Fundamentals of Computer & imaging

Lecture 1

Computer Architecture

OS-windows, unix, linux, issues

1. Computer Architecture

1.1 What is Computer?

Definition- A programmable

machine.- The two principal

characteristics of a computer are:

- It responds to a specific set of instructions in a well-defined manner.

- It can execute a prerecorded list of instructions (a program).

1.2 History and development of modern computer

Atanasoff-Berry Computer- First electronic-digital computer in the history- Invented by John Atanasoff & Clifford Berry at

Iowa State University between 1939 and 1942.

1.2 History and development of modern computer

ENIAC (Electrical Numerical

Integrator And Calculator)

- First patented digital computer, sponsored by US military

1.2 History and development of modern computer

ENIAC Feature

- Invented by John P. Eckert, John W. Mauchly at Moore school of Electrical Engineering of University of Pennsylvania 1946

- Invented based on three preceding technology : mechanical calculator (Abacus), vacuum tube, punched card

- Used 18,000 vacuum tubes, about 1,800 square feet of floor space, and consumed about 180,000 watts of electrical power

- 5,000 additions, 357 multiplications or 38 divisions ( per second )

1.2 History and development of modern computer

Computer generations by important electro-technical development: The first generation(1940 – 1956): vacuum tubes

- huge in size, inefficient energy consumption, machine language and punch card & printout interface (ENIAC, UNIVAC)

The second generation(1956-1963) : transistors- smaller, cheaper, faster than first one.

Symbolic(assembly) language, Stored instructions in the memory.

The third generation(1964-1971) : integrated circuits

- keyboard & monitor interface, operating system, first accessible to mass audience

1.2 History and development of modern computer

Computer generations by important electro-technical development (cont.):

The fourth generation(1971-present) : microprocessors

- Intel 4004(1971), IBM PC (1981), Apples Macintosh (1984), GUI, mouse

The fifth generation(future): Artificial intelligence- respond to natural language input and are

capable of learning and self-organization. - quantum computation, nano-technology,

parallel processing

1.3 Computer Types

Personal computer : A small, single-user computer based on a microprocessor. Different

Personal computer types with different OS: PC/MAC/Workstation Minicomputer :

A multi-user computer capable of supporting from 10 to hundreds of users simultaneously.

Mainframe : A powerful multi-user computer capable of supporting many

hundreds or thousands of users simultaneously. Dumb terminal interface

Supercomputer : An extremely fast computer that can perform hundreds of millions

of instructions per second. The Big Blue series of supercomputers is designed and programmed to try to beat human grand masters at chess and research Big Bang

1.3 Computer Types

1.4 Computer Standards

Standards - enables compatibility and availability of computer products

- competitive industry environment (low cost investment for consumer)

- wider consumer accessibility for industry

Standards Organizations• IEEE(Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers) • ITU (International Telecommunications Union) • ANCI ( American National Standards Institute) • ISO (International Organization for Standardization)

1.4 Computer Standards

Open Architecture - Standardized. Open to third party industry

- Allows the system to be connected easily to devices and programs made by other manufacturers

Closed Architecture- Proprietary design. Closed to other manufacturer

- Proprietary architectures are seen as a disadvantage, making it difficult to connect the system to other systems

• Consumers prefer open and standardized architectures, which allow them to mix and match products from different manufacturers.

• IBM PC has been taking open architecture strategy, while Apple taking closed architecture.

1.4 Typical Architecture

1.4 Typical Architecture

Central Processing Unit (CPU): The heart of the computer, this is the component that actually executes instructions.

Memory : Enables a computer to store data and programs, at least temporarily.

Storage device : Allows a computer to permanently retain large amounts of data.

Input device : Usually a keyboard and mouse. Data and instructions enter a computer through this.

Output device : A display screen, printer, or other device that lets you see what the computer has accomplished.

1.4 Typical Architecture

1.5 Motherboard

The main circuit board of a microcomputer. Provides connections for all the other components in the computer

1.6 CPU(Central Processing Unit)

Brain of computer, housed in microprocessor Two components : Arithmetic Logic Unit(ALU) for

arithmetic and logical operation, control unit for extracting data from memory and executing them

Software sends instructions to CPU.

1.6 CPU(Central Processing Unit)

Clock- Synchronize all the internal processes

within the CPU Clock speed (rate)

- the speed at which a microprocessor executes instructions (MHz or GHz)

Cache ( Immediate Access Memory)- maintain a consistent flow of data from

and to the CPU To keep it cool, heat sink & fan CPU manufacturer :

Intel(Pentium, Celeron), AMD(Athlon, K6, Duron), Mororola for Apple(G4, G5)

1.7 Memory

Main Memory (RAM)- Physical memory that is internal to the computer- Random Access Memory , Read & Write- An array of boxes, each of which can hold a single byte of

information- CPU can manipulate only data that is in main memory- Amount of main memory determines how many programs can be

executed at a time. - Type: DRAM(Dynamic Ram) – need to be refreshed, SRAM(Static

Ram)- no need to refresh, faster, expensive- Volatile – lose its data when power is out- Swapping : A technique that maintains portion of data in the memory

when the memory is not large enough- Virtual memory

1.7 Memory

ROM (Read Only Memory)- Special memory used to store programs(ex. BIOS) that boot

the computerand perform diagnostics

- Non-volatile - Variations: PROM, EPROM, EEPROM, Flash Memory

1.8 Storage(Disk)

Hard disk- A magnetic disk on which you can store large volumes data.

- Internal hard disk & portable hard disk

- Several platters with tracks, read/write head and an access arm

- 100Gbyte – Tbyte

- Term : IDE, ATA – disk drive implementation that integrates the controller on the disk drive itself

Other disks – Zip, Jaz, tapes, CD, DVD

1.8 Storage(Disk)

1.9 I/O Interfacing (Peripheral devices)

I/O- Any program, operation or device that transfers data to or from a

computer and to or from a peripheral device

Peripheral Device- A computer device, such as a CD-ROM drive or printer, that is not

part of the essential computer, i.e., the memory and microprocessor.- External & Internal

Bus- A collection of wires through which data is transmitted from one part

of a computer to another- Internal Bus(System Bus, Host bus) between internal computer

component to CPU & main memory- Expansion Bus for expansion board(card) to CPU & main memory- Performance : Bus size (with) (bit), Bus clock speed (MHz)- Type : ISA(old), PCI, AGP, SCSI

(Bus) Controller - A device( a chip) that controls the transfer of data from a computer

to a peripheral device and vice versa

1.9 I/O Interfacing (Peripheral devices)

1.9 I/O Interfacing (Peripheral devices)

AGP Bus- Accelerated Graphics Port

- Based on PCI, but is designed especially for 3-D graphics (Hit the market in 1997 by Intel)

- Graphics controller can directly access main memory. 3-D textures to be stored in main memory rather than video memory

- 32 bits wide and runs at 66 MHz per a channel ( toal bandwidth of 266MB, 533MB, 1.07MB )

- System requirements : AGP supporting chipset, motherboard with AGP bus slot, supporting operating system

1.9 I/O Interfacing (Peripheral devices)

External Ports and Peripheral Device

- A hardware port is a socket designed to allow the connection of extra devices, often outside the system case.

- Ex. mouse, keyboard, monitor, and printer

Types:

- PS2, USB, Parellel, Serial, SCSI, Ethernet(RJ-45), Firewire…

1.10 Considerations when buying Computers

Computer Performance- Type of CPU- Clock speeds- microprocessors of other components ( ex. Video card with its own

processor & memory)- size of main memory- Cache RAM in CPU, Hard disk, motherboard- Storage( enough for supporting virtual memory)

Usability Software Hardware Requirement Network Support Upgradable

2. Operating Systems - continued

Software Levels

Microsoft Windows

Dominant Desktop OS MS-DOS : command line based operating system Interface Manager (1981) First announcement of Windows (1983) after Apple’s

Lisa Windows 3.0 – complete overhaul of windows

environment (1990), Best selling OS Client & server side division (1994-95) : Windows

NT(94) 2000, Windows 95 Me Windows XP( home & pro) (2001)

New Features in XP

Reliability Performance enhancement Better security Easier to use Better support for remote users Improved networking and communication

support Better management and deployment tools Help and support features

Unix

-a popular multi-user, multitasking operating system developed at Bell Labs in the early 1970s

- one of the first operating systems to be written in a high-level programming language(C)

- open source : shared source code - a leading operating system for workstations (due to its

portability, flexibility, and power)

- Command line interface & Xwindow GUI

- Unix variations : SunOS, Solaris, Irix, DEC/OSF1, HP-UX10, Linux

Linux

a free operating system that runs on a multiple hardware plaforms, based on Unix

first created by Linus Torvalds (1991). Great advantage : free, supporting many platforms,

performance of commercial OS Linux variations : GNU, Red Hat… Full server side features ( multiuser, network..)

Issues in Multi-OS environmtent

Data compatibility- different file system (Fat32/NTFs, HFS+, BSD) Data transfer- need to use different method of FTP User Interface- need to use interface emulator called ‘telnet’ Software availability & compatibility

Next Week ( Lab)

Using Unix command Telnet FTP methods Simple html editing

References

• IC3-1 Computing Fundamentals with Windows XP By GTS Learning, GTSLearning, 2003

• The Essentials of Computer Organization and Architecture by Linda Null and Julia Lobur, Jones and Bartlett Publishers, 2003

• Red Hat Linux 8 Bible by Christopher Negus, John Wiley & Sons, 2002

• http://inventors.about.com/library/blcoindex.htm• http://inventors.about.com/library/weekly/aa060298.htm• http://www.softlord.com/comp/• http://members.fortunecity.com/pcmuseum/windows.htm• http://www.pcguide.com• http://webopedia.com