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GA Guildford 2011GA Guildford 2011Progress in GeographyProgress in Geography
2121stst Century Skills Century SkillsHelen HoreHelen Hore
Subject Leader, Central Sussex CollegeSubject Leader, Central Sussex College
Post 16 and HE Phase CommitteePost 16 and HE Phase Committee
What skills should our students be What skills should our students be developing?developing?
Use existing databasesUse existing databases Be able to produce charts on ExcelBe able to produce charts on Excel Use Excel (or calculator) for number Use Excel (or calculator) for number
crunching Spearman’s Rank Correlation crunching Spearman’s Rank Correlation CoefficientCoefficient
Statistical Exercise on Water Statistical Exercise on Water PovertyPoverty
Ready-made exercise to analyse Ready-made exercise to analyse relationship between variables and relationship between variables and attempt to explain them:attempt to explain them: Water Poverty IndexWater Poverty Index % water use in agriculture% water use in agriculture Water consumptionWater consumption GDP (PPP)GDP (PPP)
ApplicationApplication
Edexcel – A2 Water ConflictsEdexcel – A2 Water Conflicts WJEC – A2 Sustainable Water SupplyWJEC – A2 Sustainable Water Supply AQA – A2 Contemporary Conflicts and AQA – A2 Contemporary Conflicts and
ChallengesChallenges
Water Poverty IndexWater Poverty Index
ResourcesResources – the quantity of surface and – the quantity of surface and groundwater per person, and its qualitygroundwater per person, and its quality
Access Access – the time and distance involved in – the time and distance involved in obtaining sufficient safe waterobtaining sufficient safe water
CapacityCapacity – how well the community – how well the community manages its water (and health)manages its water (and health)
Use Use – how economically water is used in – how economically water is used in the home and by agriculture and industrythe home and by agriculture and industry
EnvironmentEnvironment – ecological sustainability – ecological sustainability
The Task – Acquiring DataThe Task – Acquiring Data
Access World Resources Institute Access World Resources Institute databasedatabase
http://earthtrends.wri.org/searchable_db/index.php?action=select_countries&theme=2&variable_ID=1299
Click on Water Resources and Freshwater Click on Water Resources and Freshwater Ecosystems from top menuEcosystems from top menu
Acquiring data 1Acquiring data 1
Open the database for ‘groundwater Open the database for ‘groundwater withdrawals - % used for agricultural withdrawals - % used for agricultural purposes’purposes’
Choose ONE country each – include Choose ONE country each – include different levels of developmentdifferent levels of development
Access other databases – ‘Water Access other databases – ‘Water Poverty Index’ and ‘Water withdrawals, Poverty Index’ and ‘Water withdrawals, annual per capita’annual per capita’
Acquiring data 2Acquiring data 2
Select from top menu ‘Economy, Select from top menu ‘Economy, Business, and the Environment – GDP Business, and the Environment – GDP per capita (PPP – current international per capita (PPP – current international dollars)dollars)
Find latest value for your countryFind latest value for your country Add all values to the class dataset and Add all values to the class dataset and
then make this available to the classthen make this available to the class
CorrelationCorrelation
Create ChartsCreate Charts
Select each of the Select each of the first 3 variables to plot first 3 variables to plot against GDP and against GDP and create scatter graph create scatter graph for eachfor each
Add title, label axesAdd title, label axes Click on chart area Click on chart area
and add trendlineand add trendline
Wealth and WPI
UK France
Australia
New Zealand
0
20
40
60
80
0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000 40000 45000 50000
GDP per capita
Wat
er P
over
ty In
dex USABrazil
South AfricaJ amaica
Dom Rep
J ordanEthiopia
Niger
EgyptBangladesh
GhanaKenya
Spearman’s Rank Correlation Spearman’s Rank Correlation CoefficientCoefficient
FIRST rank the values in each datasetFIRST rank the values in each dataset Calculate coefficient for each water Calculate coefficient for each water
variable against GDP (PPP) by correlating variable against GDP (PPP) by correlating the ranksthe ranks
Use the formulae: Use the formulae: =CORREL(A1:A10,B1:B10)=CORREL(A1:A10,B1:B10)
Spearman’s Rank Correlation Spearman’s Rank Correlation CoefficientCoefficient
SignificanceSignificance
Analysis - Wealth GDP (PPP) and Analysis - Wealth GDP (PPP) and Water Poverty IndexWater Poverty Index
Wealth and WPI
UK France
Australia
New Zealand
0
20
40
60
80
0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000 40000 45000 50000
GDP per capita
Wat
er P
ove
rty
Ind
ex
USABrazil
South AfricaJ amaica
Dom Rep
J ordanEthiopia
Niger
EgyptBangladesh
GhanaKenya
Positive correlation
Rs = 0.83
As GDP (PPP) increases, so does the WPI (high is good!)
Poverty means water poverty
Analysis - Wealth GDP (PPP) and Analysis - Wealth GDP (PPP) and Water Withdrawals for AgricultureWater Withdrawals for Agriculture
Wealth and water withdrawals for argiculture
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000 40000 45000 50000
GDP per capita
wat
er w
ith
dra
wal
s ag
ric
%
Australia
USA
FranceUK
New Zealand
BrazilSouth Africa
Dom Rep
J amaicaJ ordan
KenyaGhana
EgyptTanzania
CambodiaMadagascar
Niger
Ethiopia
Negative correlation
Rs = -0.71
As GDP (PPP) increases, water withdrawals for agriculture decreases.
In poorer nations, a greater % of water is used in agriculture.
Analysis - Wealth GDP (PPP) and Analysis - Wealth GDP (PPP) and Water Withdrawals per CapitaWater Withdrawals per Capita
Wealth and water withdrawals
0200400600800
10001200140016001800
0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000 40000 45000 50000
GDP per capita
wa
ter
wit
hd
raw
als
France
USA
AustraliaUK
New Zealand
Brazil
Egypt
Bangladesh
South Africa
CambodiaJamaica
JordanKenya
No correlation
Rs = 0.26
Other variables are more important here
- Climate regions and variety within one nation
- Water availability, rivers, lakes, reservoirs