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AMY T__________ Manual TM 5851-)unae tals f Prote nive .1 L Design fo Cnvet-ionfl Wa-r r
Unclassified' l1SCURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE
16. SUPPLEiMTARY NOTATION (Continued).
Available from National Technical Informatio. Service, 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield,VA 22161. .. - - r -- 4-41.,. , 4. ,4-- . - ,1
19. ABSTRACT (Continued).
The programs and a*.l aasLociated data files are available to government agencies on theWaterways Experiment Stattion (VES) microcomputer bulletin board, at phone no. (601) 634-3053Nongoverument offices should submit a written request for the programs to:
CoumanderUS Army Corps of EngineersATTN: CEEC-ET20 Massachusetts Avenue NWWashington, DC 20314-1000
Unclassified
SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE
PREFACE
This user's guide documents two computer programs that supplement therecently revised Army Technical Manual TH 5-855-1, "Pmdamentals of Protective
Design for Conventional Weaponsr (Reference 1). FunPro allows the user to
display and scroll through the text of the manual, search for key words and/or
phrases, display the curves and illustrations on a microcomputer monitor and
produce hard copies, and retrieve data points from curves. ConWep performs a
variety of conventional weapons effects calculations, including an assortment
of airblast routines, fragment and projectile penetrations, cratering, and
ground shock. The work on these programs was accomplished using funds
provided to US Army Enginear Waterways Experiment Station (WES) by the
Directorate of Engineerinj Construction, Office, Chief of Engineers, US
Army, under the Microcomputex Adaptation of TN 5-855-1 program.
This work was performed by personnel of the Structures Laboratory (SL),
WES, during the period April 1986 through May 1987. This work was
accomplished under the general supervision of Messrs. Bryant Mather, Chief,
SL, Mr. James T. Ballard, Assistant Chief, SL, and Dr. Jimmy P. Balsara, I(hief, Structural Mechanics Division (SD), SL; and under the direct
supervision of Dr. Sam A. Kiger, Research Group, SMD. The programs and this
report were written by Mr. David W. Hyde, Research Group, SMD.
COL Dwayne G. Lee, CE, is Commander and Director of WES. Technical
Director is Dr. Robert W. Whalin.
Accesion For
NTIS CRA&IDTIC TAB I-
The disk in this report can be obtained froa: Una,'1o.,,.cd El
U. S. Army Engineer Waterways aqcperirrentStation, Structures Laboratory, P. o. Box .............631, Vicksburg, MS 39180-0631 5y Y . _Per Mr. Randy Holmes, UsAaE/Structures Lab. cut -
D.' tL' i.,
C . .
I 'SSPECTEnI
COtIW!
COU•VUION FACTOR, NON--SI TO SI. (NEIlIC)UNITS OF .n... . ... .......... ......................... 3
PART I: INTRODUCTION ........... I .............. 4
Purpose and Capabilities . • .............. . 4ProgramUpdates .......... ......... ... .. .. 5HiuizM " -quirements ........................................ 53,ser Respons-a- ............... ........................... 5Installation .................. ............................ 6Graphics .............. ......... ..... ............................... 7Portability ................. ............................. 7
PART ti: FUNPRO .......................................... 9I
Startiig FunPro ................... ......................... 9Selecting Options ................ ......................... 9Displaying Text ............... .......................... 10Displaying Figures ....................... .......................... 16
?Availabl WOeapon Effet.....~i............................ 16
Wearingelcion.......................................... 16Available Wsapons Effects Routines ............... ................. 16Weapon Selection ....................... ......................... 17Assumptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . 17File Formats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
REFERENCES ....................................................... ... 22
APPENDIX A: SAMPLE PROGtRAK INSTALLATION ............................. Al
APPENDIX B: SAMPLE CONWEP SESSION ............. ................... l1
APPENDIX C: ERROR MESSAGES .................... ...................... C1
2
CONVERSION FACTORS, NON-SI TO SI (METRIC)
UNITS OF UEASP1MKNT
Non-SI units of measurement used in t1'1.s ,rey,•rt can be conierted to SI
(metric) units as follovs:
Multiply BY To Obtain
inches 25.4 millimetres
feet 0.3048 metres
square inches 6.4516 square centimetres
pounds (force) per square isch 6.894757 kilopascals
pounds (force) 0.45359' kilograms (fcrce)
I0
a
3 1- I
MsLMID ZM JJJGJOQ0= oa PROGRAMS CO3AD FlP
AL.CAJG&I3 OF TW 5-935-1. -FUNDAMENTALS OF
PROTECTIVE DESIGN lm CONVNTIOKAL WTEAPONS"
PART I: INTRODUCTION
1. The Waterways Experiment Station (WS) has recently completed a
revision of Department of the Army Technical Manual (TM) 5-855-1,
"Fundamentals of Protective Design for Conventional Weapons". The latest
version of thif, technical ma.nual '.ontains updated information on a variety of
conventional weapons effects and structural respone. Copies of TH 5-855-1
are available from the US Army AG Publication Center, 2800 Eastern Blvd.,
Baltimore, MD 21220-2896. The manual has been adopted for microcompute.r usage
by the Structural Mechanics Division, Structures Laboratory, WES, in the form
of the two computer programs presented here--FunPro and ConWep.
Puroose and Caoabilities
2. FunPro allowc the user to display the text of the manual on a
microcomputer monitor and search for key words and phrases. This program also
allows the user to display the figures from the manual on a monitor, produce
hard copies on a plotter, retrieve data points from curves, and compare test
data to the theoretical curves from the manual.
3. Con~ep performs a variety of weapons effects calculations, including
airblast, fragment and projectile penetration, cratering, and ground shock.
The user may select a weapon from a menu of cased munitions, including general
purpose (GP) bombs, artillery rounds, and mortar rounds, or alternatively
enter other parameters for a cased weapon, bare charge, or inert projectile
not included in thb program.
4
Proifram Updates
.. Updates to ConWep and FunPro, as well as all associated data files,
are available to government agencies on the WES microcomputer bulletin board,
at phone no. (601) 634-3053. Nongovernment offices should sutait a written
request for the programs to:
CommanderUS Army Corps of EngineersATTN: CUEC-ET20 Massachusetts Avenue NWWashington, DC 20314-1000
Minimum Reguirements
5. Both programs require the following: I* IBM PC, PC/XT, PC/AT, or 100% compatible personal computer
o Disk Operating System (DOS) version 2.1 or later
o 1.2 megabyte (MB) di-skette drive, or a hard disk
* 400 KB available Random Access Memory (RAM)
In addition, all graphics routines require one of the following:"o IBM Color Graphics Adapter or close coupatible
o IBM Enhanced Graphics Adapter or close compatible
" An) pen plotter that supports the Hewlett Packard Graphics Language(IHP,%L)
6. This documentation assumes that the teader has somc familiarity with
the Disk Operating System (DOS). In particular, the user should have a
working kzaowledge of file specifications, directories, and DOS commands.
Questions concerning the operating system should be referred to the user's DOSreferenue manual.
User Responses
7. Throughout th,.s documentation, entries that the user should type are
surrounded by single quotes Q '). Quotation marks should not be included
when typing these entries. Also, the symbol <CR> represents the "Enter" key
on tha keyboard. On some personal computer models, this key may be labeled
"Retutn". Requests for character responses are not case sensitive, e.g.
"(D)isplay or (P)lotter?" will accept 'D', 'd', 'P', or 'pt.
5
InstAfllation
8. ConWep, FunPro, and all asrociated text and data files are generally
distributed on two double-sided, high-density (DS/HD) diskettes, as found in
the back of this manual. Although the programs are available in other
formats, this documentation assumes that the programs were obtained on the
DS/HD diskettes.
9. After reading this documant, the user should prepare backup copies of
each of the diskettes, especially if the programs will be run primarily from
diskettes rather than a hard disk. Unless the text and figures of the manual
will be referred to on a frequent basis, it will probably be preferable to
copy only the two executable programs to a hard disk, as the text files and
data files for the figures take up about one megabyte (1,048,576 bytes) of
disk space. On systems equipped with a hard disk, the user should perform thefollowing steps :
a. At the C:> prompt, type 'MD TM5-855'<CR> to create a subdirectoryfor these prog-zn3. Any valid name may be used in place of "TM5-855".
h. Type 'CD Th5-855'<CR>.
c. Insert the diskette labeled "FUNPRO" in drive A and type:
'COPY A:Th.BAT' <CR>
'COPY A:THCOVER.CON'<CR>
'COPY A:FUNPRO.EXE'<CR>
'COPY A:CONWEP. EXE'<CR>
'COPY A: INSTALL.COM'<CR>
10. Both ConWep and FunPro require installation by the INSTALL program.
INSTALL modifies these two programs by writing information concerning the
system's display monitor, graphics adapter, and plotter to them. A sample
installation of FUNPRO.EXE is shown in Appendix A.
11. A short batch file, TM.BAT, has been included to facilitate
switching from one program to another. ConWep and FunPro are completely
independent of each other, however, and it is not necessary to use TM.BAT to
run either program. If both programs are on a hard disk along with TM.BAT,
either one may be invokcd by typing 'TM' <CR> at the DOS prompt. Otherwise,
the programs are started by typing the name of the program without the EXE
extension, e.g. 'FUNPRO'<CR>.
6
12. FUnPro and ConWep support graphics on the following graphics
adapter/monitor combinations:
Graphics Card/Monitor Video Mode Resolution/Colors
Color Graphics Adapterw/ Color Display 6 640x200x2 I
Enhanced Graphics Adapterw/ Monochrome Display 15 640x350x4
Enhanced Graphics Adapterv/ Color Display 14 640x200x16
Enhanced Graphics Adapterw/ Enhanced Display, 64 KBvideo memory installed 14 640x200x16
Rnhanced Graphics Adapterv/ Enhanced Display, >64 KBvideo memory installed 16 640x350x16/64*
NEC GB-1 Graphics Cardw/ NEC Multisync Monitor 16 640x480x16/64
Plotters that support the Mewlett-Packard Graphics Language are also
supported.
13. If a plotcer is used, the following should be typed before running
the programs:
MODE COM<n>:<rate>,n,8,1,p
where <n> specifies the communications port number (1 or 2) where the plotteris attached and <rate> is the baud rate to which the plotter is set with the
switches on the rear parel. This command will prevent "Write fault" and/or
"Device timeout" errors when plotting. This line may alternatively be
included in the AUTOEXEC.B1AT file in the root directory of the host computer.
14. The major routines of both ConWep and FunPro are written in ANSI
standard FORTRAN-77. However, both programs make considerable use of Assembly
language subroutines to perform graphics operations. Because of extensive use
of assembler routines for menu generation and other video output, it would be
* 16 simultaneous colors from a palette of 64 colors.
7
Idifficult at beat to move FunPro to another computer and/or operating system.
With the exception of the graphics routines, Conhep would require relatively
few changes to operate on another system. The su,.'e code for both Con~ep and
FunPro is available through the sane procedures explained in ý,z-&raph 4.
IIUUI
8
PART 11: FUN?ROStarting k•unPro
S15. Before running FunPro, the diskettes labeled "TEXT" and "FIGURES"
should 'be available, unless thu daLta files are on a hard disk. The program may
be started in either of two ways: (1) by typing 'FUNPRO'<CR>, or (2) by typing
'TK'f<(>, then selecting *FutPro" from the menu using the cursor control keys
on the right side -f the keyboard. FunPto is simple to use, and instructions
for operating it are contained in the program itself.
16. The cursor control keys on the right side of the keyboard are used
to scroll the "highlight bar" up or down the list of menu options. An option.
is selected by peassing <CR> when it is highlighted. The options for the main
menu are explained below:
Z. Disnlay instructions -- Displays a help screen explaining theoperations performed by the function keys and cursor controlkeys.
k. Select a chapter -- Displays another menu from which the user mayselect a passage to read. Selections include the preface andtable of content*, the body of the manual, and the appendiccs.Alternatively, the desired subject may be selected from an index,or the chapter selected when the program last terminated may bechosen. If a subject is selected from the index, the programwill automatically display the selected passage on the screen.Otherwise, once a selection has been made the program will returnto the main menu.
Q. Read selected charter -- If a chapter has been selected, displaysthat passage on the screen. Scrolling through the text and otherfunctions described below may then be performed.
d. Print selected chapter -- If a chapter has been selected, printsthe entire chapter from start to finish. Printing may be abortedby pressing any key. The program expects to find the printer atthe first parallel port (LPTl:).
e. Display f•iures -- Switches to the figures menu, and allows theuser to display figures from the manual on a display or plotter.(See "Displaying Figures").
f. let default drive -- This feature is only useful if the textIfiles are located on a different drive than the main program.The d-fault drive will be reset to the original one if theprogram is terminated normally.
5. Search fiurcs and table. -- Search the list of figures andtables for key words. The search strategy is not case sensitive.
h. •J~ "" Exits to DWS. Before terminating, the program will savethe chapter and lih, number being read and the screen colors ineffect.
DisDlavin- Text
17. Once a passage has been selected and displayed, all of the functions
of the program are controlled by the cursor control keys on the right side of
the keyboard and the function keys FI-FlO. The cursor control keys are used
to scroll up or down one line or one screen at a time. Scrolling may be
repeated rapidly by holding down the cursor control keys. The <Home> key
returns to the top of the chapter; <End> moves to the last page of the
chapter. The <Esc> key returns to the main menu. The function keys perform
the following functions:
#. <Fl>-- Display help screen.
b. <F2> -- Change screen colors - the screen colors selected will besaved to disk and used the next time the program is run.
•. <F3> -- Mark the line at the top of the screen in inverse video.This function saves the current position in the chapter and, whenused with the <F4> key, allows the user to return to the markedline after reading another passage from the same chapter.
d. <F4> -- Return to line of text marked with <:3>.
e. <F5> -- Search forward through the text for a word or phrase.The search is not case sensitive.
•. <F6> -- Search backward through the text for a word or phrase.
.g. <F7> -- Print the currently dLsplayed page. The printout will beaborted if any key is pressed. The program expects to find theprinter at LPTI.
Ih. <F8> -- Toggle EGA 43 line mode. Switches between the normal 25rows of cext per screen to 43 rows of text if an Enhanced IGraphics Adapter (EGA) and an Erhanced Color Display are present.This feature has no effect if an EGA is not present.
j. <F9> -- Speed up the PC/AT keyboard. This routine changes thepace of the typematic action of the PC/AT keyboard. The normalkeybot 7d response may be slower than desired for scrollingthro, 'h the text. This routine will only work with a PC/AT, andwil" have no effect with standard PC's or PC/XT's. The programchecks the machine ID byte in ROM to see if the computer is anAT. Some IBM compatible AT's may not use this byte, so theprogram will falsely assume that the host machine is not an AT.Since it is not possible to check the repeat rate of the ATkeyboard, only to set it, the keyboard will keep the same repeatrate after the program terminates and until the system is
10
- aa n . a .. r t,. lS. fff IOA~AIL Arw L l r .,~r'. S C
initialized. The valuss for the repeat delay and repeat persecond are:
delay repeat/secondSLOWEST - 0.5 sec 10 (default at initialization)SLOWER - 0.25 15FASTER - 0.25 20 SFASTEST - 0.25 30
j. <FlO> -- Switch to the figures routine. After exiting thefigures routine the program returns to the passage of textpreviously displayed.
18. FunPro achieves fast screen output by writing directly to display
memory, bypassing the slower Basic Input/Output System (BIOS) video functions.
To prevent "snow" from appearing on the standard color monitor with the Color
Graphics Adapter (CCA), FunPro updates the screen only when the CRI controller
is in a horizontal retrace period. For other installed adapters, screen
writing is almost instantaneous.
Displaying Figures
19. Data for each of the figures from the manual is stored in separate
files. The data files for illustrations contain drawing instructions
recognized by FunPro. The files for figures consisting of curves contain
either the data points neccessary to recreate the curves, or the coefficients
and exponents of polynomial equations used to generate the curves. In the
latter case, FunPro will generate 200 equally spaced data points for each Icurve in the figure.
20. The file FIGLST.DOC, found on the diskette labeled "FIGURES", should
be available before running the figures routine. FIGLST.DOC contains a list
and description of all figures in the manual. It's presence is not essential,but helpful. -
21. The major features of the figures routine are: S
A. Display any figures (curve or illustration) on a monitor orplotter.
b. Retrieve data points from curves.q. Zoom in on curves.
•. Compare user's data to curves from the technical manual.
1
22. The figures routine, like the reading routine, is driven by menu
selections. A summary of the actions taken by each of these selections
A. Select a figure - - Prompts the user to enter the number for thefi~gure to be viewed. It is not necessary to typ's in the fullname of the data file for the desired figure. For example, toviev Figure 4-11, the proper response is '4-11'.
Plo elegted iazi- If an output device is not selected, thedisplay is assumed.
.q. Select output device -- Select from Display, Plotter, or PlotFile. The default output device is the display when the progrcmis started.
S1. Set default drive - - This feature is only useful if the datafiles for the figures are located on a different drive than themain program. The default drive will be reset to the originalone if the program is terminated normally.
.q. List available fif-ures - - Displays a list of the figure numbersand their descriptions. The file "FIGLST.DOC" must be present touse this selection.
~.Select format for curves -- Draw a grid or a box around a set ofcurves. This feature is primarily intended for creating
presentation graphics with a plotter, and generally has a muchbetter appearance on a hard copy than on the display. Some ofIthe figures contain labels that may overlap the grid or box, anda grid will not be appropriate.
g. Enterl oh§.dAta, - - Test data may be compared to figures fromthe manual by reading up to 200 data pairs from a file. The fileshould contain one data pair per line (X followed by Y), and the
first column in the file should be reserved for the sign of the aX aussol esprtdb om rasae hcoordinate. FuiiPro will sort the data pairs, if necessary, inincreasing X order. Data may be displayed using either linesegments between points, markers at the points, or both. Each
additional data set may have a label of up to 30 characters. The
limit on the total number of curves displayed, including those inIthe original figure, is 20.
23. If a figure consisting of a curve or a set of curves :rather than an
illustration) is plotted on the display, when the plot is completed the
message "(R)ead, (Z)oom, or (Q)uit" will be displayed at the lower edge of the
IA. (Q) -- clears the screen and returns to the main menu.
b.(R) -- allows the user to retrieve data points from the curves.
(1) If more than one curve is present, a graphic cursor willappear in the middle of the screen, and the message "Whichcurve?" will appear at the lower edge of the display. Cursormovement is controlled with the cursor keys on the right sideof the keyboard. A curve is selected by pressing <Enter>
12
-------------------------------------------------------
when the cursor is at or near a point on the desired curve.
The message "Enter X value " will then appear at the bottomof the screen. After •he desired X coordinate is entered,the program will, return the corresponding Y value.
(2) The data retrieval function returns a Y value which isinterpolated from the data points for each figure. Theaccuracy of this function is dependent on the spacing betweendata points. As an example, if the user wants to find theinc.dent pressure due to the detonation of a 1 lb* sphericalfree-air burst at a range of 1 foot from Figure 3-4 of themanual (Figur. 1), the program will return the values "X -1.00, Y - 844.7" signifying 844.7 psi. The actual vaq•3 fromthe original equations for the incident pressure at thatrange is 844.8 psi. The small error can be attributed to theinterpolation between data points.
M. (Z) -- allows the user to zoom in on a portion of the figure.
(1) After 'Z' is pressed, the message "(A)ll or (W)indow" isdisplayed at the lower edge of the screen. If 'A' ispressed, the full extents of the figure will be plotted. If'W' is pressed, the cursor control keys may be used to selecttwo opposing corners of a window to plot, and the figure willbe redrawn with the specified lower and upper bounds.Figures with logarithmic scales will always be plotted withat least one full log cycle regardless of how small a wincowis specified, but linear plots may be zoomed in onindefinitely. Zooming may be necessary to distinguishbetween curves when there are several curv6s in a figure,particularly if the monitor in use does not support color inhigh resolution graphics mode.
(2) To display a "zoomed" figure on the plotter, the user shouldplot the figure on the display monitor, zoom in to thedesired limits, 'Q'uit, select "Plotter" from the devicemenu, and plot the figure again (Figure 2).
a
' A table of factors for converting non-SI units of measurement to SI S(metric) units is presented on page 3.
13 I
0UE Mil(.,3 I
I E
L CO .0 I;Co~ (I) -~ 0
(8 0- L ) E14-) 0I m
nwo / /
0 LW Q. 01 430 -
"-u - //
a" I0 w 0 aL G) • GI
• ,.>Q_ ,-,
3 ol . 'A / .coL 4- 0 I 4-) 0 U
co .I of (r a i ,
a a I!
//-- .L /-) 1
rI a.+ .I•., / /,Iomc>' / / /'
: /I I I-i
1~ 'ýmU).-
"- 0 0 0 0 -4
L- ~/ / •,•= ~/ / = - -
ii'l / _;
S 0 0
14i /4
V-- NT /Wc vs. Cooing Goomntry
100_ T
0.010
0.Z 1.000 1010inside~~~~ 010oer ofCon.2ce
0. 10 I.0.4
M too .6
1.000 101 10
Inside Diameter of Cooing. inchesr
Figure 2. Ex Wl of. Casngr' zoom fetur
PART III: CONWEP
Starting ConWea
24. ConWep is a collection of conventional weapons effects calculations
from the equations and curvU3 of TH 5-855-1. This program is not intended as
a tutorial on weapons effects, and users should be thoroughly familiar with TM
5-855-1 and supporting references before using ConWep as a desiZn tool. As
with FunPro, thb program may be started in either of two ways: (1) by typing
'CONWEP'<CR>, or (2) by typing ITMh<CR>, then relecting "CunWep" from the menu
using the cursor control keys on the right side of the keyboard.
Av'ailable Weapons Effects qoutines
25. A summary of weapons effects routines incorporated in ConWep
follows:
A. Airblast
(1) Aboveground detonations(a) Find peak pressure due to given charge weight and range.(b) Find range for a given peak pressure and charge weight.(c) Find charge weight for a given peak pressure and range.
(2) Airblast attenuation in turnels(3) Quasistatic pressure due to internal detonations(4) Airblast due to subsurface detonations(5) Pressure distribution on a wall due to a surface burst
!. Fragment penetration into:
(1) Concrete(2) Steel(3) Wood(4) Soil
q. Projectile penetration into:
(1) Concrete(2) Rock(3) Homogeneous armor
•. Path of long projectiles into earth (J-hook)
i. Shaped charge penetration of various materials
.. Cratering
g. Ground shock
16
Weapon Selectiorn
26. After the user has selected a weapons effects option, ConWep first
checks to see if an appropriate weapon has beon selected. Fol example, the
routines performing airblast calculations chew for a positive charge weight.
If an appropriate weapon has not beivn selecteS, the user will be prompted to
select a weapon ftom a menu. ConWep has several general purpose (GP) bombs,
artillery rounads, and mortar rounds built in. Alternatively, parameters for a
bare HE charge, an inert projectile, or a cased weapon may be used. A weapons
catalog may also be created or updated by entering parameters for GP bombs,
artillery rounds, or mortar rounds not listed in the program. The program
will then permanently store these parameters in a separate file (WEAPON.DAT),
and will recall these new parameters each time the weapon selection routine is
called. If a built in weapon is selected, ConWep will display some of the
technical information about that weapon which can be found in TM 5-855-1.
ConWep will retain the selected weapon until the user selects another one, or
until the program is terminated.
27., Most of the calculations in ConWep are taken directly from the
equations and curves of TM 5-855-1. Both ConWep and the technical manual make
several simplifying assumptions and/or approximations concerning weapons
effects calculations. In addition, ConWep will in some cases use a more
rigorous calculation than called for by the manual, if that method clearly
provides a better solution.
Efuivalent weighb factor
28. All airblast calculations are based on an explosive weight of TNT.
For other explosive types, ConWep uses the average of the equivalent weight
factors for pressure and impulse (Table 3-1, Reference 1) to find an
equivalent weight of TNT.
Qharae shape and casing effects
29. Airblast calculations assume either a hemispherical charge shape for
surface bursts or a spherical shape for airbursts, and assume that casing
effects are negligible. Reference 1 states "Casing effects on reducing the
effective weight of the explosive should be ignored since t-.,.y are not well 0
defined and could produce an unconservative design if considered." At present
17' ' ' ' ... .. ..
Ithere is inaufficient test data to develop equations for elongated shapes
typical of most general purpose bombs. The error associated with the
assumption of charge shape decreases with distance from the charge.Incident oreasure decay
30. Though TN 5-855-1 suggests using a triangular waveform to
approximate a pressure-time (P-T) history, ConWep uses a more accurate
exponential decay (Reference 3) of the form:P(t) - Pao *(1-(t-t a) / te. ) Oxp(-A * (t-ta) / td)
where
P(c) - pressure at time L
Pso - peak incident overpressure at t - ta
ta t!.me of arrival
td - positive phase duration
A - decay coefficient
The program uses equations derived by the Ballistic Research Laboratory
(Reference 2) to find the peak pressure, duration, time of arrival, and
impulse, then solves for the decay coefficient A. Note that the negative
phase of the shock wave is ignored both by ConWep and TM 5-855-1. At close
range, the negative phase is insignificant for design purposes. The negativephase taltes on greater importance, however, at more distant ranges. More
Information concerning the negative phase may be found in references 3 and 4.
Reflected Dressure decay
31. ConWep uses the same procedures detailed above to find the reflected
P-T history. The calculated reflected P-T history assumes an infinitely large
reflecting surface, so that edge effects and clearing times are not taken into
account. This assumption will always yield conservative (high) estimates of
the reflected impulse.Fragmerit size and shaee
32. The program unes a confidence level of 95% to find the design
fragment weight of a weapon. This means that there is a 95% certainty that no
fragment will be larger than the design fragment weight. The fragment velocity
and penetration equations are based on the bullet-shaped fragment shown in
Figure 6-6 of Reference 1.
33. Both the apparent and true crater shapes are assumed to be
parabolic. Optimum crater depth is assumed to be at a scaled depth of 1.5
ft/lb**l/3 for all materials. Scaled true depth is the greater of the scaled
18
apparent depth or the depth of burst + 0.4 ft/lb**l/3. True diameter is the
apparent diameter + 15% up to optimum DOB, and remains constant for DOB's
greater than optiwmu. The crater lip shown in crater profile plots is drawnfor aesthetic purposes only, and should not be considered an accurate melsure
of lip formation. The crater volume is based on the assumption of a parabolic
shape, not on eApirical data.
34. ConWep calculates the peak free-field stress due to tl'. directly
transmitted shock wave, and optionally allows the addition of a reflected wave
from a deeper layer. Relief (tension) waves reflected from the ground surface
are not calculated and are assumed to be negligible. This assumption willyield conservative (high) values for the peak stress. The rise times
associated with both the directly transmitted shock wave and the reflected
wave are assumed to be 1/10 of the arrival times.
FilE Fomats
35. Several of the routines in Con~ep either write to or read from data
files, The format ior these files is explained in ti.. following paragraphs.-
36.. The weapon selection routlinf teads from the file 'WEAPON.DAT1 if it
exists, and updates this file if the user selects 'Update Weapons Data File'
from the weapons renu. This file stores information concerning casedmunitions Lot includeA in the program. If desired, WEAPON.DAT may be edited
with a word processor capable of writing ASCII files. All numeric entries may
be separated by a zomma or by one or more spaces, and may be included nn the
same line or ')n separate lines. Character strings, however, should be onseparate lines 'he file format as produced by ConWep is shown below:
line variable names descritionI NBOMB NMCRT NAhRTY Yi=.meL of bombs, mortar rounds, and artillery
.ounds, respectively, thdc are described inWEAPON. DAT
2 GROUP Four (4) letter code word indicating which typeof weapon will be described In the followinglines. GROUP should be either 'BOMB', 'MORT', or'ARTY', indicating a general purpose bomb, amortar rourd, or an artillery rcund,respectively. The GROUP name should be upper-caseletters.
19
3 MAK Character string, up to 25 characters long,describing the weapon; e.g. 'U.S. 1k 83'. ConWepdoes not use 3AME; it is included fcr theconvenience of the user.
4 TYPE Character string, up to 25 characters long,describinj the class of weapon; e.g. 'GP 1000'.Again, TYPE is included only for the convenienceof the user.
XLXN Total length of the weapon, inches.DIA Outside diameter of the weapon, inches.WTOT Total weight, pounds.WUP Weight of explosives, pounds.WCASE Case weight, pounds.Bi Brinell Hardness Number (BHN) for the case
material. IXHS Nose shape factor.
6 MEP Character string, up to 25 characters ]-'ng,describing the %ype of explosive used; t.g.'Composition C-4'.
7 WTtNT The equivalent weight of TNT for 'WEXP' pounds of
WFRAG Design fragment weight, ounces.VINIT Initial velocity of the design fragment, feet per
second.
The format then repeats itself, starting with 'GROUP', for each bomb, mortar
round, and artillery round stored. The last line in WEAPON.DAT should be the
code word 'END' (upper case), which indicates to ConWep where to start writing
when a new weapon is saved.
Pressure-time histo'ries
37. The "Aboveground detonations" routines allow the user to save
pressure vs. time histories to a file. Time is written in units of
milliseconds (msec), pressure in units of pounds per square inch (psi) or
kilopascals (kPa).
Load distributions
38. The "Loads on Structures" routine allows the user to save peak
pressure and impulse values across the face of a wall. The file format is
shown below:
line variable names description1 Xl,Y1,X2,Y2 The cartesian coordinates of the lower left and
upper right corners of the target wall, in feetor meters.
2 N,M The number of grid columns and grid rows. Thereare N+l node columns and M+l node rows.
20
rM NM I I'.Af MR P~-%"~ AY~~AA.S~J.P
3 Z(1,l) The magnitude of the pressure or impulse at node(Lower left corner). Pressure is in units of psior kPa, impulse in in units of psi-msec or kPa-Usec.
2'(1.24+)
Z(2,1)
Z(N+1 .1+l)
IaIaSID
UUIYUECES
1. Headquarters, Dpartment of the Army. 1986. "Fundamentals of ProtectiveDesign for Cowrentional Weapons," Technical Manual 5-855-1, Vashington,D.C.
2. Kingery. C., and Bulmash, G. 1984. "Airblast Parameters from TNTSpherical Air Burst and Heuisphezical Surface Burst," Technical ReportARBUL-TR-02555, US Army Ballistli• Research Laboratory, Aberdeen ProvingGro•wd, Maryland 21005.
3. Baker, W. 1973. Zxlosions in Air. University of Texas Press, Austin,Texas.
4. Headquarters, Department of the Army. 1969. "Structures to Resist theKffects of Accidental Explosions," Technical Manual 5-1300, Washington,D.C.
22
-----------------------------------------.".- .- . . .
APPENDIX A
SAMPLE PROGRAM INSTALLATION
1. Presented below is a sample installation of FunPro. User responses
and conwents are shown in boldface type. Default values are enclosed in
brackets. Program installation will proceed much faster if the Zlies are
placed on a hard disk rather than diskettes. The user should not attempt to
install the programs using a high-capacity (1.2 KB) diskette drive if the
files are on dcuble-density (360 KB) diskettes.
2. Care should be taken to insure that ConWep and FunPro are installed
for the proper video adapter. If either program is installed improperly,
attempts to perform graphics on the display will not ,vork and will likely
cause the system to freeze up (see Appendix C).
C:\TN5-855>INST&.LL<CR>INSTALL 20 Oct 1987
What progrem do -ou want to install?Type the filename (e.g. CONWEP.EXE)and press RETURN ... FlUNPRO. MR>
Enter the code for the display adapter / monitorcombination that best matches your system:
Resolution x Colors0) Monochrome Display Adapter NO GRAPHICS SUPPORTED
w/ Monochrome Display1) Color Graphics Adapter 640 x 200 x 2
w/ Color Display I2) Enhanced Graphics Adapter 640 x 350 x 41
w/ Monochroae Display3) Enhanced Graphics Adapter 640 x 200 x 16
w/ Color Display4) Enhanced Graphics Adapter 640 x 200 x 16
w/ Enhanced Color Display, 64K5) Enhanced Graphics Adapter 640 x 350 x 16/64
w/ Enhanced Color Display, >64K6) NEC CB-I, or other 24 MHz EGA 640 x 480 x 16/64
w/ NEC Multisync Monitor
Enter solection [i) ... 5 ( No <CR> )
Enter serial port no. for plotter:1) COMI: 2) COM2:
Enter selection (1] .... 1 ( No <CR> )Please wait ...
Finished installing FUNPRO.EXEC:\TM5-855>
Al
APPENDIX B
SAMPLE CONWEP SESSION
A typical ConWep session is presented below. User responses are shown in
boldface type.
CONVENTIONAL WEAPONS EFFECTS
MAIN MENU
SELECT FROM THE FOLLOWING:
1. Airblast2. Fragment penetration3. Projectile penetration4. Projectile path into earth5. Shaped charge penetration6. Cratering7. Ground shock8. Change weapon9. Change units
10. Exit
Enter Selection... 1
Use (1) U.S. or (2) SI units? 1
AIRELAST MENU
SELECT FROM THE FOLLOWING:
1. Aboveground detonation2. Pressure attenuation in a tunnel3. Internal detonation4. Subsurface detonation5. Loads on structures6. Return to main menu
Enter Selection ... 1
PRESSURE-TIME HISTORY DUE TO ACHEMICAL EXPLOSION, FROM ARBRL-TR-02555,
"Airblast Parameters from TNT Spherical AirBurst and Hemispherical Surface Burst"
1. Find peak pressure given charge weight and range2. Find range given charge weight and peak pressure3. Find charge weight given peak pressure and range
Enter Selection ... 1
Bi_____--~ ~ n.~auu~aruu~nm~"M
!?EAPONS MENU
1. General Purpose (GP) Bomb2. Artillery Ro'imd3. Mortar Round4. Bare HE5. Inert Projectile6. User Defined Cased Weapon7. Update Weapons Data File
Enter Selection... 1
GENERAL PURPOSE BOMBS
1. GP 250 Low-Drag Bomb (Snakeye)2. GP 250 Low-Drag Bomb (Mod 1)3. GP 500 Low-Drag Bomb (Snakeye)4. GP 500 Low-Drag Bomb (Mod 1)5. GP 750 Bomb6. GP 750 Low-Drag Bomb7. GP 1000 Low-Drag Bomb8. GP 2000 Low-Drag Bomb
Enter Selection... 6WEAPON CHARACTERISTICS
Name U.S. M117 (Retarded)Type GP 750 Bomb, Low-DragTotal weight, lb 854.0Explosive weight, lb 386.0Case weight, lb 345.0Explosive used H-6Assembled length, Liches 82.00Case diameter, inches 16.00Brinell hardness no. for frag. 150.0
DERIVED CHARACTERISTICS
Equivalent weight of TNT, lb 488.0Design fragment weight, ounces 1.362Initial fragment velocity, fps 7828.
Press <Enter> to continue ... <CR>
Enter H for hemispherical surface burst,or S for spherical free.-air burst H
Enter range to target, ft 15
B2o
I
Hemispherical surface burstEquivalent weight of TNT, lb ....... 488.0Range to target, ft ............ 15.00
YIELDS
Peak incident pressure, psi ........ 345.4Normally reflected pressure, psi ... 2395.Time of arrival, msec .............. 1.722Duration, asec ..................... 4.130Incident impulse, psi-asec.......... 169.1Reflected impulse, psi-msec ........ 1141.Shock front velocity, fps .......... 5103.Decay coefficient A, whereP(t)-Pso*(l-t/to)*exp(-A*t/to) .... 7.279
Press <Enter> when ready ... <CR>
Options:1. List Incident P-T History2. Plot Incident P-T History3. Save Incident P-r History to disk4. List Reflected P-T Vistory5. Plot Reflected P-T History6. Save Reflected P-T History to disk7. Re-run with new input8. List references/assmnptions9. Exit to Airblast menu
Enter selection ... 2
(D)isplay or (P)lotter? P
B3
,cD
G)
CIDN 0N 0
0 (0- -0ooco0
U,)L6
000
L6L
• If
a * W m :,% 0
L
0 0
,f 0. o
0 . 0 C.)( CL a -
"Cr" 0) a • • 0 E4.. 01: 4 . 1-' >- a 0 0ý
° 0C L 0
07 3 L 4 0
L 0 CL I(ICO4J9 < .L-a00
0 -L64 0 o 0
00
E 07 41 , 0
~01
0
0 0 0 0000 0 0
.sd - ..Jflnss8 d
NA
0Options:
1. List Incident P-T History2. Plot Incident P-T History3. Save Incident P-T History to disk4. List Reflected ?-T History5. Plot Reflected P-T History6. Save Reflected P-T History to disk7. Re-run with new input8. List references/assumptions9. Exit to Airblast menu
Enter selection ... 8
Assumptions/References:
The airblast parameters (peak incident rt reflected pressure andimpulse, positive phase duration, and time of arrival) are caiculatt,using the equations found in ARBRL-TR-02555, "Airblast Parameters fr.4.tTNT Spherical Air Burst and Hemispherical Surface Burst", by Charles N.Kingery and Gerald Bulmash, April 1984. This report contains a compi-lation of data from explosive tests using chaige weights from less thanI kg to over 400,000 kg. The authors used curve-fitting techniques torepresent the data with polynomial equations, which are used by thisprogram. These equations are presented in graphical form only in Fig-ures 3-4 and 3-7 of TM 5-855-1, "'Fundamentals of Protective Design forConventional Weapons".
Press <Enter> to continue ... <CR>
Although TM 5-855-1 proposes using an approximate equivalenttriangular pulse to represent the decay of the incident & reflectedpressure, the program takes a more realistic approach, assuming anexponential decay of the pressure with time of the form:
P(t) - Pso*[l -(t-Ta)/To]*exp[-A*(t-Ta)/To]
where P(t) - pressure at time tPso - peak incident pressureTo - positive phase durationTa - arrival timeA -decay coefficient
The above equation is usually referred to as the modified Friedlanderequation. For more information on this and other approximations, see"Explosions in Air", by Wilfred Baker, University of Texas Press, 1973.Using the peak pressure, impulse, and duration from the equations ex-plained abovs, the program iterates to find the decay coefficient A,whizh is dimensionless. The program then uses Friedlander's equationto find pressure values at various time steps.
Press <Enter> to continue ... <CR>
B5
Options:1. List Incident P-T History2. Plot Incident P-T History I3. Save Incident P-T History to disk4. List Reflected P-T History5. Plot Reflected P-T History6. Save Reflected P-T History-to disk7. Re-run with new input8. List references/assumptions9. Exit to Airblast menu
Enter selection ... 9
AIRRIAST MENU
SELECT FROM THE FOLLOWING:
1. Aboveground detonation 42. Pressure attenuation in a tunnel3. Internal detonation4. Subsurface detonation5. Loads on structurcs6. Return to main menu
Enter Selection ... 6
CONVENTIONAL WEAPONS EFFECTS
MAIN MENU
SELECT FROM THF FOLLOWING:
1. Airblast I2. Fragment penetration3. Projectile penetration4. Projectile path into earth 05. Shaped charge penetration6. Cratering7. Ground shock8. Change weapon9. Change units
10. Exit S
Enter Selection... 6
B6
CRATERING CALCULATION BASED ON TM 5-855-1,"Pcndamentals of Protective Design
for Conventional Weapons"
Choose from the following soil conditions:
1. Dry Sand2. Dry Sandy Clay3. Wet Sand4. Dry Clay5. Wet Sandy Clay6. Wet Clay
Enter soil type selection number ...... 2
Enter depth of burial, feet 18
***************** ANSWERS ****************Backfill type ............ Dry Sandy ClayCharge weight, lb .............. 488.0Depth of burial, feet ............ 18.00
YIELDS
Apparent crater depth, feet ...... 9.020
Apparent crater diameter, feet ... 29.61
Apparent crater volume, ft**3 .... 3106.
True crater depth, feet .......... 21.15
True crater diameter, feet ....... 35.61
Press <Enter> to continue ... <CR>
Options:1. Plot crater profile2. Plot apparent crater dimensions vs. DOB3. Re-run with all new input4. Change weapon only5. Change soil conditions only6. Change DOB only7. List assumptions, references8. Exit to main menu
Enter selection .... 1I
(D)isplay or (P)lotter ? P
B7
I-
0)
o 1oL4a0Li
4)
L
a-
0 .0 .0 .
0 a a4 co>.0a co co .0 a) a
- ~4. 4-4. 4. 4 . C4.
000 0 - .fln-.
cn .or IoCV CO IDL
LO0>C0 -C >e43 4 4 0- -
-~ ~ ~ M 5+J43 -4.) 0005L5c
0 a-aaa +) E O4L > 4. a-.0 0 L L
." 0 CC C a- 0BSL 0 wci c m 'ac m
Options:1. Plot crater profile2. Plot apparent crater dimensions vs. DOB3. Re-run with all now input4. Change weapon only5. Chankge soil conditions only6. Change DOB only7. List assumptions, references8. Exit to main menu
Enter selection .... 7
Assumptions/References:
Procedures for determining crater dimensions are found in Chapter 5of Tt( 5-855-1, "Fundamentals of Protective Design for ConventionalWeapons". Apparent crater depth and diameter are determined usingvalues from Figure 5-7 of TH 5-855-1.
Assumptions made in the manual:The true crater diameter is assumed to be the apparent crater
diameter + 15% up to the optimum DOB, after which it remains constant.The true crater depth is the greater of 1) the apparent crater depthand 2) the DOB + 0.4 * W**1/3 ft, where W is the explosive weight inpounds.
Assumptions made by this program:For ALL soil types, the optimum DCB is assumed to be 1.5 * W**1/3 ft;
Both the apparent and true craters are assumed to have a parabolic shape.The apparent crater volume is NOT based on any empirical data. It is
based solely on the assumption of a parabolic shape.
Press <Enter> to continue ... <CR>IOptions:
1. Plot crater profile2. Plot apparent crater dimensions vs. DOB3. Re-run with all new input
4. Change weapon onlyI5. Change soil conditions only6. Change DOB only7. List assumptions, references
8. Exit to main menu
Enter selection .... 8
B9
CONVENTIONAL WEAPONS EFFECTS
MAIN MENU
SELECT FROM THE FOLLOWING:
1. Airbiast2. Fragment penetration3. Projectile penetration4. Projectile path into earth5. Shaped charge penetration6. Cratering7. Ground shock8. Change wsapon9. Change units
to. Exit
Enter Selection.. 10C:\TH5-855>
BttBlO
APPENDIX C
ERROR MESSAGES
Errors Common to Both Proframs
"This progr-m has not been installed for the
display adapter in use. Please run the INSTALL
program. Press any key to continue ...
Self-explanatory. The program (either FunPro or ConWep) first looks at
it's internal data to find a code for the graphics adapter/monitor in use.
The above message is displayed if the code is not valid. Run the INSTALL
program as explained in paragraph 10. If either program is installed for the
incorroct video adapter, subsequent attempts to display graphics will likely
cause the system to freeze up. If this occurs, the user should initialize the
computer (press the <Ctrl>, <Alt>, and <Del> keys simultaneously) and run the
INSTALL program again.
"Insufficient memory"
There is not enough available memory (RAM) on tho host system to run the
program.. Both FunPro and ConWep require about 400 KB (409,600 bytes) of RAM.
If the host system is equipped with enough memory, then the user should check
to see if any memory resident programs are installed. It may be necessary to
remove some or all of these programs from memory to run ConWep and/or FunPro.
"Write fault error writing device COM<n>: Aborr, Retry, Ignore?"
This is an operating system error message that usually occurs when
sending graphics to a rlotter. If a plot has already started when thiz error
message occurs, it indicates that the plotter's data buffer is full. The user
may either continually press 'R' for "Retry", or prevent this error from
occurring by using the "MODE" statement explained in paragraph 13. If the
plotter has not started, +hke probable cause of this error message is the
program being installed for the wrong serial port.
a
Cl
"rlnorrect DOS version"
Both FunPro and ConWep require PC-DOS or KS-DOS (Disk Operating System)
version 2.10 cr a later version.
FunPro Error Message.
"OCa=not find (filename.ext) IEnter a new filespec, or press <Enter> to
cancel ... "
The program cannot find the named file in the current subdirectory on the
current default drive. Either 1) Type in the full file specification
(d:\path\filename.ext), or 2) Press <Enter>, which causes FunPro to return to
the main menu, where the default drive specification may be changed to the one
where the text and/or figure data files are located. From the figures
routine, it is not necessary to type in the full name of the data file for thedesired figure. For example, to view Figure 4-11, after choosing "Select a
figure", the proper response is '4-11'.
"Printer does not respond"
Either 1) The printer is not turned on or is off line, 2) The printer is
currently busy, or 3) The printer is not found at the first parallel port
(LPTl).
"ERROR: The selected figure has a logarithmic
scale on the X (or Y) axis, and the data file
(filename.ext)
has (n) zero or negative X (Y) value(s)."This error indicates that the user has attempted to plot a non-positive
value on a logarithmic scale using the "Enter other data" feature of the
figures routine in FunPro.
I60
C2
Conftl Rrror Ksangaro
"PLEASE SELECT A WEAPON WITH A CHARGE WEIGHT I or *CASE WRIGHT", etc.
Not all of the weapons built into ConWep are appropriate for all of the
weapons effects routines. For example, the airbiast routines expect a weapon M
with some explosive content (not an inert projectile). The program will return
to the weapons menu until an appropriate weapon for the current routine is
selected.
"Con~ap has detected an error while reading the file
WEAPON.DAT. The error is probably due to a premature
termination of this program at an earlier time. To
correct this situation, delete the file WEXPON.DAT"
Self-explanatory.
MUM
C3
