ANCIENT ROMEFrom Village to Empire

Aim: What factors influenced the rise of Rome?

Do Now: Analyzer the cartoon, “What conclusions can you draw from the cartoon?”

1.____________________________________________2.____________________________________________3.____________________________________________

The Pre-Roman World

Romulus and RemusLegend

Abandoned on the Tiber River and raised by a She-Wolf, the twin sons of the god Mars and a Latin princess decide to build a city near this spot.

What type of religion do you think the early Roman’s practiced?

Polytheistic

Roman Mythology/Religion

Roman Mythology & Religion1. Roman mythology

a. Based on the Greek polytheistic religionb. Explanations of natural phenomena,

human qualities, and life events

of Rome

750 BCE

Geography

In the Beginning…

What geographic advantages did the city of Rome have? Ancient Rome

begin as a group of villages along the Tiber River in what is now Italy.

Around 750 B.C. these villages united to form the city of Rome.

Geography of Rome

Developed because of strategic location

Fertile soil important to the agriculture

Built among seven hills along a bend in the Tiber River

Strategic Location

Midway between the Alps and Italy’s southern tip

Located midpoint in the Mediterranean Sea

II. Early Civilization

As the city of Rome grew, their culture was influenced by their neighbors: The Etruscans and The Greeks

The Etruscans controlled much of northern Italy between 800-600BCE

The Greeks established cities in southern Italy and on Sicily

Influence of the Etruscans

Influence of the Etruscans Writing

Religion The Arch Political System

It was all Greek to them

• Greeks settle between 750 and 600 B.C

• Settle along southern coast and Sicily

• Develop prosperous and commercial activity

• Teach Romans to grow olives and grapes

• Romans borrow religious ideas

The Influence of Greek Writing

(1) The Greek alphabet was adopted by the Etruscans and (2) the Etruscans changed it.

Then (3) the Romans borrowed the Etruscan alphabet and changed it.

Like the Greeks, Romans wrote in all capital letters

Like the Greeks, Romans carved important documents like laws and treaties into bronze or stones

Romans carved into walls and columns Roman authors were inspired by Greek

mythology

The Influence of Greek Mythology

The early religion in Rome was a mixture of many influences

From the Etruscans, Romans would celebrate religious rituals in founding their cities

Romans had their own gods, but as they mixed with Greek mythology, similar god’s from each culture would be blended to make a Roman god

Romans simply adopted some of the Greek gods as their own, and gave them Roman Names (Zeus = Jupiter; Aries = Mars)

For Romans, mythology was less important than strict ritual for exact occasions.

The Influence of Greek Art

Greek pottery was admired by Etruscans and Romans

Greek pottery was highly valued, used to store goods, and painted with figures, heroes, gods, etc.

Romans took Greek artists into their homes, and Romans imitated Greek styles but created their own lively and realistic style

Roman sculptors were skilled at creating life-like statues

The Influence of Greek Architecture

Greeks built marble temples as homes for their gods.

The Romans used columns and marble for their public buildings

Began using cement to build Pantheon, the Coliseum, and the Circus Maximus

The Influence of Etruscan Sport The Romans adopted 2 bloody sports Slave Fighting and Chariot Racing

(Also Greek) In Roman stadiums, slaves died fighting

as gladiators – trained to fight for entertainment

The Roman Republic

III. Establishment of the Republic

• Drove the King out Rome in 509 B.C.

• Republic- a form of government in which power is in the hands of representatives

• Officials are chosen “by the people”- citizens who have the right to vote

• .

IV. Roman Society

PATRICIANS PLEBIANS

Roman Republic• Classes in Rome: Patricians, Plebeians, allies and slaves

• Aristocratic land owners• Ruling class of Rome• Nobility gives them rights• “Rulers” of the republic• Only ones who could be elected

Patricians

Roman Republic• Common man • Some land owners • Citizens with little political power • Majority of population• Could not hold political office• Later Tribunes were their “voice” in senate

Plebeians

Disenfranchised-__________

WOMEN SLAVES

Women could not partake in government decisions, office or voting

Women did have some rights….

Slaves made up 1/3 of population

Slave mostly war captives who were solely owned by citizens and had no rights

Power in the Roman Family

A Patriarchal Society: “Patria Potestas” (Power of a Father)

Father assumed the power of life and death over his family

Roman fathers conferred with a “council” of friends

Women living in the shadow of men

Aim: How was Roman society a democracy?

Do Now: Write a response that answers the following question, “What does the statement tell you about the role of government in society?

Explain your answer.”“I pledge allegiance to the flag, of the United States…to the republic, for

which it stands…”

Government under the RepublicRoman Republic ruled by

2 Consuls Enforced laws passed by the

Senate Controlled the army Served 1 year terms

Senate ruled the Roman Republic Only patricians could serve in the

Senate Plebeians upset that they can’t

serve in government but they fight in the army

The Tribal Assembly The legislative body that

represents the Plebeians Plebeian representatives called

Tribunes They protect the rights of

PlebeiansCitizen Assemblies

Only adult free males Women not citizens, under the

guardianship of their fathers or husbands

In times of crisis, a Dictator assumed absolute power for six months

Roman Republic• Plebeians forced its creation• All free citizens are protected by law• Written on 12 bronze tablets• Some possible laws:• A deformed child must be put to death• If a father sells his son 3x’s into slavery that son is free

of his father

12 Tables of Law

Discussion Questions:

How was power distributed under the Roman Republic? Why was it difficult for one Consul to become supreme leader?

How does the Roman Republic compare to Athenian democracy? Why might a direct democracy like Athens not succeed in a growing Republic like Rome?

Are the 12 Tables and Hammurabi's Code similar? If so, how?

Is Roman Republic government similar to any contemporary government?

Class Assignment

Use your knowledge of the United States Government and your notes on the Roman Republic to construct a graphic organizer which shows the similarities between the Roman Republic and the United States.

You may work with a partner to complete this assignment

Aim: What were the effects of Roman expansion?

Do Now: Copy the question AND answer it in your notebook:Both the Ancient Greeks and the Ancient Romans viewed foreigners as barbarians.

This is an example of:1. Cultural diffusion 2. Materialism 3. Imperialism 4. Ethnocentrism

Ethnocentrism:

Belief in the superiority of one's own nation, culture, or ethnic group to which one belongs, often accompanied by feelings of dislike for other groups.

VI. The Roman Army & Conquest“Courage, Duty, Determination

All citizens required to serve in the army – Citizen Soldier

Military units = Legions (5,000)

Legions divided into smaller groups of 80 = Century

Organization/fighting skills were key to Rome’s rise to greatness

Daily training: swimming, running, jumping, fencing and javelin throwing

The Punic WarsPunici

First Punic War Rome wins and forces Carthage to pay

reparations

Second Punic War Hannibal invades Italy through the

Alps Beats Roman army at every turn but

can never capture Rome invades Carthage & defeats

Hannibal in the battle of Carthage forced to pay tribute to

Rome again.

Third Punic War Rome had conquered Carthage's

empire and razed the city, becoming the most powerful state of the Western Mediterranean.

Inhabitants sold into slavery and salt is mixed into the soil

The main cause of the Punic Wars –clash between the existing Carthaginian Empire and the expanding Roman Republic.

Hannibal

Who was Hannibal? Hannibal was a brilliant military

strategist who wanted to avenge Cathage’s earlier defeat.

Hannibal surprised the Romans in 218 BC by directly invading Italy after crossing the alps with, most famously, two dozen African war elephants

Although Hannibal surprised the Romans and thoroughly beat them on the battlefields of Italy, he could not invade the crucial city of Rome itself, thus making him unable to draw the war to a decisive close.

Rome Controls The Mediterranean

Rome’s victories in the Punic Wars gave it dominance in the Mediterranean world

Rome conquers the eastern half

Rome’s empire expands from Spain and Britain to Asia Minor

VII. Effects of Roman Expansion

Incredible wealth led to serious problems

Widened gap between rich and poor Wealthy bought huge estates called

An influx of Slaves Large use of slave labor put many people out of work

Prices of Grain fell because of inflation Small farmers fall into debt and sell land to rich

owners.

Poor farmers immigrated to the city looking for jobs.

Greed and Corruption

2. Attempt to Reform

The Gracchi brothers were plebeians in the tribunes that attempted to pass land reform legislation. Redistribute the major patrician landholdings among the

plebeians, in addition to other reform measures. Brought grains to the poor Results in the assassination of several of their supporters

After achieving some early success, both were assassinated for their efforts.

Military Upheaval

Growing turmoil within the republic was a breakdown of the once loyal military.

Corruption: As the republic grew more unstable, generals

began to seize power for themselves The poor was recruited and in exchange for

their opportunity, their loyalty was to their commander, replacing citizen soldiers whose loyalty was ALWAYS to the republic.

WHAT COULD BE THE PROBLEM WITH THIS?

Effects of Roman Expansion (cont)

New Hellenized, urban culture

Roman literature imitates Greek models--Terence

Adopted fad of Greek bathing

Shift in eating habits

More opportunities for Roman aristocrats to enrich themselves politically and materially

Demise of foreign enemies = loss of patriotism and Roman value of frugality

The Victory of Julius Caesar

Caesar’s key problem was ruling Rome alone without violating the oldest tradition of the republic: hatred of monarchy

Caesar’s domestic accomplishments and honors

The assassination of Julius Caesar (44 BCE)-- “The Ides of March”

Roman literature and portraiture reflects these stormy years of political chaos

Who were the Roman Emperors?

How were elements of Roman life shaped by the decisions that these rulers formed?

How do these decisions, as they were set forth, tell us why Rome was called an “empire”?

Which of these emperors would you consider the most important?

How would you rate the influence each of these emperors exacted on the Roman Empire? Advantages brought to Rome? Disadvantages brought to Rome?

Did the move toward empire benefit the Roman civilization? Why or why not?

Did the Roman Emperors benefit the Roman Empire? Why or why not?

Do Now: Write down and answer the following question:

Should we be concerned with the decisions that principals like Mr. Dolan make? Why or

why not.

Why do the actions and attitudes of principals tell us something about what is going on in our schools?

Does this explain why people are concerned with how and why their leaders make decisions? Why or why not?

AIM: How did the Roman Republic evolve into an Empire that needed to be saved?

I. Collapse of the Roman Republic

1. First TRIMVIRANTa. Crassus, Pompey, Julius Caesarb. Civil War ensues and Caesar is able to defeat Pompey

2. Julius Caesar is in controla. He is in control a very short time until he is ASSASSINATED by the Senate (44 B.C. in the Ides of March)http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6nuwEH-v0Bc

3. Second Triumviratea. Lepidus, Marc Anthony, Octaviusb. Civil war ensues and OCTAVIUS is triumphantc. Octavius is named Caesar Augustus, the “anointed one”d. He declared himself Principate or “first citizen”- NOT King or Emperor

Second Triumvirate cont.

c. Octavius is named Caesar Augustus, the “anointed one”

d. He declared himself Principate or “first citizen”- NOT King or Emperor

Under his rule, Rome expanded and enjoyed a period of peace.

Octavian Becomes Augustus

Octavian was sole ruler of Rome after his forces defeated Antony and Cleopatra at the Battle of Actium

The Senate gave him the name “Augustus,” meaning “most high”

23 BCE – Octavian, now referred to as Augustus, was made consul for life by the Senate Also made “Princeps,” meaning “first citizen”

Origin of the word “prince” Also made “Imperator,” meaning “successful general”

Origin of the word “emperor” Also made “Pontifex Maximus,” or “chief religious leader

Origin of the word “pontiff” (used to describe the pope today) Also made a tribune He had the power to call the Senate, veto the Senate’s laws,

and make laws himself

Rome under Augustus:A Golden Age

Attempted to reform public

morals by promoting family

life (largely unsuccessful).

Began the practice of declaring

emperors gods, and of picking their own

successors. (He called Haley’s

Comet the spirit of Caesar.)

Built and maintained the

empire’s infrastructure (e.g.,

roads).

Encouraged the growth of business.

Established fire and police departments

for Rome.

Established a strong money system.

Extended citizenship to more

and more provincials.

Said he “found Rome a city of

bricks and left it a city of marble.”

Jesus, the founder of Christianity, was born in the Roman province of Judea

during the reign of Augustus.

II. Pax Romana – Roman Peace

1. Period of almost 200 years full of peace and prosperity started by Augustus.

Rome controlled the entire Mediterranean region and beyond

Complete control = almost no warfarea. It ended with Marcus Aurelius.

2. Characteristics of the Pax Romana were peace, order, and prosperity.

a. Legions maintained the roads and protected the seas which increased trade

b. Ideas flowed freely through the Empirec. Entertainment and festivals.

a. Circus Maximus- Chariot Racesb. Coliseum

III. Attempts to Save the Empire

1. Diocletian divides the empire in 284 AD into four smaller (and more manageable) parts, however he still had absolute control over the whole empire

1. Diocletian cont

b. Brought prestige back to the position of Emperor

c. Fixed food prices to slow down inflation

d. Sons must follow the traditions of their fathers

Constantine (312 A.D.) did away with the four parts, leaving an empire permanently divided

into two parts (East and West)

The Two Empires

Emperor Diocletian had believed that dividing the empire for administrative purposes would strengthen the empire He was wrong Once Constantine set up Constantinople as a capital

city, the east/west split deepened Western (Roman) Empire

Ended officially in 476 CE when the last emperor, Romulus Augustus, was deposed by a barbarian, Odoacer

Eastern (Byzantine) Empire Lasted until 1453 when the empire was conquered

by the Ottoman Turks

Constantine (312 A.D.) Best known for being the first

Christian Roman emperor. a. Constantine reversed the persecutions and encouraged religious tolerance of Christians throughout the empire.b. He even Converted to Christianity!c. He also is known for moving his capital in Constantinople to the city known at the time as Byzantium. The city is known today as

Istanbul, Turkey.

The Western Roman empire eventually falls to Germanic tribes in 476 AD

Let’s go over your Homework and determine why Christianity was a major factor in Ancient

Rome

Aim: Why did the Roman Empire Decline and Fall?

Do Now: Copy the following diagram into your notebook

IV. Fall of the Roman Empire

Economic Reasons

• Gap between rich and poor• As fewer members of the

lower classes could afford to buy goods (no purchasing power), manufacturing and trade declined

• Large estates became self-sufficient, further hurting manufacturing and trade

Military Reasons

• Roman Republic • Armies were servants of

Rome• Roman Empire

• Armies made and unmade emperors

• Reliance on barbarian troops• Not ultimately loyal to Rome• Could not be counted on to

fight their fellow barbarians• Interested in obtaining

booty, not defending Rome or furthering Rome’s interests

Why did Rome fall?Political Reasons

• Decline in patriotism• Democracy did not exist in

reality• Citizens lost their tie (voting

rights) to the state• Patriotism became based on

loyalty to an emperor, not to Rome• Most emperors did not inspire

respect or loyalty• East/West split

• Two empires created problems regarding loyalty

• No orderly succession• Murders, forced suicides, and

civil wars frequently accompanied the transition from one emperor to the next

Social Reasons

• Population decline• Hunger• Plagues• War

• Decline in intellectual culture• People did not dedicate

themselves to public service and intellectual pursuits

• People instead spent their leisure time watching chariot races and gladiatorial contests

• Religious divisions• Eastern and Egyptian cults took

away the popularity and status of traditional Roman religion

• New faiths like Christianity directly questioned and challenged concepts such as imperial divinity

V. Contributions of the Roman Empire

Law Started out as the 12 tables and evolved

Public Works Roads, Aqueducts, bridges

Language Law, medicine, and science

Scientists have traditionally used Latin as a “universal language”

Our scientific names, and most legal and medical terminology, is Latin

Religion The Catholic Church preserved the Latin language

Catholic masses were said in Latin until the 1960s Romance languages developed from Latin

French Italian Portuguese Romanian Spanish

Contributions (cont.) Historians and Historical Writings

Julius Caesar (100-44 BCE) Commentaries on the Gallic Wars

Cicero (106-43 BCE) Letters and orations Called the “Father of Latin prose”

Tacitus (ca. 56-ca. 117 CE) Germania, about the Germanic tribes of Europe Annals and Histories, about the emperors of his

time

X. The Legacy of the Roman Empire

The spread of Greco-Roman culture

The Concept of Roman Law--Roman Civil Law--ius gentium: “the law of the peoples”

Roman law harmonized with the needs of a world empire and was discerned by reason

A few highlights from the Roman civilization (Republic – Empire)

509 BC - Founding of Rome 146 BC – Rome conquers Greece 44 BC – Julius Caesar is assassinated (end of

Republic) 27 BC – Caesar Augustus becomes first

Roman Emperor 65 AD – Great fire in Rome (Nero is Emperor) 285 AD – Diocletian divides the Empire 313 AD - Constantine declares freedom of

religion 476 AD – the last Roman Emperor (Western

part) is driven from the throne

Ancient Rome – Roman Empire (44 B.C. – 476 A.D.)

Aim: What were the effects of Roman expansion?

Do Now: Analyze the cartoon, “What conclusions can you draw from the cartoon?”

1.____________________________________________2.____________________________________________3.____________________________________________