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Gas exchange Mrs. Jackie Maldonado

Gas exchange Mrs. Jackie Maldonado. Respiratory system Composed Trachea- branches into two bronchi Bronchi- branches into many bronchioles Bronchioles-

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Page 1: Gas exchange Mrs. Jackie Maldonado. Respiratory system Composed Trachea- branches into two bronchi Bronchi- branches into many bronchioles Bronchioles-

Gas exchange

Mrs. Jackie Maldonado

Page 2: Gas exchange Mrs. Jackie Maldonado. Respiratory system Composed Trachea- branches into two bronchi Bronchi- branches into many bronchioles Bronchioles-

Respiratory system

Composed Trachea- branches into

two bronchiBronchi- branches into

many bronchiolesBronchioles- end up in a

sac called alveolilungs

Page 3: Gas exchange Mrs. Jackie Maldonado. Respiratory system Composed Trachea- branches into two bronchi Bronchi- branches into many bronchioles Bronchioles-

Features of alveoli for gas exchange

Large surface area provided by millions of alveoli in the lung

Short distance for gases to travel, due to fact that the walls of the alveolus and the blood capillary are made on one cell layer each.

The moist surfaces of alveoli allow the gases to dissolve in water and then pass in and out between the alveoli and the capillaries

Page 4: Gas exchange Mrs. Jackie Maldonado. Respiratory system Composed Trachea- branches into two bronchi Bronchi- branches into many bronchioles Bronchioles-

Features of alveoli for gas exchange

Network of capillaries surrounding the alveolus, ensuring constant blood flow

Concentration gradient of gases between the alveoli and the capillaries is very high which allows fast diffusion of gases

Page 5: Gas exchange Mrs. Jackie Maldonado. Respiratory system Composed Trachea- branches into two bronchi Bronchi- branches into many bronchioles Bronchioles-

Concentration of gases an explanation

Oxygen concentration is high in the alveoli which contain oxygen from the atmosphere while in the blood is low (used in respiration)

Carbon dioxide is high in the blood due to respiration and low in the alveoli.

Only 4% of oxygen is used in each breath from 20% inhale

Page 6: Gas exchange Mrs. Jackie Maldonado. Respiratory system Composed Trachea- branches into two bronchi Bronchi- branches into many bronchioles Bronchioles-

Features of alveoli for gas exchange

Hemoglobin in the red blood cells has high affinity to oxygen and so it combines with a great speed

RBC are large in size compared with the diameter of the capillaries allowing efficient loading and unloading of gases

Page 7: Gas exchange Mrs. Jackie Maldonado. Respiratory system Composed Trachea- branches into two bronchi Bronchi- branches into many bronchioles Bronchioles-

The need for a ventilation system

Page 8: Gas exchange Mrs. Jackie Maldonado. Respiratory system Composed Trachea- branches into two bronchi Bronchi- branches into many bronchioles Bronchioles-

Ventilation system

Needed to maintain a high concentration of oxygen in the alveoli and low CO2.

Produced by changes in pressure in the chest cavity carry byDiaphragmIntercostals muscles

Page 9: Gas exchange Mrs. Jackie Maldonado. Respiratory system Composed Trachea- branches into two bronchi Bronchi- branches into many bronchioles Bronchioles-

Mechanism of ventilation Inspiration or inhale

Diaphragm contracts and flattens

Intercostal muscles also contract and pull the ribcage outward and forward

The chest cavity become larger and the pressure smaller

The air rushes from the atmosphere into the lungs, moving from higher to lower pressure

Page 10: Gas exchange Mrs. Jackie Maldonado. Respiratory system Composed Trachea- branches into two bronchi Bronchi- branches into many bronchioles Bronchioles-

Mechanism of ventilation

Exhale or expirationThe diaphragm relaxes, becoming dome

shaped, The intercostal muscles relaxRibs move downward and backwardChest cavity decrease in volume and the

pressure increases.Air is pushed out of the lungs into the

atmosphere moving from higher to lower pressure

Page 11: Gas exchange Mrs. Jackie Maldonado. Respiratory system Composed Trachea- branches into two bronchi Bronchi- branches into many bronchioles Bronchioles-

What is the difference between breathing and cell respiration?

Cell respirationProcess that occurs inside the cell

which results in the production of ATP Breathing

Mechanical process that causes ventilation maintaining high O2 and low CO2 in the blood

Page 12: Gas exchange Mrs. Jackie Maldonado. Respiratory system Composed Trachea- branches into two bronchi Bronchi- branches into many bronchioles Bronchioles-

How does exercise improve the functioning of the heart and lungs?

Strengthens and enlarges muscles Heart rate increases sending more blood to

the working muscles, increasing cardiac output

Cardiac output= stroke volume X heart rate

Stroke volume= volume of blood ejected by the ventricles in one beat.

Page 13: Gas exchange Mrs. Jackie Maldonado. Respiratory system Composed Trachea- branches into two bronchi Bronchi- branches into many bronchioles Bronchioles-

How does exercise improve the functioning of the heart and lungs?

After training the heart rate would not increase much because the heart is stronger and the stroke volume is more

Before training our breathing rate increases as well as our tidal volume

Tidal volume- volume of inhale air in each breath In athletes they increase cardiac output by

increasing stroke vl. and not heart rate and increase their ventilation by increasing their tidal vl and not breathing rate

Page 14: Gas exchange Mrs. Jackie Maldonado. Respiratory system Composed Trachea- branches into two bronchi Bronchi- branches into many bronchioles Bronchioles-

Why does breathing rate increase during exercise?

To provide more O2 and glucose to the muscles for the process of respiration and to remove carbon dioxide which increase acidity of blood

Page 15: Gas exchange Mrs. Jackie Maldonado. Respiratory system Composed Trachea- branches into two bronchi Bronchi- branches into many bronchioles Bronchioles-

How does breathing rate increase with exercise?

Respiration rate in muscles increases as well as CO2 levels and pH decreases

pH decreases affect chemosensors located at the aorta and carotid arteries.

Chemosensors send messages to the respiratory centers in the brain stem which in turn send messages to the breathing apparatus.

These muscles contract and relax faster increasing breathing rate.

Page 16: Gas exchange Mrs. Jackie Maldonado. Respiratory system Composed Trachea- branches into two bronchi Bronchi- branches into many bronchioles Bronchioles-

Health problems associated with gas exchange

Lung cancer Tuberculosis Asthma Emphysema

Page 17: Gas exchange Mrs. Jackie Maldonado. Respiratory system Composed Trachea- branches into two bronchi Bronchi- branches into many bronchioles Bronchioles-

Asthma

Results from allergy to chemicals (allergens) which irritate trachea and bronchi

Cause constriction of bronchioles thus small tidal volume

Could lead to dead Increases by seasons

Page 18: Gas exchange Mrs. Jackie Maldonado. Respiratory system Composed Trachea- branches into two bronchi Bronchi- branches into many bronchioles Bronchioles-

Asthma

Page 19: Gas exchange Mrs. Jackie Maldonado. Respiratory system Composed Trachea- branches into two bronchi Bronchi- branches into many bronchioles Bronchioles-

Emphysema Caused by smoking Substances in smoke stop

the beating of cilia so that air particles enters to the air passages

Results in coughing resulting in walls of the alveoli breaking apart Less surface area less gas

exchange

Could also results in dead