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A glossary of attested and reconstructed Gallo-Brittonic words, showning their individual components and etymologies.
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Gallo-Brittonic Glossary Version 1.4 (12th August 2013)
Edward Hatfield (Wedoku)
Entries : 203
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Class 1.1 forms (1.1) : Reconstructions about which there is little to no doubt, due to being either a) attested or b) unattested but with clear PIE derivation and descendant/cognates in later Celtic and other IE languages. Very unlikely to change.
Class 1.2 forms (1.2) : Reconstructions about which there is little to no doubt, due to being derivatives of Class 1.1 reconstructions, the individual components of which have clear PIE ancestors or attestation. Very unlikely to change.
Class 1.3 forms (1.3) : Reconstructions about which there is some degree of doubt, due to being either a) attested but with unclear meaning, or b) attested but with unclear modifying components. May change.
Class 2.1 forms (2.1) : Reconstructions about which there is some degree of doubt, due to being based soley on either a) later Celtic or b) PIE forms. May change.
Class 2.2 forms (2.2) : Reconstructions about which there is some degree of doubt, due to being derivatives of Class 2.1 reconstructions, but with the modifying components having clear PIE ancestors or attestation. May change.
Class 2.3 forms (2.3) : Reconstructions about which there is serious doubt, due to being derivatives of Class 2.1 reconstructions, but with the modifying components having no clear PIE ancestors or attestation. Will likely change.
Class 3.1 forms (3.1) : Reconstructions about which there is serious doubt, due to either lack of or serious ambiguity of evidence. Will likely change.
Class 3.2 forms (3.2) : Reconstructions about which there is serious doubt, due to being derivatives of Class 3.1 reconstructions, regardless of whether the modifying components have PIE ancestors or attestation. Very likely to change.
*ad (prep.) [< * | > W : at] 1.1 1. to, toward, up to (+ acc.)
*ad-ag-e/o- [< *ad-h2 - | > OI : ad·aig] 1.2 1. drive, impel, set in motion 2. put, place, push, thrust 3. impose on, inflict 4. give, proffer 5. bring, carry 6. raise, shout, put forth 7. take a wife, marry 8. set about, undertake, begin 9. go, proceed >
*ad-kan-e/o- (S1) [< *ad-kan- | > W : achan “paean” | OI : ad·cain] 1.2 1. sing to, recite, extol, sound
*ad-karo-s (ao.) [< *ad-karo- | > W : achar] 1.2 1. very dear 2. affectionate, amiable
*ag-e/o- (S1) [< *h2 - | > W : | OI : aigid] 1.1 1. drive, impell 2. go
*alio-s (ayo.) [< * - | > W : ail (~ eiliau) | OI : aile] 1.1 1. other, another, one of two 2. second 3. other, another, alternate (mo.?)
*ambi (prep.) [< *ambhi- | > W : am | OI : imm] 1.1 1. around, about, on both sides 2. for, concerning 3. great, very, entirely (prefix)
*ambi-ag-e/o- [< *ambhi-h2 - | > OI : imm·aig] 1.2 1. drive, drive around, pursue
*ambi-nert-ā- (W1) [< *ambhi-h2nṛt- | > W : ymnerthu | OI : imnertaid] 1.2 1. strengthen (oneself?)
*ambi-nert-atu-s (?u.) [OI : imnertad] 1.2 1. great strengthening
*ambi-sterkā (fā) [< *ambhi-sterk- | > OI : imserch] 1.2 1. mutual love
*ăn-mati-s (ai.) [< *ṇ-mē-t- | > W : anfad | AC : anmat-] 1.1 1. not good 2. unlucky 3. naughty 4. wicked, nefarious, unholy
*an-rīgănī (fī) [OI : r g n] 1. non-queen, common woman
*an-rīx-s (mg.) [OI : r ] 1.2 1. non-king, commoner
*an-sterk-āko-s (ao.) [OI : ainserchach] 1.2 1. unfriendly, hostile 2. cruel, merciless
*ăn-wāt-āko-s (ao.) [OI : n t ] 1.2 1. unwise, unreasonable, lacking knowledge or skill
*arto-s (mo.) [W : arth ~ eirth | OI : art ~ airt] 1.1 1. bear 2. hero
* tīr (mr.) [OI : athair] 1.1 1. father 2. (plural) forefathers, ancestors
*banwagno-s (mo.) [OI : n n] 1.2 1. small pig
*banwo-s (mo.) [W : banw ~ -od | OI : banb ~ bainb] 1.1 1. piglet, young pig
* ĕn (fir.) [OI : ben n 1.1 1. woman 2. wife 3. (as suffix) –ess
*ber-e/o- (S1) [OI : beirid] 1.1 1. carry, infer (of arguments or facts) 2. bear, bring forth, yield, (passive) be born 3. judge, pass judgement, interpret (dreams) 4. carry away, take (with one) 5. win, secure (victory), carry off 6. obtain, take, get 7. spend (time), (intransitive) last, keep, endure 8. carry away from
9. bring to 10. put (with nouns expressing movement) 11. give
*biwo-s (ao.) [W : byw | OI : o] 1.1 1. alive, living, quick, animate 2. being, creature (?o.) 3. immortal (spiritual sense)
*blig-e/o- (S1) [OI : bligid / mligid] 1.2 1. milk
*blixt-āko-s (ao.) [W : blithog | OI : blechtach] 1.2 1. milk-giving
*blixti-s (ai.) [W : blith | OI : mlicht] 1.2 1. milch, in milk (of cattle)
*blixtu- ār-iā (fiā.) [OI : blichmaire] 1.2 1. lactiferousness, abundant yield of milk
*blixtu- āro-s (ao.) [OI : blichtmar] 1.2 1. yielding milk, fruitful
*blixtu-s (mu.) [W : blith | OI : blicht] 1.1 1. milk 2. milking, milk-yield
*bous (m/fir.) [MW : bu | OI : ] 1.1 1. cow, ox 2. (plural) cattle
* rātīr (mr.) [W : brawd ~ brodyr | OI : r t ir] 1.1 1. brother 2. cousin 3. kinsman, clansman 4. word of similar declension
*bukk-āko-s (ao.) [OI : bocach] 1.2 1. leaping (like a goat)
*bukko-s (mo.) [W : bwch | OI : bocc] 1.1 1. he-goat, buck 2. male deer
*dănt (nt.) [W : dant ~ daint | OI : d t 1.1 1. tooth
*dănt-āko-s (ao.) [OI : d t ] 1.1 1. having teeth
*dekă eto-s (ao.) [W : degfed | OI : dechmad] 1.1 1. tenth
*dekăn (num.) [W : deg | OI : deich] 1.1 1. ten
*dēwo-s (mo.) [W : duw ~ duwiau | OI : d 1.1 1. god 2. supernatural being
*dī-mati-s (ai.) [W : difad | OI : d it ] 1.2 1. not good, lacking good, bad
*dī-nert-āko-s (ao.) [OI : d nert ] 1.2 1. weak, strengthless
*dī-nerto-n (no.) [OI : d nert] 1.2 1. weakness
*duxtīr (fr.) [AC : duxtir] 1.1 1. daughter
*elu-s (au.) [OI : il] 1.1 1. much, manifold, great 2. many, numerous (+ plural)
*elutoutās (fāpl.) [OI : ilt t ] 1.2 1. many peoples
*epo-s (mo.) [OI : ech ~ eich] 1.1 1. horse (“swif one”)
*ēsko-s (mo.) [OI : s is 1.1 1. fish
*exs (prep.) [W : a | OI : as] 1.1 1. out of, from (+ dat.)
*exs-ber-e/o- (S1) [OI : as·beir] 1.2 1. say, speak
*glast-ā- (W1) [OI : glasaid] 1.2 1. make or become glastos-coloured
*glast-āko-s (ao.) [W : glasog | OI : glasach] 1.2 1. being blue, livid, grey
*glast-iā- (fiā) [OI : glase] 1.2 1. greenness, blueness
*glasto-gorto-s (mo.) [OI : glasgort] 1.2 1. green cornfield
*glasto-mori (ni.) [W : glasfor ~ glasfyr] 1.2 1. blue sea
*glasto-n (no.) [A.Celtic : glastum] 1.1 1. woad
*glasto-roudo-s (ao) [C : glasrudh] 1.2 1. purple, violet
*glasto-s (ao.) [W : glas | OI : glas] 1.1 1. green, greenish (of growing things), verdant 2. blue, greenish blue, greyish blue 3. woad-coloured 4. metallic-coloured 5. ice or frost-coloured 6. grey 7. pale, wan (of complexion), faded (of clothing), livid, discoloured 8. fresh, young, inexperienced 9. raw, sharp 10. grey, overcast (of weather) 11. plain, unpretentious
*glasto-tīros (ns.) [W : glastir ~ glastiroedd] 1.2 1. sward, pasture-land
*gorto-s (mo.) [W : garth ~ garthau | OI : gort ~ goirt] 1.1 1. yard, enclosure, fold 2. pasture, field 3. battlefield 4. land, territory
*ib-e/o- (SI) [W : yf-ed | OI : ibid] 1.1 1. drink
*ibo-karo-s (ao.) [W : yfgar] 1.2 1. fond of drinking
*ibo-wiro-s (mo.) [W : yfwr ~ yfwyr] 1.2 1. drinker
*kan-e/o- (S1) [W : canu | OI : canid] 1.1 1. sing, recite, chant 2. praise 3. speak
*kănton (num.) [W : cant | OI : t] 1.1 1. hundred
*kar-ā- (W1) [W : caru | OI : caraid] 1.1 1. love, like
*karant-s (mt.) [W : r ~ certaint | OI : carat] 1.2 1. friend 2. relative, relation
*karo-s (ao.) [W : (a)char] 1.1 1. dear, beloved
*karo-wiro-s (mo.) [W : carwr ~ -wyr] 1.2 1. lover
*karwo-s (mo.) [W : carw ~ ceirw] 1.1 1. deer, stag (“horne one”)
*katu-s (mu.) [W : cad ~ cadau | OI : cath] 1.1 1. battle, fight, fighting
*kom- rātīr (mr.) [OI : o r t ir] 1.2 1. relation, kinsman 2. brother (spiritual)
*kom-lāno-s (ao.) [OI : o l n] 1.2 1. full, filled with
*kom- āro-s (ao.) [OI : o r] 1.2 1. very or equally great 2. equal amount (?o.)
*kom-mati-s (ai.) [OI : commaith] 1.2 1. very or equally good
*kom-nerto- āro-s (ao.) [OI : comnertmar] 1.2 1. powerful
*kom-nerto-n (no.) [W : cyfnerth ~ cyfnertion (m.) | OI : comnert] 1.2 1. strength, power 2. great or equal strength
*kom-otlo-n (no.) [OI : o l] 1.2 1. drinking, drinking together, feast, carousal
*kom-skāt-āko-s (ao.) [W : cysgodog] 1.2 1. having shelter
*kom-skāto-n (no.) [W : cysgod ~ -au] 1.2 1. shadow, shade
*kom-sterk-āko-s (ao.) [OI : comsercach] 1.2 1. very loving
*korn-āko-s (ao.) [OI : cornach] 1.2 1. horned, of or beloning to horns 2. hospitable
*korno-n (no.) [W : corn ~ cyrn | OI : corn] 1.1 1. horn 2. drinking horn 3. horn (instrument)
*kū (mir.) [W : ci n | OI : ] 1.1 1. dog, hound 2. wolf
*kū gl stos (cmb.) [OI : gl s] 1.2 1. outlaw, foreign exile
*kun-agno-s (mo.) [OI : on n] 1.2 1. little dog, hound or wolf 2. (male personal name)
*kun-āko-s (ao.) [W: cynog | OI : conach] 1.2 1. doglike, houdlike, wolflike
*lā ā (fā.) [W : llaw | OI : l ] 1.1 1. hand 2. arm
*lāno-s (ao.) [W : llawn | OI : l n] 1.1 1. full, abounding 2. complete 3. quite (adv.)
*lēt-ā- (W1) [W : llwydo | OI : l t id] 1.2 1. become grey, become pale, become livid 2. make grey, make hoary 3. grow mouldy
*lēt-atu-s (mu.) [OI : l t d] 1.2 1. becoming grey, making grey
*lēto-glasto-s (ao.) [W : llwydlas] 1.2 1. greyish-blue, bluish-grey
*lēto-s (ao.) [W : llwyd | OI : l ath] 1.1 1. grey , pale, hoary 2. grey-haired, aged 3. old man, veteran (mo.)
*lēto-windo-s (ao.) [W : llwydwyn] 1.2 1. greyish-white, off-white
*letro-n (no.) [W : lledr ~ -au | OI : lethar] 1.1 1. leather, skin
*letro-wiro-s (mo.) [W : lledrwr ~ lledrwyr] 1.2 1. leather maker
*lounā (fā) [W : llun | OI : l an] 1.1 1. moon (“bright one”)
*lowerno-s (mo.) [A.Celtic : louerno- | C : lowarn ~ lewern] 1.1 1. fox
*lowernos orēs (cmb.) [B. louarn-mor] 1.2 1. hresher shark (“fox of he sea”)
*map-agno-s (mo.) [W : maban ~ -od | OI : n] 1. baby, little son
*map-āko-s (ao.) [OI : maccach] 1. pregnant (with a male child)
*mapo-karo-s (ao.) [W : mabgar] 1.2 1. fond of children
*mapo-no-s (mo.) [W : mabon ~ -oedd] 1. young hero, great youth
*mapo-s (mo.) [W : mab ~ meib | OI : macc ~ maiccL] 1. son, male descendant 2. boy, lad, child
* ār-ā- (W1) [OI : r id] 1.2 1. praise, exhault, make big, magnify
* ār-atu-s (mu.) [OI : r d] 1.2 1. praising, magnifying, exalting
*mark-āko-s (mo.) [W : marchog ~ marchogion | OI : marcach] 1.2 1. ri er, horse an, knigh (“having a horse”)
*marko-s (mo.) [W : march ~ meirch | OI : marc ~ mairc] 1.1 1. horse, stallion, steed
* āro-karant-s (mt.) [W : mawrgar] 1.2 1. great friend
* āro-nerto-n (no.) [W : mawrnerth] 1.2 1. great strength
* āro-s (ao.) [W : mawr | OI : r] 1.1 1. big, large, great, bulky 2. large amount or number of, much, many (no. + gen.)
* āro-wiro-s (mo.) [W : mawrwr] 1.2 1. hero
*marwo-s (ao.) [W : marw (~ meirw) | OI : marb] 1.1 1. dead, spiritually dead 2. dead person, corpse, (plural) the dead (mo.) 3. pertaining to the dead 4. mortal (spiritual sense) 5. inanimate 6. (of water) stagnant
* ātīr (fr.) [OI : t ir] 1.1 1. mother
*mati-s (ai.) [W : mad | OI : maith] 1.1 1. good 2. lucky, fortunate 3. suitable 4. beneficial, profitable
*medio-s (ao.) [OI : mide | A.Celtic : medio-] 1.1 1. middle, mid 2. centre 3. middle, centre (mo.)
*medus (mo.) [W. medd | OI : mid] 1.1 1. mead
*melgos (ns.) [OI : melg] 1.2 1. milk
* īl-āko-s (ao.) [OI : l ] 1.2 1. abounding in or full of animals
* īlo-s/n (m/no.) [W : mil ~ milod | OI : l la 1.1 1. animal, beast
* īs (mir.) [W : mis | OI : ] 1.1 1. (lunar) month 2. moon (as a measurement of time)
* orĭ (ni.) [W : r ~ moroedd | OI : muir] 1.1 1. sea
*mori-kū (mir.) [W : morgi ~ -gwn] 1.2 1. shark, dogfish
*nert-ā- (W1) [W : nerthu | OI : nertaid] 1.2 1. strengthen
*nert-āko-s (ao.) [W : nerthog | OI : -nertach] 1.2 1. powerful, mighty, potent
*nerto- āro-s (ao.) [W : nerthfawr | OI : -nertmar] 1.2 1. of great strength or power
*nerto-n (no.) [W : nerth ~ nerthoedd | OI : nert] 1.1 1. strength, power, force, might, energy
*nerto-wiro-s (mo.) [W: nerthwr ~ nerthwyr (m.)] 1.2 1. strengthener
*nisdo-s (mo.) [W : nyth ~ nythod | OI : net] 1.1 1. nest
*nowiyo-s (ayo.) [W : newydd | OI : n ] 1.1 1. new, young, fresh 2. just, newly (adv.)
*oino-s (num.) [W : un | OI : en] 1.1 1. one
*orko-s (mo.) [OI : orc ~ uirc] 1.1 1. young pig, piglet
*otlo-n (no.) [OI : l] 1.1 1. drink, drinking 2. draught
*owi-s (m/fi.) [OI : o ] 1.1 1. sheep
*oxtū (num.) [W : wyth | OI : ocht] 1.1 1. eight
*oxtū eto-s (ao.) [W : wythfed | OI : ochtmad] 1.1 1. eighth
*pē-s (int.pro.) [W : pwy | OI : ] 1.1 1. who?
*pinpe → *pimpe (num.) [W : pump | OI : o ] 1.1 1. five
*pinpeto-s → *pimpeto-s (ao.) [W : pumed | OI : i ed] 1.1 1. fifth
*rīgănī (fī) [W : rhiain ~ rhiainedd | OI : r g in r gnaiH] 1. queen, noble woman
*rīx-s (mg.) [OI : r ] 1.1 1. ruler, king
*riyo-s (ao.) [W : rhydd] 1.1 1. free 2. at large
*roudo-s (ao.) [W : rhudd | OI : r d] 1.1 1. red, reddish, ruddy 2. crimson
*samo-lounā (fā) [OI : s l an] 1.2 1. summer moon
*samo-s (mo.) [W : haf ~ -au | OI : sam] 1.1 1. summer
*samo-souno-s (mo.) [OI : s s an] 1.2 1. summer’s sleep (Samhain)
*seno- tīr (mr.) [OI : senathar] 1.2 1. grandfather
*seno- ātīr (fr.) [OI : sen t ir] 1.2 1. grandmother
*seno-s (ao.) [W : hen | OI : sen] 1.1 1. old, aged, ancient 2. old person (mo.?) 3. ancestor (mo.?)
*seno-wiro-s (mo) [W : henwr ~ henwyr] 1.2 1. old man
*sextă eto-s (ao.) [W : seithfed | OI : sechtmad] 1.1 1. seventh
*sextăn (num.) [W : saith | OI : secht] 1.1 1. seven
*skāt-āko-s (ao.) [W : ysgodog] 1.2 1. sheltered, shadowed 2. frequenting shades
*skāto-n (no.) [W : ysgawd | OI : s t ] 1.1 1. shadow, shade 2. shelter, protection
*soun-ā- (W1) [W : huno | OI : s n id] 1.2 1. sleep
*soun-āko- (ao.) [W : hunog] 1.2 1. sleepy, drowsy
*souno-s (mo.) [W : hun ~ hunau | OI : s n] 1.1 1. sleep, slumber
*sterkā (fā.) [W : serch | OI : serc] 1.1 1. love, affection, desire 2. beloved (person or thing)
*sterk-āko-s (ao.) [W : serchog | OI : sercach] 1.2 1. beloved, lovable 2. loving, affectionate, amorous 3. partial, biased
*swexs (num.) [W : chwech | OI : s ] 1.1 1. six
*swexseto-s (ao.) [W : chweched | OI : seissed] 1.2 1. sixth
*tarwo-s (mo.) [W : tarw ~ teirw | OI : tarb ~ tairb] 1.1 1. (wild) bull 2. auroch
*tīros (ns.) [W : tir ~ -oedd | OI : t r] 1.1 1. land, ground, earth 2. country, territory
*tīros lēton (ncmb.) [W : tir llwyd] 1.2 1. brownfield land
*tīros āron (ncmb.) [W : tir mawr] 1.2 1. mainland
*toutā (fā.) [W : tud | OI : t t a ha 1.1 1. tribe, tribal nation (+ genitive of quality with specific peoples) 2. people, laity 3. tribal territory
*toutāko-s (ao.) [OI : t athach] 1.2 1. populous
*toutāko-s (mo.) [OI : t t ] 1.2 1. chief
*toutokaro-s (ao.) [OI : t t r] 1.2 1. loving the people
*trīs (num.) [W : tri | OI : tr ] 1.1 1. three
*tritiyo-s (ao.) [W : trydydd | A.Celtic : tritios] 1.1 1. third
*turko-s (mo.) [W : twrch ~ tyrchod | OI : torc ~ tuirc] 1.1 1. boar, hog 2. chieftain, hero
*wănn-āko-s (mo.) [OI : fannach] 1.2 1. weakling
*wănno-s (ao.) [W : gwan (~ gweinion (m.)) | OI : fann] 1.1 1. weak, lacking strength or power 2. feeble, faint 3. helpless 4. weak or helpless person (mo.?) 5. soft, flimsy
*wāt-āko-s (ao.) [OI : t ] 1.2 1. wise, having knowledge or skill 2. vatic, sagicious
*wāti-s (mi.) [OI : it ] 1.1 1. seer, shaman, oracle 2. mystic poet
*wegn-āko-s (ao.) [OI : n ] 1.2 1. pertaining to or suited to waggons 2. abounding in waggons
*wegno-s (mo.) [W : gwain ~ gweiniau | OI : n f oin 1.1 1. waggon, cart, wain 2. means of transportation
*wer (prep.) [W : gor | OI : for] 1.1 1. on, upon (+ dat.) 2. over, above (+ dat.) 3. onto, among (+ acc.)
*wer-ber-e/o- (S1) [OI : for·beir] 1.2 1. grow, increase, surpass, wax, outgrow, prevail over
*wer-kan-e/o- (S1) [MW : gwarchan | OI : for·cain] 1.2 1. teach, instruct, educate
*wer-nerto- āro-s (ao.) [OI : fornertmar] 1.2 1. possessing superior strength, puissant
*wer-nerto-n (no.) [OI : fornert] 1.2 1. superior strength or power 2. tyrannical power, oppression
*wer-skāt-āko-s (ao.) [OI : ors t ] 1.2 1. shadowy 2. obscure
*wer-windo-s (ao.) [OI : forfinn] 1.2 1. very white, very fair
*wer-wolto-s (mo.) [OI : forfolt] 1.2 1. hair (of the head)
*wind-ā- (W1) [OI : finnaid] 1.2 1. make or become white
*wind-iā- (fiā) [OI : finne] 1.2 1. fairness, brightness
*windo-glasto-s (ao.) [W : gwynlas] 1.2 1. pale blue
*windo-s (ao.) [W: gwyn | OI : finn] 1.1 1. white, bright, lustrous 2. fair, light (of complexion or hair) 3. fair, handsome 4. fair, just, true (morally) 5. clear (of sounds) 6. blighted (of corn) 7. blessed
*wĭnt-āko-s (ao.) [W : gwyntog] 1.2 1. windy, full of wind 2. cool
*wĭnto-s (mo.) [W : gwynt ~ gwyntoedd | OI : feth] 1.1 1. wind 2. smell 3. breath
*wir-agno-s (mo.) [OI : er n] 1.2 1. little man
*wīro-s (ao.) [W : gwir | OI : r] 1.1 1. true, correct, right, just 2. real, actual 3. truth, correctness (no.)
*wiro-s (mo.) [W : g r gw r | OI : fer ~ fir] 1.1 1. man 2. husband 3. warrior, hero
*wo (prep.) [W : go | OI : fo] 1.1 1. under, below, beneath (+ acc. & dat.)
*wo-kan-e/o- (S1) [W : goganu | OI : fo·cain] 1.2 1. sing 2. satyrize
*wo-lēto-s (ao.) [W : ol t ] 1.2 1. grey beneath
*wolt-agno-s (mo.) [OI : olt n] 1.2 1. head of hair
*wolt-āko-s (ao.) [W : gwalltog, gwalltawg | OI : foltach] 1.2 1. hairy, having long or abundant hair
*wolto-s (mo.) [W : gwallt ~ -au | OI : folt] 1.1 1. hair (of the head) 2. foliage
*wo-rīg-agno-s (mo.) [OI : or g n] 1. under-chieftain, kinglet
*yowănko-s (ao.) [W : ieuanc | OI : ] 1.1 1. young 2. young man, youth, warrior (mo.)
