FUNDAMENTALS FUNDAMENTALS OF OF

NETWORKINGNETWORKING

FUNDAMENTALS FUNDAMENTALS OF OF

NETWORKINGNETWORKING

Presented byPresented by

ASI/RM S K ASI/RM S K SATAPATHY SATAPATHY

Presented byPresented by

ASI/RM S K ASI/RM S K SATAPATHY SATAPATHY

METHOD OF INSTRUCTIONMETHOD OF INSTRUCTIONMETHOD OF INSTRUCTIONMETHOD OF INSTRUCTION

• Introduction• Architecture • Network connectivity• Type Of Network• Types of Topology. • Network Procedure

(Hardware / Software)• Checking Procedure & Sum

Up

In networking two or more personal computers are connected together for transferring data or information with each other. A network allows scanner CD writer, hard disk, printer etc. By using Networking one can :-

Share the informationShare the peripheralsShare the applicationsShare of Software

Network is built with Hardware as well as software

PHASE-I

NETWORK ARCHITECTURE Peer To Peer ArchitecturePeer To Peer Architecture

Any computer / user can act as both Any computer / user can act as both server and a client. Simple and relatively inexpensive server and a client. Simple and relatively inexpensive way to share access to expansive peripherals & does not way to share access to expansive peripherals & does not need a centralized administrative staff.need a centralized administrative staff.

It has some limitationsIt has some limitations::

i) It is difficult to administrate ring a decentralization i) It is difficult to administrate ring a decentralization network too complicated if the no of user increases.network too complicated if the no of user increases.

ii) Maintenance will be also become complicated and ii) Maintenance will be also become complicated and

security may not be centralized.security may not be centralized.

However it is a great solution for small offices However it is a great solution for small offices and home officesand home offices..

PHASE-II

PEER TO PEER NETWORK

b)b) Client-server ArchitectureClient-server Architecture::

One centralized server manages to shared One centralized server manages to shared resources and security for other network user. resources and security for other network user.

Server is dedicated to network services. For Server is dedicated to network services. For preventing casual access server are locked in preventing casual access server are locked in server room.server room.

Essential to invest time and money on Essential to invest time and money on training to create and maintain the central training to create and maintain the central server and to develop a qualified administrative server and to develop a qualified administrative staff.staff.

Advantages:Advantages: Can support many more users than peer to peer Can support many more users than peer to peer

network (users may be thousand or even million)network (users may be thousand or even million) Can centralize the resources on optimizing the Can centralize the resources on optimizing the

server.server. Storing data centrally make it easier to secure, Storing data centrally make it easier to secure,

monitor and back up.monitor and back up. Centralize security makes security more Centralize security makes security more

consistent and protect the network better consistent and protect the network better

CLIENT SERVER ARCHITECTURECLIENT SERVER ARCHITECTURE

A) HUB

Passive HUB : It is a connecting unit that add nothing to the data passing through them

Active HUB : A connecting unit that regenerates the data bits in order to maintain a strong signal

PHASE-III

Network connectivityNetwork connectivity• BRIDGEBRIDGE:: Electronic devices that controls Electronic devices that controls

flow of information between LAN or networks flow of information between LAN or networks even if they are different types of network even if they are different types of network using different communication protocolusing different communication protocol..

• RouterRouter:: A device that determines the best A device that determines the best path for a data pocket to be sent from one path for a data pocket to be sent from one network to another and forward the massage network to another and forward the massage along that pathalong that path..

• GatewaysGateways: : it connects the WAN to abroad it connects the WAN to abroad the country.the country.

• FirewallFirewall :: A method of keeping network A method of keeping network securesecure..

►Most commonly used Ethernet Most commonly used Ethernet network interface cards. network interface cards. Currently Ethernet technology Currently Ethernet technology are 10 Base-2 , which are 10 Base-2 , which transmission ratio is 10 MBPS & transmission ratio is 10 MBPS & uses twisted pair copper wire. uses twisted pair copper wire. 100Base-T Having speed of 100 100Base-T Having speed of 100 MBPS &Twisted pair copper wire. MBPS &Twisted pair copper wire. Another Gigabyte Ethernet is an Another Gigabyte Ethernet is an extension to the highly successful extension to the highly successful 10 MBPS & 100 MBPS Ethernet 10 MBPS & 100 MBPS Ethernet standards its speed extended up to standards its speed extended up to 1000 MBPS1000 MBPS..

NETWORK INTERFACE CARDNETWORK INTERFACE CARD

Many types of topologies are Many types of topologies are used in world but mainly three used in world but mainly three types of networking can types of networking can categorized as several different categorized as several different ways:ways:

1.1. LAN (Local Area Network)LAN (Local Area Network)

2.2. MAN (Metropolitan Area MAN (Metropolitan Area Network)Network)

3.3. WAN (Wide area Network)WAN (Wide area Network)

PHASE-IV

LOCAL AREA NETWORK:LOCAL AREA NETWORK: Local Area Network is a type of Local Area Network is a type of

network typically reaches in single home, network typically reaches in single home, office, and building and can say our office, and building and can say our campus of this school. Can say it is a campus of this school. Can say it is a network device over relatively short network device over relatively short distances. A single person can be owned distances. A single person can be owned or controlled or manageor controlled or manage it. it.

LOCAL AREA NETWORKLOCAL AREA NETWORK

• METROPOLITAN AREA NETWORK:

MAN connects an area more than local area network and less than wide area network i.e. our city with dedicated highly performance network.

•WIDE AREA NETWORK:

WAN reaches across the city, states, country as well as across the world wide (World Wide Web).

Remote Office

C I S C O H A L L

Wide Area Network (PSTN Based)

Remote Office

PSTN Exchange

ModemModem

Mainly four types of Mainly four types of topologies were commonly topologies were commonly comes in existencecomes in existence

Bus TopologyBus Topology Ring TopologyRing Topology Star TopologyStar Topology Mesh TopologyMesh Topology Hybrid Topology Hybrid Topology

PHASE-V

Bus TopologyBus Topology

HYBRID

Installation Of Ethernet Card:Installation Of Ethernet Card: Switch off the Computer &Attach in Switch off the Computer &Attach in

expansion slot (ISA, EISA or PCI)expansion slot (ISA, EISA or PCI) PropertiesProperties

Secure its mountingSecure its mounting Turn on computer Turn on computer MY Computer MY Computer Insert Driver CD in CD ROMInsert Driver CD in CD ROM OKOK Click on Device Manager Click on Device Manager Close all dialogue boxClose all dialogue box

PHASE -VI

Cable Connection( CAT 5 OR CAT 6Cable Connection( CAT 5 OR CAT 6

White Of Orange(1)White Of Orange(1) Orange (2) Orange (2)

White Of green (3) White Of green (3)

BlueBlue (4) (4)

White of blue (5)White of blue (5)

Green (6)Green (6) White of Brown (7White of Brown (7)) Brown (8)Brown (8)

When Connected PC at the more distance When Connected PC at the more distance than pair will change as per given:than pair will change as per given:

1.1.11

2.2.22

3.3.33

4.4.44

5.5.55

6.6.66

7.7.77

8.8.88

When 2 PCs are When 2 PCs are connected than pair will change as connected than pair will change as per criss-cross as per givenper criss-cross as per given::

1 51 5

2 62 6

3 13 1

4 44 4

5 35 3

6 26 2

7 77 7

8 88 8

Set of rules and regulations, which are adopted, Set of rules and regulations, which are adopted, by any network to exchange the data from by any network to exchange the data from one terminal to another terminal through one terminal to another terminal through network efficiently and correctly.network efficiently and correctly.

Rules are either affected by hardware or Rules are either affected by hardware or software. software.

Two types of network protocol are usedTwo types of network protocol are used NET BEUINET BEUI TCP /IPTCP /IP

Made up by 4 bytes or 32 bits each of 4 byte is Made up by 4 bytes or 32 bits each of 4 byte is written in its decimal equivalent and separated by written in its decimal equivalent and separated by periods.periods.

In form ofIn form of 192.168.0.10.192.168.0.10.

Because of popularity of internet this scheme is Because of popularity of internet this scheme is running out of possible add.running out of possible add.

(New scheme is IPng ( Next generation) using 16 bytes (New scheme is IPng ( Next generation) using 16 bytes instead of 4 bytesinstead of 4 bytes.).)

IP ADDRESSIP ADDRESS• Installation of TCP/IPInstallation of TCP/IP protocol and assigning IP protocol and assigning IP

Address:Address:• Network neighborhoodNetwork neighborhood PropertiesProperties• Select Select protocolprotocol & & AddAdd• SelectSelect MicrosoftMicrosoft SelectSelect TCP/IPTCP/IP• Save your ChangeSave your Change• Restart PC Restart PC &&• SelectSelect TCP/IP protocolTCP/IP protocol AndAnd PropertiesProperties• SelectSelect specify Address as below: specify Address as below:• IP ADDRESSIP ADDRESS 192.168. 0 . 10 192.168. 0 . 10• Subnet MaskSubnet Mask 255.255.255. 0 255.255.255. 0• Default GatewayDefault Gateway 192.168. 0 . 18 192.168. 0 . 18

Query: Query: For query about network status For query about network status Click on Click on StartStart ProgramProgram Ms DOS PromptMs DOS Prompt a) C:\windows>Type a) C:\windows>Type IP ConfigIP Config Shows the 0wn Shows the 0wn IP Address & subnet maskIP Address & subnet mask b) C:\windows>Type b) C:\windows>Type PING 192.168.0.99PING 192.168.0.99 Shows connectivity of Shows connectivity of own LAN Cardown LAN Card if own if own

IP address is 192.168.0.99)IP address is 192.168.0.99) c) C:\windows>Type c) C:\windows>Type PING 192.168.0.07PING 192.168.0.07 Show connectivity of Show connectivity of Another PCAnother PC Or client Or client

which IP address is 192.168.0.07 connected with which IP address is 192.168.0.07 connected with LAN)LAN)

PHASE -VII

Today we have discussed about fundamentals of networking.Tomorrow we will discuss about

OSI model.

If anybody have any question…………….

PHASE-I

PHASE-II

PHASE-III

PHASE-IV

PHASE-V

PHASE-VI

PHASE-VII