Architecture

Andrew SledgerHamilton Boys’ High School

Proof-read by Parent/Caregiver: _

Contents Page1. Title Page2. Contents Page3. Mind-map4. Timeline5. Classical Architecture6. Classical Example7. Modern Architecture8. Modern Example9. Practical Architecture10. Practical Example11. Sustainable Architecture12. Sustainable Example9. What I learnt10. Bibliography

The Leadenhall BuildingLondon, England

Mind Map

Classical• Medieval• Renaissance

Requir-ements

• Durability• Utility• Beauty

Modern• Modernism• Postmodernism• Sustainability

Architecture

Timeline of project

Begin project 1st May

Decide on idea 3rd May

Create slideshow

6th May

Finish slideshow 30th May

Proof read slideshow 30th May

Present slideshow

3rd June

Print slideshow 2nd June

ClassicalMedieval

Pre-RomanesqueThe primary theme during this period is the

introduction of classical Mediterranean and Christian forms with Germanic ones creating innovative new forms

RomanesqueRomanesque is characterized by a use of round or

slightly pointed arches, barrel vaults, and cruciform piers supporting vaults.

GothicGothic contains a lot of stone structures with

great expanses of glass, pointed arches using ribbed vaults, clustered columns, pointed spires and flying buttresses.

RenaissanceGreek

Some materials used were: -Wood, used for supports and roof beams; -Plaster, used for sinks and bathtubs; -Unbaked brick, used for walls; -Limestone and marble, used for columns, walls, and upper portions of temples and public buildings; -Terracotta, used for roof tiles and ornaments; -Metals, especially bronze, used for decorative details.

There were mostly five simple types of buildings: Religious, civic, domestic, funerary, or recreational.Hellenistic

In the “Hellenistic” era, Greeks still built temples, but they built more big public buildings. They built more amphitheatres and places to exercise (gymnasia).

RomanThe Romans often used vaults and arches, and knew a lot about hydraulics and building materials in particular.

Classical ExampleBuilt by/for:

VespasianTitus

Constructed:1st Century AD

Type of Building:Amphitheatre

Structure:Travertine stone set without mortar, held together by 300 tons of iron clamps.

The Colosseum itself was a many tiered oval structure, with seating for 50,000 people, and a wooden arena floor with two levels of passages, dressing rooms, cages, cells and storage spaces.

The Colosseum

In the Colosseum, you could see boxing matches, archery, chariot races and female fighters. There were also sea battles when the whole Colosseum was flooded by a nearby viaduct. The last event in the Colosseum was 523 A.D.

ModernModernismModern architecture is usually categorized by:

The idea that the materials and functional requirements determine the resultThe “machine aesthetic” or beauty of the machineAn emphasis on vertical and horizontal linesCreating a decoration using the design of a building, or the refusal of decoration.Simplicity and eliminating unnecessary detailForm follows functionArticulated shape

PostmodernismPostmodern architecture is usually categorized by:

The use of sculptural forms and ornamentsGiving materials and objects human characteristics (Anthropomorphism)Meaning (This may include pluralism, double coding, flying buttresses and high ceilings, irony and paradox, and harmonizing with urban forms)Creating the illusion of space or depths where none actually exist (Trompe-l'œil)

“Modernist architects regard post-modern buildings as vulgar ... Postmodern architects often regard modern spaces as soulless and bland. The divergence in opinions comes down to a difference in goals: modernism is rooted in minimal and

true use of material as well as absence of ornament, while postmodernism is a rejection of strict rules set by the early modernists and seeks exuberance in the use of building techniques, angles, and stylistic references.” Wikipedia.

VModernism Postmodernism

Modern Example

Architect:Peter Downes Designs

Constructed:2002

Home type:Single family dwelling

Structure:Steel and timber

Heiss House

This Australian house is just 20 minutes drive from Sydney’s CBD, built on a section of indigenous forest. The original design was rejected by the council because it involved cutting down a lot of the trees. Their second design involved zig-zagging the outline of the building between the trees, saving all but one tree. The result is truly stunning.

Practical Architecture

UtilityA building must do what it is required to do well.

EconomyA building must not cost lots to build and maintain. The building must also remain quality and value

with time.

EnvironmentA building must be built with consideration to the renewability of materials, energy used, processing,

shipping and installation.

ReliabilityA building must be built to resist the forces that could damage or depreciate the structure.

ComfortA building must have thought put into lighting, acoustics, sanitation, climate, healthy environments

and must be easy to use.

Requirements of Practicality

Practical Example

Architect:Melling:Morse Architects Ltd.

Constructed:2001-2002

Home Type:City house

Structure:3-level timber box bolted to steel frame

The Skybox is simply a narrow, 3 storey building sat atop a Wellington warehouse. It is of minimalist design, with a nice wooden interior. It has two bedrooms, an electric hoist to get furniture up and down and also has a “loggia” (a room with one side open to the elements).

The Skybox

Sustainable ArchitectureWhat is Sustainable Architecture?

Sustainable Architecture usually describes using design techniques that are environmentally- friendly to design buildings.

Requirements of SustainabilityBuilding Materials

Recycled MaterialsLower Volatile Organic Compounds

Waste ManagementCompostingGrey Water

Water ManagementRainwater HarvestingGrey Water

Building PlacementMixed use zoning

Energy EfficiencyHeating and CoolingVentilationRenewable energy

Solar PanelsWind TurbinesSolar Heating

Sustainable ExampleArchitect:

WOHAConstructed:

2004-2006Home Type:

2-storey detached dwellingStructure:

Reinforced concrete with steelwork, and pad footings

The Wind House was designed especially to capture the winds of Singapore and deflect them through certain openings and windows in the house, via extended walls on either side of the house (see diagram). It has lovely views of the nearby Botanical Gardens, and also a sense of privacy and seclusion. This house is a lovely structure of steel, glass and concrete, and harmonizes with nature in many ways.

Wind House

Northeast wind

Southwest wind

House

What I learnt about the topic

Classical• Medieval• Renaissance

Practical-ity

• Durability• Utility• Beauty

Modern

• Modernism• Postmodernism• Sustainability• Industrialization

Architecture (post-project)

•Columns and spires•Romanesque•Gothic

•5 Main Types of buildings•Arches/Vaults•Columns and buttresses

•Purpose before decoration•Simple and effective

•Meaning•Anthropomorphism•Trompe-l'œil

•Environmental consideration•Eco products and designs

•Making things more efficient•Industrialising

•Economy•Environment•Reliability•Comfort

What I learnt about researching

Adaptation

• Rewriting• Rewording• Acknowledging

original info

Credibility

• Evidence• Trustworthiness• Proof

Acknowle-dgements

• Quotes• Bibliography

Researching

BibliographyWikipedia –

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postmodern_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrialismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_architecture

Hellenistic Architecture - http://www.historyforkids.org/learn/greeks/architecture/hellenistic.htmPractical Architecture- http://www.alternative-architect.com/practical.htmHOME: New directions in world architecture and design (Published by: Millennium House Pty Ltd), 2006.