass” and subject to the regu lar du ty.

M i l i t a n t p h o to b y Jarck A r n o ld

Three young. New Yorkers in police van on way to ja il for refusing to take cover during May 3 air raid drill. They were among 500 protesters at C ity H all Park who insisted that peace is the only defense against nuclear weapons. Along with 23 others, they spent five days in prison for their stand.

. . . Plane Aggression(Continued from Page 1)

eral nuclear w a r” and tha t the “ Soviet leaders ev iden tly con­sider i t more essential . . . to fu lf i l l th e ir am bitious economic program .” (New Y o rk Times, M ay 5.)

When Khrushchev warned tha t rockets w ou ld be used against bases tha t a llowed the U.S. to launch invad ing planes, the State D epartm ent replied tha t the U.S. w ou ld rush to the defense of countries “ attacked by the Soviet U nion” !

The im p lica tions of th is un-

... Canadian Unions Launch

W ELCOME TO DEN VER — Badu Kofi, a Ghana jo u rn a lis t v is it in g here as a guest of the State Departm ent, was arrested M ay 4 at the U nion S tation in Denver fo r tak ing pictures. Several cops who were m aking an arrest in the station noticed, h im tak ing pictures and he was p rom p tly th row n in to a pa tro l car. A t police headquarters he was la te r released w ith a w a rn ­ing not to “ in te rfe re ” in police affairs. The chief of police says he is investigating the in ­cident.

YO U TH O PPOSITION TO D RA FT—T h ir ty per cent o f 1,000 teen-age boys questioned “ in depth” during a tw o-year survey were strong ly opposed to being drafted in to the armed forces. A bout ha lf o f the rem ainder said somewhat hopelessly tha t they w ou ld do th e ir h itch i f they had to. James P. Scagnelli, an executive of the Boys C lub of Am erica w hich conducted the survey, says the negative reactions indicate a “ complete lack of understanding of the re ­quirem ents fo r m ilita ry service.”

* * *

GROW ING N A TIO N A L H EA D A C H E— Theconsumption of aspirins in the U.S. is increasing tw ice as fast as the grow th of the population. The average Am erican now gulps an aspirin once every three days, as compared to one every e ight days in 1935.

• * *

SOUTHERN 'W ELCO M E' — The Am erican Veterans Committee has protested against a K u K lu x K lan sign erected near the entrance to the A ir Force Base at Selma, A la . in a le tte r to the secretary of the A ir Force, A.V.C. national chairman M ickey Levine said: “ Just a few yards from the entrance to tha t a ir base there is a K u K lu x K lan sign welcom ing residents, and I in fe r a ir men, to membership in the k lan . . . A tow n w hich h igh ligh ts a K u K lu x K lan sign near the entrance of a federal insta lla tion cannot guarantee equitable trea tm ent fo r a ll troops.”

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TH O U G H T FOR TH E W EEK — Education and vocational tra in in g fo r prison inmates w ith ­ou t corresponding re lig ious tra in in g on ly makes sm arter crim inals, says Rev. G. B rinkm an, chaplain o f the Ill in o is State P en iten tia ry .

( Continued fro m Page 1)Canadian Labour, o ffic ia l CLC organ, recounts the genesis and evo lu tion o f the new po litica l approach, in an artic le en titled : “ Report on the New P arty Reso­lu tio n Adopted at the 1958 Con­vention.”

The a rtic le begins: “ A t the 1958 Convention of the Canadian Labour Congress, an h is to ric step was taken in the passing of the resolution w hich set out the need fo r a fundam ental po litica l realignm ent in th is country. The Executive Council believes tha t the adoption of tha t resolution w il l prove to be a m ilestone in Canadian h is to ry .” The artic le then quotes the terms o f the 1958 resolution on p o litica l p o l­icy, pe rtinen t extracts of which arc given below.

"This Convention," said the resolution, "believes that the imperative need of the Cana­dian political scene today is the creation of an effective alternative political f o r c e based on the needs of the workers, farmers and similar groups, financed and control­led by the people and their or­ganizations . . .

“ The tim e has come,” the resolution affirm ed, “ fo r a fu n ­damental realignm ent o f p o lit ic ­al forces in Canada. There is need fo r a broadly-based peoples, po litica l movement, w hich em­braces the CCF, the Labour -movement, fa rm organizations, professional people and other libe ra lly -m inded persons in te r­ested in basic social re fo rm and reconstruction through our pa r­liam en ta ry system of govern­ment.

“ Such a broadly based p o lit ic ­al instrum ent should provide (hat Labour and other peoples’ organizations may, together w ith the CCF, partic ipate d irec tly in the establishm ent of such a movement, its 'organizational s tructure and basic philosophy and programme, as w e ll as its financing and choice o f candi­dates fo r pub lic office.”

To im plem ent the call fo r a fundam ental po litica l rea lign­ment, the resolution subm itted to the 1958 convention, provided tha t:

“ This Convention, therefore, instructs the Executive Council to give urgent and im m ediate attention to th is m atte r by in it i ­a ting discussions w ith the CCF, interested fa rm organizations and other like -m inded in d iv id ­uals and groups, to fo rm ula te a constitu tion and a programme fo r such a p o litica l instrum ent of the Canadian people; and to report on such a plan, d ra ft con­s titu tion and programme to the nex t ( 1960) Convention of th is Congress fo r action.”

In the ensuing tw o years there took place in the Canadian labor movement an intensive discussion, on a ll levels, of the proposal to launch an indepen­dent po litica l pa rty based on la ­bor and its allies. A Jo in t Com­m ittee composed of representa­tives o f the CLC and CCF was set up to organize the discussion

and was subsequently trans­form ed in to the N ationa l Com­mittee, fo r the New Party.

The P o litica l Education De­partm ent of the CLC co llabor­ated in pub lish ing and d is tr ib u t­ing discussion m ateria l on the New Party. In its report to the 1960 M ontrea l convention the PED listed some of the discus­sion m ateria l c ircu la ted w ide ly in Canada.

Am ong the most im portan t were: “ A New P o litica l P arty fo r Canada,” 45,000 copies in English and 10,000 in French; “ A S tudy Paper on C onstitu­tion ,” 25,000 copies and 25,000 copies of “ A S tudy Paper, on Program me.” These three 'key pamphlets, says the PED report, “ have been d is tribu ted through the Federations of Labour, L a ­bour Councils, educational in s ti­tutes and forums, local unions and many other interested o r­ganizations.” (Copies of these publications may be obtained by w rit in g : N ational Committee fo r the New P arty, Room 200, 301 M etcalfe St., Ottawa.)

Thanks to the intensive dis­cussion over an extended pe­riod of time, together with the widespread disenchantment of the ranks with the experience of coalition politics, the at­tempts by American union leaders to head off the move­ment for a new party have been vigorously rebuffed. The April 25 issue of the Globe and Mail, Toronto, reports the frigid reception given United Steelworkers president, David J. McDonald, by a steel union conference after he expressed opposition to the movement for a new parly.“ The b lun t disapproval by the

v is it in g leader of the steel union of po litica l entanglements by unions found no answering voice w ith in the Canadian section o f his own union,” said the Globe and M ail. In fact, when the resolution was p u t fo r p a rtic i­pation in the new pa rty move­ment, the paper reports i t “ was carried w ith o u t a dissenting vote.”

The Canadian steelworkers are in no mood to take d ic ta tion from “ hearts and flowers” M c­Donald on the question of p o li­tica l action. This goes fo r Reu- ther, Meany and the rest o f the Am erican u n i o n bureaucrats who head the “ In te rnationa ls” but whose abject subservience to the po litica l parties controlled by b ig business has now receiv­ed, its strongest rebu ff from th e ir “ a ffilia tes” in Canada.

Am erican workers, on the other hand, w il l fo llo w w ith great in terest and sym pathetic concern the prom ising in it ia tiv e of th e ir fe llow -un ion ists setting out on a new po litica l course. I t is a harb inger of th ings to come in th is country. For when the ranks of Am erican labor break through the bureaucratic ba rrie r and launch th e ir own independ­ent labor p a rty they w il l jo in hands w ith th e ir Canadian brothers to give a decisive push to . the struggle fo r a better w orld .

abashed demand by W ashington tha t i t be perm itted to invade the te r r ito ry o f the Soviet U n ­ion w ith o u t any interference and indeed w ith o u t any com­p la in t, are staggering even to the m inds o f the average edi­to r ia lis t and com m entator of the m onopolist press.

New Y o rk W orld-Telegram colum nist, H enry S. Taylor, re ­ferred to Secretary o f State H e rte r’s answer to K rushchev as “ the most controversia l as­sertions since W orld W ar I I . ” He said th a t the State D epart­m ent “ asks the w o rld to accept a U n ited States watchdog ro le everywhere, not a secret w atch­dog role b u t a self-proclaim ed policemanship. . . . ” ,

James Reston m ild ly pointed out in his N ew Y o rk Times column. M ay 6: “ I t is the U nited States tha t has m ilita ry and a ir bases close to the Sovie t and Chinese borders and not the other w ay around.” And he added, “ These are unpopular facts tha t are seldom mentioned in th is pa rt of the w o rld .”

This is the tru th . The U.S. has close to 1,000 m ilita ry bases surrounding the borders o f the Soviet Union. Whole countries have been transform ed in to launching pads fo r invasion of the USSR. The breaching of Soviet borders by plane and other provocative means is con­tinuous. U.S. im peria lism is probing and jabb ing a ll the tim e — looking fo r a soft spot to d rive home the dagger of war.

A c tua lly , W ashington’s “ con­fession” about “ spying” is a colossal evasion and subterfuge. W hat is at issue is not rou tine peacetime spying bu t deliberate acts o f w ar. (Le t us, however, reca ll in passing th a t th is same pack o f professional lia rs in W ashington turned the U.S. in to a w itch -hun ting purgatory over ju s t such alleged spying by the Soviet Union.) B u t the issue now is w ay beyond spying: the U.S. monopolists have openly declared th e ir in ten tion o f sys­tem atica lly v io la ting the te r r i­to r ia l in te g r ity of the second greatest power on earth — even i f the w hole w o rld is b low n to b its as a result.

The leaders of the Chinese Communist party have been proven dead right in their in ­sistent warnings to Khrush­chev that it is folly for him to rush around the world pro­claiming t h a t Eisenhower "genuinely wants peace." The Chinese are 100% correct when they say that "Eisen­hower and his kind w ill never lay down their butcher's knives," until they are dis­armed by the revolutionary action of fhe working masses.

A nd tha t is the key to the real reason fo r the savage step up in the cold war, on the very eve o f the S um m it Conference. The U.S. cap ita lis t ru le rs are fra n tic over the s ight o f tens of m illions o f people a ll over the w o rld awakening and d riv in g out im peria lism and capitalism .

The upris ing in South Korea; the mass demonstrations o f s tu ­dents in Turkey, Indonesia and Japan; the Cuban revo lu tion ; the South A frica n upris ing ; and, yes, the h is to ric s it-in actions of Negro students in the South; a ll th is has te rrified the w hole b i­partisan w a r pack.

B u t the ve ry revo lu tionary forces tha t have driven the capi­ta lis t ru le rs to panic and ad­venturism , w il l pu lverize the system th a t breeds war, force the w a r makers to again re ­treat, and fin a lly overw helm them.

day’s mock a ir raid. M ore than 500 persons took pa rt in the p ro ­test action at C ity H a ll P ark and some 500 students defied the take-shelter signal at c ity col­leges. Protest actions were re ­ported at several h igh schools. On the Low er East Side, 50 women and 80 ch ild ren success­fu l ly defied police orders to h a lt a s it-dow n protest.

The C ity H a ll action was o r­ganized by the C iv il Defense Protest Committee, a non -pa rti­san group w hich won the sup­po rt of a num ber of prom inent libe ra l figures fo r its stand tha t the c iv il defense d r ills should be opposed because they serve only to d iv e rt pub lic a ttention from the need to prevent war.

S im ila r protests were staged in previous years, bu t pa rtic ipa ­tion was genera lly lim ite d to a small group of members of paci­fist organizations. A significant feature o f th is year’s demonstra­tion was the num ber of young people who jo ined in, inc lud ing many w ho have been g iv ing m ilita n t support to the W ool- w o rth store an ti - segregation p icke t lines.

There were more than 1,000 people in the C ity H a ll Par k as the tim e fo r the d r i l l approach­ed. When the “ a le rt” sounded mor e than 500, accompanied by almost 100 ch ildren, remained seated on park benches.

The authorities were appar­en tly caught o ff guard by the size of the demonstration and had only three patro l wagons on hand to haul off those who defied the law. A fte r patro lm en made a few ha lf-hearted efforts to shoo the people to shelter, a police o ffic ia l mounted a bench and urged the people to “ please obey the law !” The crowd laughed.

He then asked: ‘ ‘A re youAmericans?” There was more laughte r and some shouted back, “ T ha t’s w h y w e’re here.”

Sweeping his hand over the crowd, he then solem nly declar­ed: “ I place you a ll under arrest fo r no t obeying the law .”

Cops then began selecting prisoners at random. The firs t g ir l selected seemed to resent the w ay she was being handled and i t took three cops to get her in to the van. A second g ir l was being dragged off when the a r­resting cop stopped to rub a bruised shin. The g ir l got m ixed up in the crowd.

Tw en ty-s ix persons, the to ta l capacity of the vans, were ar rested. (A latecomer was arrested at a Subway e x it where he made a so lita ry stand as the “ a le rt’ sounded.) ,

Three hundred demonstra­tors marched to the Criminal Court where those arrested were arraigned. In the court­room they were told by presid­ing Judge Ciazzo that if they didn't think there was democ­racy here they "should go to Turkey or Korea or Cuba."His ou tburst came in response

to a wave o f laughte r tha t filled the courtroom when he asserted tha t the arrested protesters were “ underm in ing the democratic process.”

When he to ld the defendants tha t i f they d idn ’t lik e the c iv il defense law they should change it at the ba llo t box, a young woman inform ed h im she had never been given the opportun ity to vote on the law . A no the r ad vised h im tha t the demonstrators were doing w hat the people of Korea and T u rkey had done.

A ll bu t one of the defendants pleaded g u ilty and on F riday they were sentenced to five days i n ' prison. Saturday, an esti-

Why not pass this copy of the M ilitant on to a friend?

mated to ta l of 600 people m arch­ed in fro n t o f the House o f De- ten tion where they are ja iled, w ith several hundred pickets on the line at the peak of the dem­onstration.

A t C ity College, 300 students jo ined in the a n ti-d r il l protest in itia ted by the S tudent Com­m ittee fo r a Sane N uclear P o licy and other campus groups. As the demonstrators gathered on the campus shortly before the sched­uled “ a le rt,” a school o ffic ia l warned them tha t those who de­fied the take-cover order w ould face penalties inc lud ing possible expulsion.

No more than 20 yie lded to the th rea t and the rem ainder re ­sponded by singing, “ We Shall N ot Be M oved.”

The o ffic ia l then w ent through the crowd and lif te d the school identifica tion cards of about 100 students, inc lud ing th a t of the president of the student gov­ernment.

No action has been taken ye t against those whose cards were taken. O ver the weekend they received le tte rs advis ing th a t the cards w ou ld be returned i f they w ould sign statements tha t they were m erely bystanders and not partic ipants in the p ro ­test.

One student who received such a letter said today that the move is obviously design­ed to get a small number of holdouts who could be more easily penalized. A campaign is being carried on to get ad­ditional students to turn in their cards and a number have already done so.A t B rook lyn College, where

the a n ti-d r il l protest was sup­ported by about 200 students, a campus fu ro r has been evoked w ith the resignation o f L u c ille Feldman as ed ito r of the campus paper, the K ingsm an. H er resig­nation was published in a space on the fro n t page th a t had been intended fo r a p ic tu re of the student action w h ich Dean Stroup had fo rb idden her to publish.

C LEVELA N D "The African Revolution." A

lecture by George Chomalou. Saturday, May 21, 8 p.m. Ausp. M ilita n t Labor Forum. A t the new M ilita n t H a ll, 5511 Euclid Ave. Room 203

•LOS ANGELES

"The World of C. WrightMills." Two lectures by W illia mF. Warde. Friday, May 20, 8:15p.m.: “ The Causes o f W orld W arI I I . ” Friday, June 3, 8:15 p.m.:The Sociological Im ag ina tion .”

Forum Hall, 1702 East Fourth St.Ausp. M ilita n t Labor Forum.

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PIC N IC — Sunday, M ay 22,Elysian Park, Spot No. 1, Los Angeles. Dinner. 1 to 3 p.m. Baseball, games fo r ch ild ren and adults. Ausp. The M ilitant and West Coast Vacation School.

•NEW YORK

"The Cuban Revolution As I Saw It." A special report by Farrell Dobbs. Socialist W orkers presidentia l nominee, ju s t re ­tu rned from extensive to u r of Cuba. Friday, M ay 20, 8:30 p.m. M ilita n t Labor Forum , 116 U ni­versity Place (off U nion Square). C on tribu tion $1.00.

B O S T O NB o s to n L a b o r F o ra m , 2 9 5 H u n t in g ­

to n A v e ., R o o m 200 .C H IC A G O

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p e r io r A v e ., R o o m 3 0 1 , S W 1 -1 8 1 8 . O p e n T h u rs d a y n ig h ts 8 to 10.

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M IL W A U K E E 150 E a s t J u n e a u A v e .

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M i l i t a n t L a b o r F o ru m , 116 U n iv e r ­s i t y P la c e , A L 5 -7 8 5 2 .

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Letters from Our Readers

1,000 ProtestAir Raid Drill In New York

By Jack A rno ld

NEW YORK, May 10 — W ell over a thousand people here, the bu lk of them young people, demonstrated the ir anti-war sentiment by jo in ing in organized mass refusals to take shelter du ring last Tues