FUNDAMENTALS OF INTELLIGENCE SUPPORT TO HUMANITARIAN ASSISTANCE AND DISASTER RELIEF OPERATIONS

Lt Col Paulson, Lt Col Paulson, USCINCPAC/J2USCINCPAC/J2

FUNDAMENTALS FUNDAMENTALS OF OF

INTELLIGENCE SUPPORTINTELLIGENCE SUPPORTTOTO

HUMANITARIAN ASSISTANCE HUMANITARIAN ASSISTANCE

ANDANDDISASTER RELIEF DISASTER RELIEF

OPERATIONSOPERATIONS

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OBJECTIVEOBJECTIVE

• Provide an overview of intelligence Provide an overview of intelligence concepts and their application to concepts and their application to humanitarian assistance and disaster humanitarian assistance and disaster relief (HA/DR) operationsrelief (HA/DR) operations


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OUTLINEOUTLINE

• UN PerspectiveUN Perspective• Info Requirements and SourcesInfo Requirements and Sources• DoctrineDoctrine• Intel ContributionsIntel Contributions• Intel ChallengesIntel Challenges• Info ArchitectureInfo Architecture• Lessons LearnedLessons Learned


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INTELLIGENCEINTELLIGENCE- UN Perspective- UN Perspective

““Massive flows of refugees and displaced persons have become Massive flows of refugees and displaced persons have become

the central feature of most humanitarian emergencies.”the central feature of most humanitarian emergencies.”

-- Mr Eliasson, former UN Sec-Gen for Humanitarian Affairs-- Mr Eliasson, former UN Sec-Gen for Humanitarian Affairs

““We don’t call it intelligence, but it’s the same thing. We both We don’t call it intelligence, but it’s the same thing. We both have a need for accurate and timely information.”have a need for accurate and timely information.”

-- Ms Ogata, former UN High Commissioner for Refugees-- Ms Ogata, former UN High Commissioner for Refugees

““Information is not the problem; the problem is analysis.”Information is not the problem; the problem is analysis.”

-- Emergency Preparedness and Response Officer, UNHCR-- Emergency Preparedness and Response Officer, UNHCR


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INTEL SUPPORT TO INTEL SUPPORT TO HA/DRHA/DR

Typical Information Requirements:Typical Information Requirements:• Political, economic, and social dataPolitical, economic, and social data

• Details about refugees/displaced personsDetails about refugees/displaced persons

– specific needs (food, water, shelter, medicine)specific needs (food, water, shelter, medicine)

– cultural and demographic considerationscultural and demographic considerations

– future intentionsfuture intentions

• Maps and physical characteristics of the crisis areaMaps and physical characteristics of the crisis area

• Infrastructure and resources in the host countryInfrastructure and resources in the host country

• Major relief organizations in the crisis areaMajor relief organizations in the crisis area

• Threats to relief personnel (crime, civic violence, health)Threats to relief personnel (crime, civic violence, health)


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• Principal sources of information:Principal sources of information:– Refugees/displaced personsRefugees/displaced persons

– IO and NGOs in the crisis areaIO and NGOs in the crisis area

– Host Nation governmentsHost Nation governments

– Regional and international organizationsRegional and international organizations

– Other UN organizations with field presenceOther UN organizations with field presence

– Coalition partnersCoalition partners

– Local mediaLocal media

• Clandestine intelligence may not be usefulClandestine intelligence may not be useful– Could undermine humanitarian nature of operationCould undermine humanitarian nature of operation

– Insufficient time to make HUMINT operationalInsufficient time to make HUMINT operational

– Foreign disclosure challengesForeign disclosure challenges


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The primary intel effort must focus on The primary intel effort must focus on answering the answering the commander’s priority intelligence requirementscommander’s priority intelligence requirements assisting in assisting in the accomplishment of the missionthe accomplishment of the mission

- Involves assessing the - Involves assessing the potential threatspotential threats to the to the HA/DR mission (from forces external and/or internal to the HA/DR mission (from forces external and/or internal to the affected population)affected population)

- The unique aspects of HA/DR ops may result in - The unique aspects of HA/DR ops may result in significant or even primary significant or even primary emphasis being placed upon emphasis being placed upon logistic [to include transportation and infrastructure], medical, logistic [to include transportation and infrastructure], medical, or political intelligenceor political intelligence and/or intel support to CA and PSYOP and/or intel support to CA and PSYOP

-- Joint Pub 3-07.6-- Joint Pub 3-07.6



Collection should Collection should not be equated with hostile penetrationnot be equated with hostile penetration of a of a country’s internal affairs;country’s internal affairs;

- In fact, - In fact, open sourcesopen sources may be an excellent source to may be an excellent source to determine agendas and patterns of operation and to identify determine agendas and patterns of operation and to identify factional territoryfactional territory

- In some cases, provisions have to be made for - In some cases, provisions have to be made for working with governments for which no previously working with governments for which no previously established intelligence agreements exist…established intelligence agreements exist…

- … and for exchanging security-related information - … and for exchanging security-related information with NGOs, and IOs.with NGOs, and IOs.

-- Joint Pub 3-07.6-- Joint Pub 3-07.6


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INTEL SUPPORT TO HA/DR

• Because of NGO and IO sensitivities regarding negative Because of NGO and IO sensitivities regarding negative perceptions generated by working with military (and intelligence) perceptions generated by working with military (and intelligence) organizations, use of the term “organizations, use of the term “information” vice “intelligenceinformation” vice “intelligence” ” may be less inflammatory.may be less inflammatory. - Joint Pub 3-07.6- Joint Pub 3-07.6

• But be up front and But be up front and honesthonest about who you are (integrity and about who you are (integrity and transparency)transparency)

• A working relationship can develop with IO and NGOs if you can A working relationship can develop with IO and NGOs if you can explain your purpose, intentions, boundaries, and what you can explain your purpose, intentions, boundaries, and what you can offer to them.offer to them.

• Information exchange: must be two-wayInformation exchange: must be two-way– so IO and NGOs don’t see you as a ‘leech’so IO and NGOs don’t see you as a ‘leech’ – personnel protection is valuable data to IO and NGOspersonnel protection is valuable data to IO and NGOs


INTEL SUPPORT TO HA/DR

• Expertise in information collection, analysis and Expertise in information collection, analysis and disseminationdissemination– Indications and WarningIndications and Warning– Predictive analysisPredictive analysis– Situational awarenessSituational awareness– Force protection assessmentsForce protection assessments– USG info and intel disseminationUSG info and intel dissemination– ImageryImagery– Information flow architectureInformation flow architecture

• An entity other than operators and field reps An entity other than operators and field reps digesting and assessing massive amounts of datadigesting and assessing massive amounts of data

What can military intelligence What can military intelligence contributecontribute to HA/DR operations? to HA/DR operations?



CChallengeshallenges to military intelligence in HA/DR to military intelligence in HA/DR operationsoperations

• A natural inclination for military personnel to focus A natural inclination for military personnel to focus on enemy “threats”on enemy “threats”– INTSUMs dominated by force protection, rather than INTSUMs dominated by force protection, rather than

balanced with situational awarenessbalanced with situational awareness

• Requires a deliberate shift from conventional Requires a deliberate shift from conventional military intel analysis to HA/DR analysismilitary intel analysis to HA/DR analysis– I.e. key terrain changes from hilltops to hospitalsI.e. key terrain changes from hilltops to hospitals– The enemy becomes disease, crime, civil unrest, damageThe enemy becomes disease, crime, civil unrest, damage




• Image perception Image perception – ““Cloak and dagger spies” and “torturers”Cloak and dagger spies” and “torturers”

• Recent arrivals to the crisis typically lack deep Recent arrivals to the crisis typically lack deep knowledge and in-country experienceknowledge and in-country experience

• InteroperabilityInteroperability– Equipment/Doctrine/ExperienceEquipment/Doctrine/Experience




• Language / cultural differencesLanguage / cultural differences• Disclosure of classified informationDisclosure of classified information• Intelligence vs. InformationIntelligence vs. Information

– Interaction with IO, NGOs, etc.Interaction with IO, NGOs, etc.

COMBINED INFORMATION COMBINED INFORMATION ARCHITECTUREARCHITECTURE

COLLMAN C2X

C2NAT’L SPT

ELM

OPS ANALYSIS

C/JTF

CIVIL-MILITARY

OPS CENTER(CMOC)

COALITIONGOV’TS

HOSTNATION

NGO’s UNREFUGEES

& DPs

Combined Military Information Center - CMIC


LESSONS LEARNED FROM LESSONS LEARNED FROM PREVIOUS HA/DR OPSPREVIOUS HA/DR OPS

• Best sources of information on emerging HA/DR crisis could be Best sources of information on emerging HA/DR crisis could be in-country NGOs and Host Nationin-country NGOs and Host Nation

• Honest and open communications is keyHonest and open communications is key• CMIC liaison in CMOCCMIC liaison in CMOC

• Info is abundant; analysis is the problemInfo is abundant; analysis is the problem

• Don’t focus on force protection to the detriment of ability to Don’t focus on force protection to the detriment of ability to monitor other aspects of the situationmonitor other aspects of the situation

• Clandestine HUMINT may not be usefulClandestine HUMINT may not be useful

• Unclassified intelligence products are imperative in Unclassified intelligence products are imperative in relationships with coalitions, IO and NGOsrelationships with coalitions, IO and NGOs

• Sensitive info should be handled with discretion, not classificationSensitive info should be handled with discretion, not classification

• Understand ethnic and organizational cultures, objectives, biasUnderstand ethnic and organizational cultures, objectives, bias

• Have the ability to operate “low tech”Have the ability to operate “low tech”


FUNDAMENTALS FUNDAMENTALS OF OF

INTELLIGENCE SUPPORTINTELLIGENCE SUPPORTTOTO

HUMANITARIAN HUMANITARIAN ASSISTANCE ASSISTANCE

ANDANDDISASTER RELIEF DISASTER RELIEF

OPERATIONSOPERATIONS

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FUNDAMENTALS OF INTELLIGENCE SUPPORT TO HUMANITARIAN ASSISTANCE AND DISASTER RELIEF OPERATIONS