45
Geirfa technegol ABA Glossary of ABA technical terms Gol. / Eds. Jones, E.W., Hughes, J.C., Williams, B.M., Moseley, Y., Jones, B., Hughes, D.R., Hoerger, M., & Prys, D. Prifysgol Bangor (Canolfan Dadansoddi Ymddygiad Cymru, yr Ysgol Seicoleg ac Uned Technoleg Iaith Canolfan Bedwyr), Adran Addysg Gwynedd, Bwrdd Iechyd Lleol Prifysgol Betsi Cadwaladr Fersiwn / Version 1.0 Awst / August 2011

Geirfa technegol ABA - Behavior Analyst Certification … technegol ABA ... Health Board. The dictionary is organised alphabetically by English terms. ... counter‐therapeutic

  • Upload
    lekien

  • View
    217

  • Download
    4

Embed Size (px)

Citation preview

Page 1: Geirfa technegol ABA - Behavior Analyst Certification … technegol ABA ... Health Board. The dictionary is organised alphabetically by English terms. ... counter‐therapeutic

GeirfatechnegolABAGlossaryofABAtechnicalterms

Gol./Eds.

Jones,E.W.,Hughes,J.C.,Williams,B.M.,Moseley,Y.,Jones,B.,Hughes,D.R.,Hoerger,M.,&Prys,D.

PrifysgolBangor(CanolfanDadansoddiYmddygiadCymru,yrYsgolSeicolegacUnedTechnolegIaithCanolfanBedwyr),AdranAddysgGwynedd,BwrddIechydLleolPrifysgol

BetsiCadwaladr

Fersiwn/Version1.0

Awst/August2011

Page 2: Geirfa technegol ABA - Behavior Analyst Certification … technegol ABA ... Health Board. The dictionary is organised alphabetically by English terms. ... counter‐therapeutic

Cyflwyniad

GeirfatechnegolABA–GlossaryofABAtechnicaltermsyw’rcyfieithiadcyntafSaesneg–Cymraegodermaucyffredinsy’ncaeleudefnyddioymmaesDadansoddiYmddygiadCymhwysol(ABA).Nidhawddywcyfieithutermau,ynenwedigwrthddefnyddiotermautechnegolfelyrhaisy’narfercaeleudefnyddioymmaesABA.

Pwrpasyprosiectymayw:1.AnnogcysondebynydefnyddodermautechnegolABAmewnsefyllfaoeddllemae’rGymraegyngyfrwng;2.CeisiocyfieithutermauABAi’rGymraeg,ganddefnyddiogeirfasy’ngysongyda’rdiffiniadauSaesneg,achanddefnyddiotermausy’ndebygologaeleudefnyddioofewnysefyllfaoeddyma,a3.Cyfrannuathyrwyddo’rdefnyddoymarferarsailtystiolaethmewncyd‐destunnaucymhwysolyngNghymrullemaeABAyncaeleiddefnyddio.

Prosiectarwaithywhwn,arydymyngobeithioybyddyfersiwnymayncaeleiaddasu,eiolygua’iymestyndrosyblynyddoeddnesaf.Mae’rgwaithymaynganlyniadogydweithiogangrŵpoboblsyddwediymrwymoiddatblyguDadansoddiYmddygiadCymhwysol(ABA)drwygyfrwngyGymraeg.Mae’rrhanfwyafohonyntynaelodauoGrŵpCymraegABA,sy’nGymunedDdysguBroffesiynnolyncynrychioliCanolfanDadansoddiYmddygiadCymru,yrYsgolSeicoleg,PrifysgolBangor,AdranAddysgLeolGwynedd,aBwrddIechydPrifysgolBetsiCadwaladr.Trefnirygeiriadurynôlyrwyddor,ynôlytermauSaesneg.

Introduction

TheGeirfatechnegolABA–GlossaryofABAtechnicaltermsisthefirsttranslationoftermscommonlyusedinAppliedBehaviourAnalysis(ABA)fromEnglishintoWelsh.TranslatingtermsfromonelanguagetoanotherisnotastraightforwardendeavourandthisisespeciallysowhentranslatingtechnicaltermslikethosetypicallyusedinABA.

Theaimsofthisprojectare:1.ToencourageconsistencyofuseoftechnicalABAtermsinWelshmediumsettings;2.ToattempttotranslateABAtermsintoWelshthatisconsistentwiththetechnicaldefinitionsandusingtermsthatarelikelytobeusedinthesesettings;and3.Tocontributetothepromotionofevidenced­basedpractiseinappliedsettingsacrossWaleswhereABAisbeingused.

Thisisanongoingprojectandwehopethatthisfirstdraftwillbeadapted,editedandextendedoverthecomingyears.ThisworkistheoutcomeofacollaborationofagroupofpeoplewhoarecommittedtodevelopingAppliedBehaviourAnalysisthroughthemediumofWelsh.MostofthesepeoplearemembersoftheGrŵpCymraegABA,aProfessionalLearningCommunityrepresenting:WalesCentreforBehaviourAnalysis,SchoolofPsychology,BangorUniversity;GwyneddLocalEducationAuthority;andBetsiCadwaladrUniversityHealthBoard.ThedictionaryisorganisedalphabeticallybyEnglishterms.

Page 3: Geirfa technegol ABA - Behavior Analyst Certification … technegol ABA ... Health Board. The dictionary is organised alphabetically by English terms. ... counter‐therapeutic

Geirfa technegol ABA – Glossary of ABA technical terms 1

GeirfatechnegolABA–GlossaryofABAtechnicalterms

Saesneg/English

Cymraeg/Welsh

Diffiniad/Definition

ABdesign CynllunAB Atwo‐phaseexperimentaldesignconsistingofapre‐treatmentbaselinecondition(A)followedbyatreatmentcondition(B).

ABA DYC/ABA AppliedBehaviourAnalysis.Seebelow.

ABA–AppliedBehaviourAnalysis

ABA–DYC‐DadansoddiYmddygiadCymhwysol

Thescienceinwhichtacticsarederivedfromtheprinciplesofbehaviourandappliedtoimprovesociallysignificantbehaviourandexperimentationisusedtoidentifythevariablesresponsiblefortheimprovementinbehaviour.

ABAdesign CynllunABA Athreephaseexperimentaldesignconsistingofaninitialbaselinephase(A)untilsteadystateresponding(orcounter‐therapeutictrend)isobtained,aninterventionphaseinwhichthetreatmentcondition(B)isimplementeduntilthebehaviourhaschangedandsteadystaterespondingisobtained,andareturntobaselineconditions(A)bywithdrawingtheindependentvariabletoseewhetherresponding“reverses”tolevelsobservedintheinitialbaselinephase.

ABAtargets TargedauABA GoalsforanABAprogramme,setbytheteacher,basedonanassessmentofthestudent’scurrentskills.

ABABdesign CynllunABAB Anexperimentaldesignconsistingof(1)aninitialbaselinephase(A)untilsteadystateresponding(orcounter‐therapeutictrend)isobtained,(2)aninitialinterventionphaseinwhichtreatmentvariable(B)isimplementeduntilthebehaviourhaschangedandsteadystaterespondingisobtained,(3)areturntobaselineconditions(A)bywithdrawingtheindependentvariabletoseewhetherresponding“reverses”tolevelsobservedintheinitialbaselinephase,and(4)asecondinterventionphase(B)toseewhetherinitialtreatmenteffectsarereplicated(alsocalledreversaldesign,withdrawaldesign).

Abativeeffect(ofamotivatingoperation)

Effaithleihau(gweithrediadcymhellol)

Adecreaseinthecurrentfrequencyofbehaviourthathasbeenreinforcedbythestimulusthatisincreasedinreinforcingeffectivenessbythesamemotivatingoperation.

Page 4: Geirfa technegol ABA - Behavior Analyst Certification … technegol ABA ... Health Board. The dictionary is organised alphabetically by English terms. ... counter‐therapeutic

Geirfa technegol ABA – Glossary of ABA technical terms 2

ABC Abîec Antecedent‐behaviour‐consequence.

ABCChart SiartABC/Abiec ArecordingcharttorecordABCs.Theaimofsucharecordistofacilitatefunctionalassessment.

ABCrecording CofnodiAbiec Seeanecdotalobservation.

ABLLS ABLLS TheAssessmentofBasicLanguageandLearningSkills(ABLLs)isacriterionreferencedassessment,curriculumguide,andskillstrackingsystemforusewithchildrenwhohaveautismorotherdevelopmentaldisabilities.Itassessesstrengthsandweaknessesinlanguage,academic,self‐help,andmotorskillsandthenimplementsandmonitorsindividualizedintervention.(EducationServiceCentrewww.escweb.net).

Abolishingoperation

Gweithrediaddileu

Amotivatingoperationthatdecreasesthereinforcingeffectivenessofastimulus,object,oreventanddecreasestheprobabilityofbehavioursthathavepreviouslyresultedinthatstimulus.Forexample,thereinforcingeffectivenessoffoodisabolishedasaresultoffoodingestion.

AcceptanceandCommitmenttherapy

TherapiDerbynacYmrwymo(ThDY)

Oneofthethirdwavetherapies:drawingonverbalbehaviour,ACTutilisescreativehopelessnesstoacceptpsychologicaldistressinapositivewaywhilstmakingdecisionsbasedonone’svalues.

Accuracy Cywirdeb Theextenttowhichobservedvalues,thedataproducedbymeasuringanevent,matchthetruestate,ortruevaluesoftheeventasitexistsinnature.

Acquisition Caffael Theadditionofanewbehaviourtoanorganism’srepertoire.

Acquisitionphase

Cyfnodcaffael Thephaseinaneducationprogrammewhenthestudentislearninganewbehaviourbuthasnotmasteredtheskillasyet.

ActivitiesofDailyLiving

Sgiliaubeunyddiol/Sgiliaubywbobdydd

Alistofactivities/skillsthatareneededonadailybasistoconductdailyroutines,e.g.personalcare,domesticskills,communitylivingskillsetc.

Activity Gweithgaredd Aconditioninwhichtheorganismisengaged.

Activityschedule

Rhaglenweithgareddau

Programmeofactivities.

Page 5: Geirfa technegol ABA - Behavior Analyst Certification … technegol ABA ... Health Board. The dictionary is organised alphabetically by English terms. ... counter‐therapeutic

Geirfa technegol ABA – Glossary of ABA technical terms 3

Alternatingtreatmentsdesign

Cynlluntriniaethaubobynail

Anexperimentaldesigninwhichtwoormoreconditions(oneofwhichmaybeano‐treatmentcontrolcondition)arepresentedinrapidlyalternatingsuccession(e.g.onalternatingsessionsordays)independentofthelevelofresponding;differencesinrespondingbetweenoramongconditionsareattributedtotheeffectsoftheconditions(alsocalledconcurrentscheduledesign,multielementdesign,multiplescheduledesign).

Anecdotalobservation

Arsylwianecdotaidd

Aformofdirect,continuousobservationinwhichtheobserverrecords,adescriptive,temporallysequencedaccountofallbehaviour(s)ofinterestandtheantecedentconditionsandconsequencesforthosebehavioursasthoseeventsoccurintheclient’snaturalenvironment(alsocalledABCrecording).

Antecedent Rhagflaenydd Anenvironmentalconditionorstimuluschangeexistingoroccurringpriortoabehaviourofinterest.

Antecedentcontrol

Rheolaethrhagflaenydd

Atermusedtodescribethesituationwhenatargetbehaviourispredictedreliablybytheenvironmentalcondition/stimulusthatprecedestheoccurrenceofthatbehaviour.

Antecedentintervention

Triniaethrhagflaenydd

Abehaviourchangestrategythatmanipulatescontingency‐independentantecedentstimuli(motivatingoperations).Seenon‐contingentreinforcement,andhigh‐probabilityrequestsequence.Contrastwithantecedentcontrol,abehaviourchangeinterventionthatmanipulatescontingency‐dependentconsequenceeventstoaffectstimuluscontrol.

Antecedentstimulusclass

Categoriysgogiadrhagflaenydd

Asetofstimulithatshareacommonrelationship.Allstimuliinantecedentstimulusclasscanevokethesameoperantbehaviour,orelicitthesamerespondentbehaviour.

Arbitrarystimulusclass

Categoriysgogiadmympwyol

Antecedentstimulievokethesameresponsebutdonotresembleeachotherinphysicalformorsharearelationalaspectsuchasbiggerorunder(e.g.peanuts,cheese,coconutmilk,andchickenbreastsaremembersofthesamearbitrarystimulusclassiftheyevoketheresponse“sourcesofprotein”).

Page 6: Geirfa technegol ABA - Behavior Analyst Certification … technegol ABA ... Health Board. The dictionary is organised alphabetically by English terms. ... counter‐therapeutic

Geirfa technegol ABA – Glossary of ABA technical terms 4

Artifact Artiffact Anoutcomeorresultthatappearstoexistbecauseofthewayitismeasuredbutinfactdoesnotcorrespondtowhatactuallyoccurred.

Ascendingbaseline

Gwaelodlinesgynnol/Gwaelodlinsy’nmyndifyny

Adatapaththatshowsanincreasingtrendintheresponsemeasureovertime.(Comparewithdescendingbaseline).

Attention Talusylw Orientingtowards,focusingon,takingnotice.

Audience Cynulleidfa Observers(ofbehaviour).

Auditory Clywedol Relatingtothesenseofhearing.

AutismSpectrumDisorders

AnhwylderauSbectrwmAwtistaidd

Agroupofdisorderscharacterisedbyimpairmentsinsocialandcommunicativebehavioursaswellasrigidthoughtsandbehaviourpatterns.

Autoclitic Awtoclitig Asecondaryverbaloperantinwhichsomeaspectofaspeaker’sownverbalbehaviourfunctionsasanSdoranMOforadditionalspeakerverbalbehaviour.Theautocliticrelationcanbethoughtofasverbalbehaviouraboutverbalbehaviour.

Automaticpunishment

Cosbawtomatig Punishmentthatoccursindependentofthesocialmediationbyothers(i.e.aresponseproductservesasapunisherindependentofthesocialenvironment).

Automaticreinforcement

Atgyfnerthuawtomatig

Reinforcementthatoccursindependentofthesocialmediationofothers(e.g.scratchinganinsectbiterelievestheitch).

Automaticity(ofreinforcement)

Awtomatigiaeth Referstothefactthatbehaviourismodifiedbyitsconsequencesirrespectiveoftheperson’sawareness;apersondoesnothavetorecognizeorverbalizetherelationbetweenherbehaviourandareinforcingconsequence,orevenknowthataconsequencehasoccurred,forreinforcementto“work”.(Contrastwithautomaticreinforcement).

Aversivestimulus

Ysgogiadannymunol

Ingeneral,anunpleasantornoxiousstimulus;moretechnically,astimuluschangeorconditionthatfunctions(a)toevokeabehaviourthathasterminateditinthepast;(b)asapunisherwhenpresentedfollowingbehaviour,and/or(c)asareinforcerwhenwithdrawnfollowingbehaviour.

Avoidance Osgoi Preventingsomethingfromhappening.

Page 7: Geirfa technegol ABA - Behavior Analyst Certification … technegol ABA ... Health Board. The dictionary is organised alphabetically by English terms. ... counter‐therapeutic

Geirfa technegol ABA – Glossary of ABA technical terms 5

Avoidancecontingency

Amodoldebosgoi

Acontingencyinwhicharesponsepreventsorpostponesthepresentationofastimulus.

Backupreinforcer

Atgyfnerthyddwrthgefn

Reinforcersusedinatokeneconomy.Astudentreceivestokensfordesirablebehavioursandexchangesaspecifiednumberoftokensforanyofavarietyofbackupreinforcers.

Backwardchaining

Ôl‐gadwyno Ateachingprocedureinwhichatrainercompletesallbutthelastbehaviourinachain,whichisperformedbythelearner,whothenreceivesreinforcementforcompletingthechain.Whenthelearnershowscompetenceinperformingthefinalstepinthechain,thetrainerperformsallbutthelasttwobehavioursinthechain,thelearneremitsthefinaltwostepstocompletethechain,andreinforcementisdelivered.Thissequenceiscontinueduntilthelearnercompletestheentirechainindependently.

Backwardchainingwithleapsahead

Ôl‐gadwynoganneidioymlaen

Abackwardchainingprocedureinwhichsomestepsinthetaskanalysisareskipped;usedtoincreasetheefficiencyofteachinglongbehaviourchainswhenthereisevidencethattheskippedstepsareinthelearner’srepertoire.

Bargraph Graffbar Asimpleandversatilegraphicformatforsummarisingbehaviouraldata;sharesmostofthelinegraph’sfeaturesexceptthatitdoesnothavedistinctdatapointsrepresentingsuccessiveresponsemeasuresthroughtime.Alsocalledahistogram.

Baseline Gwaelodlin Aconditionofanexperimentinwhichtheindependentvariableisnotpresent,dataobtainedduringbaselinearethebasisfordeterminingtheeffectsoftheindependentvariable.

Behaviour Ymddygiad Theactivityoflivingorganisms:humanbehaviourincludeseverythingthatpeopledo.Atechnicaldefinition:“thatportionofanorganism’sinteractionwithitsenvironmentthatischaracterisedbydetectabledisplacementinspacethroughtimeofsomepartoftheorganismandthatresultsinameasurablechangeinatleastoneaspectoftheenvironment”(Johnston&Pennypacker,1993,p.23)

Page 8: Geirfa technegol ABA - Behavior Analyst Certification … technegol ABA ... Health Board. The dictionary is organised alphabetically by English terms. ... counter‐therapeutic

Geirfa technegol ABA – Glossary of ABA technical terms 6

Behaviour­alteringeffect(ofamotivatingoperation)

Effaithnewidymddygiadol(gweithrediadcymhellol)

Analterationinthecurrentfrequencyofbehaviourthathasbeenreinforcedbythestimulusthatisalteredineffectivenessbythesamemotivatingoperation.Forexample,thefrequencyofbehaviourthathasbeenreinforcedwithfoodisincreasedordecreasedbyfooddeprivationorfoodingestion.

Behaviourchain

Cadwynymddygiad

Asequenceofresponsesinwhicheachresponseproducesastimuluschangethatfunctionsasconditionedreinforcementforthatresponseandasadiscriminativestimulusforthenextresponseinthechain:reinforcementforthelastresponseinachainmaintainsthereinforcingeffectivenessofthestimuluschangesproducedbyallpreviousresponsesinthechain.

Behavioural Ymddygiadol Referstobehaviour.

Behaviouralcontract

Cytundebymddygiad

Contingencycontract.Awrittendocumentthatspecifiesparticulartargetbehavioursforapersonandtheconsequencesthatwillbecontingentontheoccurrenceornon‐occurrenceofthebehaviourinastatedperiodoftime.

Behaviouralcusp

Colynymddygiadol

Abehaviourthathassuddenanddramaticconsequencesthatextendwellbeyondtheidiosyncraticchangeitselfbecauseitexposesthepersontonewenvironments,reinforcers,contingencies,responsesandstimuluscontrols.

Behaviouraldeficit

Ymddygiaddiffygiol

Adesirabletargetbehaviourthatapersonseekstoincreaseinfrequency,duration,orintensity.

Behaviouralexcess

Ymddygiadgormodol

Anundesirabletargetbehaviourthatapersonseekstodecreaseinfrequency,duration,orintensity.

Behaviouralmomentum

Momentwmymddygiadol

Ametaphortodescribearateofrespondinganditsresistancetochange.

Behaviourism Ymddygiadaeth Thephilosophyofascienceofbehaviour.

Believability Credadwyedd Theextenttowhichtheresearcherconvincesherselfandothersthatthedataaretrustworthyanddeserveinterpretation.Measuresofinterobserveragreement(IOA)arethemostoftenusedindexofbelievabilityinappliedbehaviouranalysis.

Page 9: Geirfa technegol ABA - Behavior Analyst Certification … technegol ABA ... Health Board. The dictionary is organised alphabetically by English terms. ... counter‐therapeutic

Geirfa technegol ABA – Glossary of ABA technical terms 7

Celeration Cynnydd Thechange(accelerationordeceleration)inrateofrespondingovertime;basedoncountperunitoftime(rate);expressedasafactorbywhichrespondingisacceleratingordecelerating(multiplyingordividing);displayedwithatrendlineonaStandardCelerationChart.Celerationisagenerictermwithoutspecificreferencetoacceleratingordeceleratingratesofresponse.(SeeStandardCelerationChart).

Celerationtimeperiod

Cyfnodamsercynnydd

Aunitoftime(e.g.perweek,permonth)inwhichcelerationisplottedonaStandardCelerationChart.

Celerationtrendline

Tueddlincynnydd

Thecelerationtrendlineismeasuredasafactorbywhichratemultipliesordividesacrossthecelerationtimeperiods(e.g.rateperweek,ratepermonth,rateperyear,andrateperdecade).Seeceleration).

Chainedschedule

Rhaglengadwynedig

Ascheduleofreinforcementinwhichtheresponserequirementsoftwoormorebasicschedulesmustbemetinaspecificsequencebeforereinforcementisdelivered;adiscriminativestimulusiscorrelatedwitheachcomponentoftheschedule.

Chaining Cadwyno Variousproceduresforteachingbehaviourchains.(Seebackwardchaining,backwardchainingwithleapsahead,behaviourchain,forwardchaining).

Changingcriteriondesign

Cynllunmeiniprawfnewidiol

Anexperimentaldesigninwhichaninitialbaselinephaseisfollowedbyaseriesoftreatmentphasesconsistingofsuccessiveandgraduallychangingcriteriaforreinforcementorpunishment.Experimentalcontrolisevidencedbytheextentthelevelofrespondingchangestoconformtoeachnewcriterion.

Choice Dewis Thedistributionofoperantbehaviouramongalternativesourcesofreinforcement.

Classicalconditioning

Cyflyruclasurol Seerespondentconditioning.

Classroombehaviourchecklist

Rhestrymddygiaddosbarth

Usuallyreferstoalistofbehaviourspresentordesirableintheclassroomenvironment.

Clickertraining

Hyfforddiantclicyr

Atermdescribingshapingbehaviourusingconditionedreinforcementintheformofanauditorystimulus,usuallyaclick.

Page 10: Geirfa technegol ABA - Behavior Analyst Certification … technegol ABA ... Health Board. The dictionary is organised alphabetically by English terms. ... counter‐therapeutic

Geirfa technegol ABA – Glossary of ABA technical terms 8

Competingresponse

Ymatebcystadleuol

Analternativebehaviourthatoccursinplaceofanothertargetbehaviour.Typically,thecompetingresponseisphysicallyincompatiblewiththetargetbehaviour,soitsoccurrencecompeteswiththeoccurrenceofthetargetbehaviour.

Componentanalysis

Dadansoddiadcydrannol

Anyexperimentdesignedtoidentifytheactiveelementsofatreatmentcondition,therelativecontributionsofdifferentvariablesinatreatmentpackage,and/orthenecessaryandsufficientcomponentsofanintervention.Componentanalysestakemanyforms,butthebasicstrategyistocomparelevelsofrespondingacrosssuccessivephasesinwhichtheinterventionisimplementedwithoneormorecomponentsleftout.

Compoundschedule

Scediwlcyfansawdd

Ascheduleofreinforcementconsistingoftwoormoreelementsofcontinuousreinforcement(CRF),thefourintermittentschedulesofreinforcement(FR,VR,FI,VI),differentialreinforcementofvariousratesofresponding(DRH,DRL),andextinction.Theelementsformthesebasicschedulescanoccursuccessivelyorsimultaneouslyandwithorwithoutdiscriminativestimuli;reinforcementmaybecontingentonmeetingtherequirementsofeachelementofthescheduleindependentlyorincombinationwithallelements.

Conceptformation

Ffurfiocysyniadau

Acomplexexampleofstimuluscontrolthatrequiresstimulusgeneralisationwithinaclassofstimulianddiscriminationbetweenclassesofstimuli.

Concurrentschedule(ofreinforcement)

Scediwlatgyfnerthucydamserol

Ascheduleofreinforcementinwhichtwoormorecontingenciesofreinforcement(elements)operateindependentlyandsimultaneouslyfortwoormorebehaviours.

Condition Cyflyru Toteach/learnaparticularresponsetoaparticularstimulus.

Page 11: Geirfa technegol ABA - Behavior Analyst Certification … technegol ABA ... Health Board. The dictionary is organised alphabetically by English terms. ... counter‐therapeutic

Geirfa technegol ABA – Glossary of ABA technical terms 9

Conditionalprobability

Tebygolrwyddamodol

Thelikelihoodthatatargetbehaviourwilloccurinagivencircumstance;computedbycalculating(a)theproportionofoccurrencesofbehaviourthatwereprecededbyaspecificantecedentvariableand(b)theproportionofoccurrencesofproblembehaviourthatwerefollowedbyaspecificconsequence.Conditionalprobabilitiesrangefrom0.0to1.0;theclosertheconditionalprobabilityisto1.0,thestrongertherelationshipisbetweenthetargetbehaviourandtheantecedent/consequencevariable.

Conditioned Cyflyriedig Learned.

Conditionedmotivatingoperation(CMO)

Gweithrediadcymhellolcyflyriedig

Amotivatingoperationwhosevalue‐alteringeffectdependsonalearninghistory.Forexample,becauseoftherelationbetweenlockeddoorsandkeys,havingtoopenalockeddoorisaCMOthatmakeskeysmoreeffectiveasreinforcers,andevokesbehaviourthathasobtainedsuchkeys.

Conditionednegativereinforcer

Atgyfnerthyddnegyddolcyflyriedig

Apreviouslyneutralstimuluschangethatfunctionsasanegativereinforcerbecauseofpriorpairingwithoneormorenegativereinforcers.(Seenegativereinforcer;comparewithunconditionednegativereinforcer).

Conditionedpunisher

Cosbgyflyriedig Apreviouslyneutralstimuluschangethatfunctionsasapunisherbecauseofpriorpairingwithoneormoreotherpunishers;sometimescalledsecondaryorlearnedpunisher.(Comparewithunconditionedpunisher).

Conditionedreflex

Atgyrchcyflyriedig

Alearnedstimulus‐responsefunctionalrelationconsistingofanantecedentstimulus(e.g.soundofrefrigeratordooropening)andtheresponseitelicits(e.g.salivation);eachperson’srepertoireofconditionedreflexesistheproductofhisorherhistoryofinteractionswiththeenvironment(ontogeny).(Seerespondentconditioning,unconditionedreflex).

Conditionedreinforcer

Atgyfnerthyddcyflyriedig

Astimuluschangethatfunctionsasareinforcerbecauseofpriorpairingwithoneormoreotherreinforcers;sometimescalledsecondaryorlearnedreinforcer.

Page 12: Geirfa technegol ABA - Behavior Analyst Certification … technegol ABA ... Health Board. The dictionary is organised alphabetically by English terms. ... counter‐therapeutic

Geirfa technegol ABA – Glossary of ABA technical terms 10

Conditionedstimulus

Ysgogiadcyflyriedig

Thestimuluscomponentofaconditionedreflex;aformerlyneutralstimuluschangethatelicitsrespondentbehaviouronlyafterithasbeenpairedwithanunconditionedstimulus(US)oranotherCS.

Confidentiality Cyfrinachedd Describesasituationoftrustinsofarasinformationregardingapersonreceivingorhavingreceivedservicesmaynotbediscussedwithorotherwisemadeavailabletoanotherpersonorgroup,unlessthatpersonhasprovidedexplicitauthorizationforreleaseofsuchinformation.

Confoundingvariable

Newidyndryslyd

Anuncontrolledfactorknownorsuspectedtoexertinfluenceonthedependentvariable.

Consequence Canlyniad Astimuluschangethatfollowsabehaviourofinterest.Someconsequences,especiallythosethatareimmediateandrelevanttocurrentmotivationalstates,havesignificantinfluenceoffuturebehaviour,othershavelittleeffect.

Contingency Amodoldeb Referstodependentand/ortemporalrelationsbetweenoperantbehaviouranditscontrollingvariables.

Contingencycontract

Cytundebamodol

Amutuallyagreedupondocumentbetweenpartiesthatspecifiesacontingentrelationshipbetweenthecompletionofspecifiedbehavioursandaccesstospecifiedreinforcers.

Contingencyreversal

Gwrthdroiamodau

Exchangingthereinforcementcontingenciesfortwotopographicallydifferentresponses.Forexample,ifBehaviourAresultsinreinforcementonanFR1scheduleofreinforcementandBehaviourBresultsinreinforcementbeingwithheld(extinction);acontingencyreversalconsistsofchangingthecontingenciessuchthatBehaviourAnowresultsinextinctionandBehaviourBresultsinreinforcementonanFR1schedule.

Contingent Amodol Describesreinforcement(orpunishment)thatisdeliveredonlyafterthetargetbehaviourhasoccurred.

Contingentobservation

Arsylwiamodol Aprocedureforimplementingtime‐outinwhichthepersonisrepositionedwithinanexistingsettingsuchthatobservationofongoingactivitiesremains,butaccesstoreinforcementislost.

Page 13: Geirfa technegol ABA - Behavior Analyst Certification … technegol ABA ... Health Board. The dictionary is organised alphabetically by English terms. ... counter‐therapeutic

Geirfa technegol ABA – Glossary of ABA technical terms 11

Continuousmeasurement

Mesurdi‐dor Measurementconductedinamannersuchthatallinstancesoftheresponseclass(es)ofinterestaredetectedduringtheobservationperiod.

Continuousreinforcement(CRF)

Atgyfnerthubobtro

Ascheduleofreinforcementthatprovidesreinforcementforeachoccurrenceofthetargetbehaviour.

Contrivedcontingency

Amodoldebgwneud

Anycontingencyofreinforcement(orpunishment)designedandimplementedbyabehaviouranalystorpractitionertoachievetheacquisition,maintenance,and/orgeneralizationofatargetedbehaviourchange.(Contrastwithnaturallyexistingcontingency).

Count Cyfrif Asimpletallyofthenumberofoccurrencesofabehaviour.Thedurationoftheobservationperiod,orcountingtime,shouldalwaysbenotedwhenreportingcountmeasures.

Countingtime Amsercyfrif Theperiodoftimeinwhichacountofthenumberofresponsesemittedwasrecorded.

Covertbehaviour

Ymddygiadcudd Behaviourthatisnotobservabletoothers.Covertbehavioursarealsocalledprivateevents.

Criterion Maenprawf Thestandardusedtoindicatewhenabehaviouralgoalhasbeenreached;orthespecificationofanacceptablelevelofperformancethatanindividualistoachieve.Criteriaarecomposedofbehaviouraldimensionsandareusedtoevaluatethesuccessofagivenbehaviouranalysisprogramme.

Cumulativerecord

Cofnodcronnus Atypeofgraphonwhichthecumulativenumberofresponsesemittedisrepresentedontheverticalaxis;thesteepertheslopeofthedatapath,thegreatertheresponserate.

Curriculum Cwricwlwm Acurriculumcomprisesalllearningandotherexperiencesthateachsettingplansforitschildrentodevelopsocially,morally,culturally,physicallyandmentallyandarepreparedfortheopportunitiesandexperiencesofadultlife.(ABACompetenciesprojectwritinggroup:http://www.ambitiousaboutautism.org.uk/what_we_do/applied_behaviour_analysis/aba_competencies.cfm)

Page 14: Geirfa technegol ABA - Behavior Analyst Certification … technegol ABA ... Health Board. The dictionary is organised alphabetically by English terms. ... counter‐therapeutic

Geirfa technegol ABA – Glossary of ABA technical terms 12

Data Data Theproductofmeasurement,usuallyinquantifiableform;inappliedbehaviouranalysis;itreferstomeasuresofsomequantifiabledimensionsofabehaviour.

Datadriven Saildata Decisionsmadewithreferencetoevidencegatheredfrommeasurement.

Datapath Llwybrdata Thelevelandtrendofbehaviourbetweensuccessivedatapoints;createdbydrawingastraightlinefromthecentreofeachdatapointinagivendatasettothecentreofthenextdatapointinthesameset.

Dependentvariable

Newidyndibynnol

Thevariableinanexperimentmeasuredtodetermineifitchangesasaresultofmanipulationsoftheindependentvariable;inappliedbehaviouranalysis,itrepresentssomemeasureofasociallysignificantbehaviour.(Seetargetbehaviour,comparewithindependentvariable).

Deprivation Amddifadiad Thestateofanorganismwithrespecttohowmuchtimehaselapsedsinceithasconsumedorcontactedaparticulartypeofreinforcer,alsoreferstoaprocedureforincreasingtheeffectivenessofareinforcer(e.g.with‐holdingaperson’saccesstoareinforcerforaspecifiedperiodoftimepriortoasession).

Descendingbaseline

Gwaelodlindisgynnol/Gwaelodlinsy’ndodilawr

Adatapaththatshowsadecreasingtrendintheresponsemeasureovertime.(Comparewithascendingbaseline).

Descriptivefunctionalbehaviourassessment

Asesiadymddygiadswyddogaetholdisgrifiol

Directobservationofproblembehaviourandtheantecedentandconsequenteventsundernaturallyoccurringconditions.

Determinism Penderfyniaeth Theassumptionthattheuniverseisalawfulandorderlyplaceinwhichphenomenaoccurinrelationtoothereventsandnotinawilly‐nilly,accidentalfashion.

Differentialreinforcement

Atgyfnerthugwahaniaethol

Reinforcingonlythoseresponseswithinaresponseclassthatmeetaspecificcriterionalongsomedimension(s)(i.e.frequency,topography,duration,latency,ormagnitude)andplacingallotherresponsesintheclassonextinction.

Page 15: Geirfa technegol ABA - Behavior Analyst Certification … technegol ABA ... Health Board. The dictionary is organised alphabetically by English terms. ... counter‐therapeutic

Geirfa technegol ABA – Glossary of ABA technical terms 13

DifferentialReinforcementofAlternativeBehaviours(DRA)

Atgyfnerthugwahaniaetholymddygiadaugwahanol(DRA)

Aprocedurefordecreasingproblembehaviourinwhichreinforcementisdeliveredforabehaviourthatservesasadesirablealternativetothebehaviourtargetedforreductionandwithheldfollowinginstancesoftheproblembehaviour.

Differentialreinforcementofdiminishingrates(DRD)

Atgyfnerthugwahaniaetholymddygiadsy’nlleihau(DRD)

Ascheduleofreinforcementinwhichreinforcementisprovidedattheendofapredeterminedintervalcontingentonthenumberofresponsesemittedduringtheintervalbeingfewerthanagraduallydecreasingcriterionbasedontheindividual’sperformanceinpreviousintervals.

Differentialreinforcementofhighrates(DRH)

Atgyfnerthugwahaniaetholcyfradduchelymddygiad(DRH)

Ascheduleofreinforcementinwhichreinforcementisprovidedattheendofapredeterminedintervalcontingentonthenumberofresponsesemittedduringtheintervalbeinggreaterthanagraduallyincreasingcriterionbasedontheindividual’sperformanceinpreviousintervals.

DifferentialReinforcementofIncompatibleBehaviours(DRI)

Atgyfnerthugwahaniaetholymddygiadauanghydnaws(DRI)

Aprocedurefordecreasingproblembehaviourinwhichreinforcementisdeliveredforabehaviourthatistopographicallyincompatiblewiththebehaviourtargetedforreductionandwithheldfollowinginstancesoftheproblembehaviour.

DifferentialReinforcementofLowRatesofBehaviour(DRL)

Atgyfnerthugwahaniaetholcyfraddiselymddygiad(DRL)

Ascheduleofreinforcementinwhichreinforcement(a)followseachoccurrenceofthetargetbehaviourthatisseparatedfromthepreviousresponsebyaminimuminterresponsetime(IRT),or(b)iscontingentonthenumberofresponseswithinaperiodoftimenotexceedingapredeterminedcriterion.PractitionersuseDRLschedulestodecreasetherateofbehavioursthatoccurtoofrequentlybutshouldbemaintainedinthelearner’srepertoire.

DifferentialReinforcementofOtherBehaviours(DRO)

Atgyfnerthugwahaniaetholymddygiadauamgen(DRO)

Aprocedurefordecreasingproblembehaviourinwhichreinforcementiscontingentontheabsenceoftheproblembehaviourduringoratspecifictimes.

Directassessment

Asesuuniongyrchol

Behaviouralassessmentinvolvingdirectobservationandrecordingofthebehaviourasitoccurs.Directassessmentmayalsorefertodirectobservationandrecordingoftheantecedentsandconsequencesofthebehaviour.

Page 16: Geirfa technegol ABA - Behavior Analyst Certification … technegol ABA ... Health Board. The dictionary is organised alphabetically by English terms. ... counter‐therapeutic

Geirfa technegol ABA – Glossary of ABA technical terms 14

Directobservation

Arsylwiuniongyrchol

Seedirectassessment.

DirectInstruction

AddysguUniongyrchol

DirectInstruction(DI)isamodelforteachingthatemphasizeswelldevelopedandcarefullyplannedlessonsdesignedaroundsmalllearningincrementsandclearlydefinedandprescribedteachingtasks.Itisbasedonthetheorythatclearinstructioneliminatingmisinterpretationscangreatlyimproveandacceleratelearning.(http://www.nifdi.org).

Directmeasurement

Mesuriaduniongyrchol

Occurswhenthebehaviourthatismeasuredisthesameasthebehaviourthatisthefocusoftheinvestigation.

DiscreteTrialTraining

HyfforddiantProfionArwahanol

Athree‐stepcontingencycharacterisedbyadiscriminativestimulus,astudent’sresponse,andconsequence.

DiscriminativeStimulus

YsgogiadGwahaniaethol

Astimulusinthepresenceofwhichresponsesofsometypehavebeenreinforcedandintheabsenceofwhichthesametypeofresponseshaveoccurredandhavenotbeenreinforced.ThishistoryofdifferentialreinforcementisthereasonthatanSdincreasesthemomentaryfrequencyofthebehaviour.

Duration Cyfnod Ameasureofthetotalextentoftimeinwhichabehaviouroccurs.

Echoic Ecoig Anelementaryverbaloperantinvolvingaresponsethatisevokedbyaverbaldiscriminantstimulusthathaspoint‐to‐pointcorrespondenceandformalsimilaritywiththeresponse.

Ecologicalassessment

Asesiadecolegol Anassessmentprotocolthatacknowledgescomplexinterrelationshipsbetweenenvironmentandbehaviour.Anecologicalassessmentisamethodforobtainingdataacrossmultiplesettingsandpersons.

Elicit Ennyn Atermusedtodescribebehavioursproducedbyclassicalorrespondentconditioning,iebehavioursconsiderednottobeundervoluntarycontrol.

Emit Allyrru Atermusedtodescribebehavioursproducedbyoperantconditioning,i.e.behavioursthatareconsideredtobevoluntarybehaviours,andunderthecontroloftheirconsequences.

Page 17: Geirfa technegol ABA - Behavior Analyst Certification … technegol ABA ... Health Board. The dictionary is organised alphabetically by English terms. ... counter‐therapeutic

Geirfa technegol ABA – Glossary of ABA technical terms 15

Empiricism Empiriaeth Theobjectiveobservationofthephenomenaofinterest.

Environment Amgylchedd Theconglomerateofrealcircumstancesinwhichtheorganismorreferencedpartoftheorganismexists;behaviourcannotoccurintheabsenceofenvironment.

Escapecontingency

Amodoldebdianc

Acontingencyinwhicharesponseterminates(producesescapefrom)anongoingstimulus.(Comparewithavoidancecontingency).

Escapeextinction

Difodiantdianc Behavioursmaintainedwithnegativereinforcementareplacedonescapeextinctionwhenthosebehavioursarenotfollowedbyterminationoftheaversivestimulus;emittingthetargetbehaviourdoesnotenablethepersontoescapetheaversivesituation.

Errorcorrectionprocedure

DullCywiro TheagreedprotocolofeventswhenastudentrespondsincorrectlytoagivenSd.

Establishingoperation

Gweithrediadsefydlu

Amotivatingoperationthatestablishes(increases)theeffectivenessofsomestimulus,objectoreventasareinforcer.

Anantecedenteventorchangeintheenvironmentthatalterstheeffectivenessofthereinforcerandtheratesoftheresponsesthathaveproducedthatreinforcerpreviously.Havingjusteatenalargemealwilldiminishtheeffectivenessofediblereinforcers.Similarly,deprivationwillincreasetheeffectivenessofreinforcers.

Ethics Moeseg Behaviours,practices,anddecisionsthataddresssuchbasicandfundamentalquestionsas:Whatistherightthingtodo?What’sworthdoing?Whatdoesitmeantobeagoodbehaviouranalyticpractitioner?

Eventrecording

Cofnodidigwyddiad

Measurementprocedureforobtainingatallyorcountofthenumberoftimesabehaviouroccurs.

Evidencebasedpractice

Ymarferarsailtystiolaeth

Clinicalpracticewhosepracticeisgroundeddirectlyintheconclusionsofpeerreviewedpublishedresearch.

Page 18: Geirfa technegol ABA - Behavior Analyst Certification … technegol ABA ... Health Board. The dictionary is organised alphabetically by English terms. ... counter‐therapeutic

Geirfa technegol ABA – Glossary of ABA technical terms 16

Evocativeeffect(ofamotivatingoperation)

Effaithalwadol(gweithrediadcymhellol)

Anincreaseinthecurrentfrequencyofabehaviourthathasbeenreinforcedbythestimulusthatisincreasedinreinforcingeffectivenessbythesamemotivatingoperation.

Evoke Galw Atermusedtodescribebehavioursthatareproducedbymotivatingoperations.

Experiment Arbrawf Acarefullycontrolledcomparisonofsomemeasureofthephenomenonofinterest(thedependentvariable)undertwoormoredifferentconditionsinwhichonlyonefactoratatime(theindependentvariable)differsfromoneconditiontoanother.

Experimentalanalysisofbehaviour

Dadansoddiymddygiadarbrofol

Anaturalscienceapproachtothestudyofbehaviourasasubjectmatterinitsownright.

Experimentalcontrol

Rheolaetharbrofol

Twomeanings:theoutcomeofanexperimentthatdemonstratesconvincinglyafunctionalrelation,meaningthatexperimentalcontrolisachievedwhenapredictablechangeinbehaviourcanbereliablyproducedbymanipulatingaspecificaspectoftheenvironmentand(b)theextenttowhicharesearchermaintainsprecisecontroloftheindependentvariablebypresentingit,withdrawingit,and/orvaryingitsvalue,andalsobyeliminatingorholdingconstantallconfoundingandextraneousvariables.

Experimentaldesign

Cynllunarbrawf Theparticulartypeandsequenceofconditionsinastudysothatmeaningfulcomparisonsoftheeffectsofthepresenceandabsenceoftheindependentvariablecanbemade.

Experimentalquestion

Cwestiwnarbrawf

Astatementofwhattheresearcherseekstolearnbyconductingtheexperiment.

Explanatoryfiction

Ffugleneglurol Afictitiousorhypotheticalvariablethatoftentakestheformofanothernamefortheobservedphenomenonitclaimstoexplainandcontributesnothingtoafunctionalaccountorunderstandingofthephenomenon.

Externalvalidity

Dilysrwyddallanol

Thedegreetowhichastudy’sfindingshavegeneralitytoothersubjects,settings,and/orbehaviours.

Extinction Difodiant Thediscontinuingofareinforcementofapreviouslyreinforcedbehaviour.

Page 19: Geirfa technegol ABA - Behavior Analyst Certification … technegol ABA ... Health Board. The dictionary is organised alphabetically by English terms. ... counter‐therapeutic

Geirfa technegol ABA – Glossary of ABA technical terms 17

Extinctionburst

Ffrwydriaddifodiant

Anincreaseinthefrequencyofrespondingwhenanextinctionprocedureisinitiallyimplemented.

Fading Gwanhau Aprocedurefortransferringstimuluscontrolinwhichfeaturesofanantecedentstimulus(e.g.size,shape,position,colour)controllingabehaviouraregraduallychangedtoanewstimuluswhilemaintainingthecurrentbehaviour.

Fixedintervalschedule

Scediwlysbeidiausefydlog

Ascheduleofreinforcementinwhichreinforcementisdeliveredforthefirstresponseemittedfollowingthepassageofafixeddurationoftimesincethelastresponsewasreinforced.

Fixedratioschedule

Scediwlcymarebausefydlog

Aresponse‐basedscheduleofreinforcementthatdeliversreinforcementafterafixednumberofresponsesaremade.Onafixedratio10(FR10),theorganismmustmake10responsesforreinforcement.Usuallycausesindividualstopauseafterreinforcementandthenworkataveryhighrateuntilthenextreinforcement.

Fluency Rhuglder Achievingaccuracyplusspeedascriteriaformastery.

Fluencypractice

Ymarferrhuglder

Practicetoachievefluencyataparticularsetofbehaviours.

Forwardchaining

Cadwynoymlaen

Amethodforteachingbehaviourchainsthatbeginswiththelearnerbeingpromptedandtaughttoperformthefirstbehaviourinthetaskanalysis;thetrainercompletestheremainingstepsinthechain.Whenthelearnershowscompetenceinperformingthefirststepinthechain,heisthentaughttoperformthefirsttwobehavioursinthechain,withthetrainercompletingthechain.Thisprocessiscontinueduntilthelearnercompletestheentirechainindependently.

Freeoperant Gweithrediadrhydd

Anyoperantbehaviourthatresultsinminimaldisplacementoftheparticipantintimeandspace.Afreeoperantcanbeemittedatnearlyanytime;itisdiscrete,itrequiresminimaltimeforcompletion,anditcanproduceawiderangeofresponserates.ExamplesinABAinclude(a)thenumberofwordsreadduringa1‐minutecountingperiod,(b)thenumberofhandslapsper6seconds,and(c)thenumberofletterstrokeswrittenin3minutes.

Page 20: Geirfa technegol ABA - Behavior Analyst Certification … technegol ABA ... Health Board. The dictionary is organised alphabetically by English terms. ... counter‐therapeutic

Geirfa technegol ABA – Glossary of ABA technical terms 18

Frequency Amledd Aratioofcountperobservationtime;oftenexpressedascountperstandardunitoftime(e.g.perminute,perhour,perday)andcalculatedbydividingthenumberofresponsesrecordedbythenumberofstandardunitsoftimeinwhichobservationswereconducted.

Function Swyddogaeth Cause.

Functionalanalysis

Dadansoddiadswyddogaethol

Ananalysisofthepurposesofproblembehaviour,whereinantecedentsandconsequencesrepresentingthoseintheperson’snaturalroutinesarearrangedwithinanexperimentaldesignsothattheirseparateeffectsonproblembehaviourcanbeobservedandmeasured.Thistypicallyconsistsoffourconditions:threetestconditions–contingentattention,contingentescape,andalone–andacontrolconditioninwhichproblembehaviourisexpectedtobelowbecausereinforcementisfreelyavailableandnodemandsareplacedontheperson.

Functionalassessment

Asesiadswyddogaethol

Asystematicassessmentofthefunctionsofproblembehaviour.

Functionalcommuni­cationtraining

Hyfforddicyfathrebuswyddogaethol

Anantecedentinterventioninwhichanappropriatecommunicativebehaviouristaughtasareplacementbehaviourforproblembehaviourusuallyevokedbyanestablishingoperation(EO);involvesdifferentialreinforcementofalternativebehaviour(DRA).

Functionalequivalence

Cywertheddswyddogaethol

Servingthesamefunctionorpurpose;differenttopographiesofbehaviourarefunctionallyequivalentiftheyproducethesameconsequences.

Functionalrelation

Perthynasswyddogaethol

Averbalstatementsummarizingtheresultsofanexperiment(orgroupofrelatedexperiments)thatdescribestheoccurrenceofthephenomenaunderstudyasafunctionoftheoperationofoneormorespecifiedandcontrolledvariablesintheexperimentinwhichaspecificchangeinoneevent(thedependentvariable)canbeproducedbymanipulatinganotherevent(theindependentvariable),andthechangeinthedependentvariablewasunlikelytheresultofotherfactors(confoundingvariables).

Page 21: Geirfa technegol ABA - Behavior Analyst Certification … technegol ABA ... Health Board. The dictionary is organised alphabetically by English terms. ... counter‐therapeutic

Geirfa technegol ABA – Glossary of ABA technical terms 19

Generalcaseanalysis

Dadansoddicyffredinoliachos

Asystematicprocessforidentifyingandselectingteachingexamplesthatrepresentthefullrangeofstimulusvariationsandresponserequirementsinthegeneralizationsettings.

Generalcaseprogramming

Rhaglennucyffredinoliachos

Astrategyforpromotinggeneralizationthatinvolvestheuseofmultipletrainingexamples(stimulusexemplars)thatsampletherangeofstimulussituationsandresponsevariations.

Generalization Cyffredinoli Aprocessinwhichthebehaviouroccursinthepresenceofantecedentstimulithataresimilarinsomewaytothediscriminativestimuluspresentwhenthebehaviourwasreinforced.Generalizationisalsodefinedastheoccurrenceofatargetbehaviourinanon‐trainingsituationaftertraining.

Gesturalprompt

Promtystumiol Aphysicalmovementorgestureofanotherpersonthatleadstothecorrectbehaviourinthepresenceofthediscriminativestimulus.

Goalsetting Gosodtargedau Aself‐managementstrategyinwhichthepersondecidesonandwritesdownthedesiredleveloftargetbehaviourthats/hehopestoachieveasaresultofself‐managementprocedures.

Also:theprocessofdecidingonthedesiredleveloftargetbehaviour.

Graph Graff Avisualformatfordisplayingdata;revealsrelationsamongandbetweenaseriesofmeasurementsandrelevantvariables.

Graduatedguidance

Cefnogaethraddedig

Apromptingstrategyusedwiththetotaltaskpresentationprocedureinwhichfullhand‐over‐handassistanceisprovidedasapromptforthelearnertocompletethebehaviour.Asthelearnerbeginstoengageinthebehaviourindependently,assistanceisgraduallyfadedbutthelearner’smovementscontinuetobeshadowed,sothatassistancecanbegivenwheneveritbecomesnecessary.Eventually,theshadowingiseliminated,andthelearnerengagesinthebehaviourindependently.

Page 22: Geirfa technegol ABA - Behavior Analyst Certification … technegol ABA ... Health Board. The dictionary is organised alphabetically by English terms. ... counter‐therapeutic

Geirfa technegol ABA – Glossary of ABA technical terms 20

Groupcontingency

Amodoldebgrŵp

Acontingencyinwhichreinforcementforallmembersofagroupisdependentonthebehaviourof(a)apersonwithinthegroup,(b)aselectgroupofmemberswithinthelargergroup,or(c)eachmemberofthegroupmeetingaperformancecriterion.

Habit Arferiad Abehaviourpatternthatiswellestablished.

Habilitation Cymhwysiad Habilitation(adjustment)occurswhenaperson’srepertoirehasbeenchangedsuchthatshort‐andlong‐termreinforcersaremaximisedandshort‐andlong‐termpunishersareminimized.

Habituation Cynefino Adecreaseinresponsivenesstorepeatedpresentationsofastimulus.

Icon Eicon Asymbolorsign.

Imitation Efelychu Copyingtheactionsetcofanother.Imitationskillsareviewedaskeybehaviouralcuspstothelearningofarangeofotherskills,astypicallydevelopingstudentsacquiremanyskillsbyobservingothers’actions.

Incidentalgoals

Targedauatodol Targetssetusuallytogeneraliseskills.e.g.maygeneraliseskillsthathavebeenspecificallytaughtinaDTIcontexttonovelsettingsorwithnewpeople.

Independentvariable

Newidynannibynnol

Thevariablethatissystematicallymanipulatedbytheresearcherinanexperimenttoseewhetherchangesintheindependentvariableproducereliablechangesinthedependentvariable.

Indirectmeasurement

Mesuriadanuniongyrchol

Occurswhenthebehaviourthatismeasuredisinsomewaydifferentfromthebehaviourofinterest.

Informedconsent

Cydsyniadgwybodus

Theprocessinwhichtheclientisinformedofthebehaviourchangeproceduretobeusedandagreesinwritingtoundergotheprocedure.

Instructionalsetting

Sefyllfaaddysgu Theenvironmentwhereinstructionoccurs;includesallaspectsoftheenvironment,plannedandunplanned,thatmayinfluencethelearner’sacquisitionandgeneralisationofthetargetbehaviour.

Intermittentreinforcement

Atgyfnerthiadysbeidiol

Whenreinforcementisdeliveredaftersomebutnotallinstancesofthedesiredbehaviour.

Page 23: Geirfa technegol ABA - Behavior Analyst Certification … technegol ABA ... Health Board. The dictionary is organised alphabetically by English terms. ... counter‐therapeutic

Geirfa technegol ABA – Glossary of ABA technical terms 21

Internalvalidity

Dilysrwyddmewnol

Theextenttowhichanexperimentshowsconvincinglythatchangesinbehaviourareafunctionoftheindependentvariableandnottheresultofuncontrolledorunknownvariables.

Interobserveragreement

Cytundebrhwngarsylwyr

Thedegreetowhichtwoormoreindependentobserversreportthesameobservedvaluesaftermeasuringthesameevents.

Inter­responsetime

Cyfnodrhwng‐ymateb

Thetimebetweentheoccurrenceofconsecutiveresponses.

IntervalDRL CyfnodDRL

(Cyfnodatgyfnerthugwahaniaetholcyfraddiselymateb)

AtypeofDRLprocedurethatinvolvesdividingasessionintoconsecutiveintervalsortimeandprovidingthereinforcerifnomorethanoneresponseoccurredineachinterval.

Intervalrecording

Cofnodicyfnod Atypeofbehaviourrecordingprocedureinwhichtheobservationperiodisdividedupintoanumberofconsecutivetimeintervalsandthebehaviourisrecordedasoccurringornotoccurringineachoftheintervals.

Intervention Ymyrraeth Treatment.Theprecisedescriptionoftacticsinplacetoincreaseordecreaseaspecificbehaviourforanindividual,includingadescriptionofthatbehaviour(ABACompetenciesprojectwritinggroup).

Intraverbal Rhyngweithiad Anelementaryverbaloperantthatisevokedbyaverbaldiscriminativestimulusandthatdoesnothavepointtopointcorrespondencewiththatverbalstimulus.

IQ CyniferyddDeallusol

IntelligenceQuotient:ameasureofintelligenceobtainedbytestingapersononastandardisedtestbattery.Thetestincludesarangeofelements:measuringverbalandnon‐verbalskillsandratinganindividualagainstthescoresofthepopulation.

NBAstandardisedIQtestiscurrentlynotavailableinWelsh.

Irreversibility Naturddiwrthdro

Asituationthatoccurswhenthelevelofrespondingobservedinapreviousphasecannotbereproducedeventhoughtheexperimentalconditionsarethesameastheywereduringtheearlierphase.

Page 24: Geirfa technegol ABA - Behavior Analyst Certification … technegol ABA ... Health Board. The dictionary is organised alphabetically by English terms. ... counter‐therapeutic

Geirfa technegol ABA – Glossary of ABA technical terms 22

Latency Cyfnodcynymateb

Theelapsedtimebetweenfromtheonsetofastimulustotheinitiationofaresponse.

Learner Dysgwr

Anypersonengagedinlearningabehaviour(ABACompetenciesprojectwritinggroup:http://www.ambitiousaboutautism.org.uk/what_we_do/applied_behaviour_analysis/aba_competencies.cfm)

LearningDifficulty

AnhawsterDysgu

Usuallyreferstoaspecificareaoflearningthatsomechildrenmayfindmoredifficulttolearnthanmostoftheirpeers,e.g.reading,mathematics,writing.Mayoccurinmoregeneraltermsbutdistinctfromlearningdisability,seebelow.

LearningDisability

AnableddDysgu AnIQbelow70asmeasuredonastandardisedtestbatterywithadaptiveskilldeficits.Usuallyreferstogloballearningdifficulties.

Level Lefel Thevalueontheverticalaxisaroundwhichaseriesofbehaviouralmeasuresconverge.

Linegraph Graffllinell BasedonaCartesianplane,atwo‐dimensionalareaformedbytheintersectionoftwoperpendicularlines.Anypointwithintheplanerepresentsaspecificrelationbetweenthetwodimensionsdescribedbytheintersectinglines.Itisthemostcommongraphicformatfordisplayingdatainappliedbehaviouranalysis.

Listener Gwrandawr Someonewhoprovidesreinforcementforverbalbehaviour.Alistenermayalsoserveasanaudienceevokingverbalbehaviour.

Logical Rhesymegol Accordingtotherulesoflogic,capableofshowingrationalthought.

Longtermgoal

Nod/Amcantymorhir

Agoalsetformasteryoveralongerperiodoftime.Usuallyreferstoaskillthatthestudentwouldnotbeabletoperformcurrently,andwillusuallyneedtolearnandmasterseveralotherskills/goalsfirst.

Magnitude Maint Theforceorintensitywithwhicharesponseisemitted;providesimportantquantitativeparametersusedindefiningandverifyingtheoccurrenceofsomeresponseclasses.Responsesmeetingthosecriteriaaremeasuredandreportedbyoneormorefundamentalorderivativemeasuressuchasfrequency,durationorlatency.

Page 25: Geirfa technegol ABA - Behavior Analyst Certification … technegol ABA ... Health Board. The dictionary is organised alphabetically by English terms. ... counter‐therapeutic

Geirfa technegol ABA – Glossary of ABA technical terms 23

Maintenance Cynhaliaeth Twodifferentmeaningsinappliedbehaviouranalysis:(a)theextenttowhichthelearnercontinuestoperformthetargetbehaviourafteraportionoralloftheinterventionhasbeenterminated,and(b)aconditioninwhichtreatmenthasbeendiscontinuedorpartiallywithdrawn.

Mand Mand AnelementaryverbaloperantthatisevokedbyanMOandfollowedbyspecificreinforcement.

Master Meistroli Whenastudenthaslearnedaspecificresponsetoaspecifieddegree.

Masterycriterion

Maenprawfmeistroli

Thespecifieddegreetowhichaparticulartaskmustbelearned.

Matchinglaw Rheolcyfatebu Theallocationofresponsestochoicesavailableonconcurrentschedulesofreinforcement;ratesofrespondingacrosschoicesaredistributedinproportionsthatmatchtheratesofreinforcementreceivedfromeachchoicealternative.

Matchingtosample

Cyfatebu Aprocedureforinvestigatingconditionalrelationsandstimulusequivalence.

Mean Cymedr Average(number/totalnumberx100).

Measurement Mesuriad Quantifyingdata.

Mediumtermgoal

Nod/Amcantymorcanolig

Usuallyreferstoagoalofmasteryofcertainskillswhichmaynotbeachievableimmediatelybythestudent,butmaybeachievableinthemediumtermoncemasteryofotherskillshasbeenachieved.

Mentalism Meddyliaeth/

ymenyddiaeth

Anapproachtoexplainingbehaviourthatassumesthatamentalor“inner”dimensionexiststhatdiffersfromabehaviouraldimensionandthatphenomenainthisdimensioneitherdirectlycauseoratleastmediatesomeformsofbehaviour,ifnotall.

Method­ologicalbehaviourism

Ymddygiad‐aethfethodolegol

Aphilosophicalpositionthatviewsbehaviouraleventsthatcannotbepubliclyobservedasoutsidetherealmofscience.

Page 26: Geirfa technegol ABA - Behavior Analyst Certification … technegol ABA ... Health Board. The dictionary is organised alphabetically by English terms. ... counter‐therapeutic

Geirfa technegol ABA – Glossary of ABA technical terms 24

Modellingprompt

Promtmodelu Atypeofpromptinwhichtheteacherdemonstratesthetargetbehaviourforthelearner.Modellingworksbestinconjunctionwithinstructions,insituationsinwhichthelearnerhastheopportunitytorehearsethebehaviourimmediatelyinaroleplay.

Momentarytimesampling

Sampluamsereiladol/Recordiopresenoldeb/absenoldebymddygiadofewnamserpenodol

Ameasurementmethodinwhichthepresenceorabsenceofbehavioursarerecordedatpreciselyspecifiedtimeintervals.

Momentum Momentwm Theimpetusgainedbyamovingbody.

Motivatingoperation

Gweithrediadcymhellol

Anenvironmentalvariablethat(a)alters(increasesordecreases)thereinforcingeffectivenessofsomestimulus,objectorevent;and(b)alters(increasesordecreases)thecurrentfrequencyofallbehaviourthathavebeenreinforcedbythatstimulus,objectorevent.

Motivation Cymhelliad Drive.

Motorskills Sgiliaucorfforol Skillsinvolvingphysicalmovements.

Multielementdesign

Cynllunamlelfen Seealternatingtreatmentsdesign.

Multiplebaselinedesign

Cynllungwaelodliniaulluosog

Anexperimentaldesignthatbeginswiththeconcurrentmeasurementoftwoormorebehavioursinabaselinecondition,followedbytheapplicationofthetreatmentvariabletooneofthebehaviourswhilebaselineconditionsremainineffectfortheotherbehaviour(s).Aftermaximumchangehasbeennotedinthefirstbehaviour,thetreatmentvariableisappliedinsequentialfashiontoeachoftheotherbehavioursinthedesign.Experimentalcontrolisdemonstratedifeachbehaviourshowssimilarchangeswhen,andonlywhen,thetreatmentvariableisintroduced.

Page 27: Geirfa technegol ABA - Behavior Analyst Certification … technegol ABA ... Health Board. The dictionary is organised alphabetically by English terms. ... counter‐therapeutic

Geirfa technegol ABA – Glossary of ABA technical terms 25

Multipleexemplartraining

Hyfforddiantenghreifftiaulluosog

Instructionthatprovidesthelearnerwithpracticewithavarietyofstimulusconditions,responsevariations,andresponsetopographiestoensuretheacquisitionofdesiredstimuluscontrolsresponseforms,usedtopromotebothsetting/situationgeneralisationandresponsegeneralisation.

Naming Enwi Theactionofverballyattributingalabelornametoaparticularobject/item.Usuallytaughtsystematically.Usuallyreferstoalabelcommonlyutilisedforaspecificitem.

Negativepunishment

Cosbnegyddol Aresponsebehaviourisfollowedimmediatelybytheremovalofastimulus(oradecreaseintheintensityofthestimulus),thatdecreasesthefuturefrequencyofsimilarresponsesundersimilarconditions.

Negativereinforcement

Atgyfnerthunegyddol

Thereinforcementfromtheremovalofanaversivestimulusasaconsequenceofaresponseresultinginthemaintenanceoforanincreaseinrateofthebehaviour.

Neutralstimulus

Ysgogiadniwtral Astimuluschangethatdoesnotelicitrespondentbehaviour.

Non­contingentreinforcement

Atgyfnerthuannibynnol

Aprocedureinwhichstimuliwithknownreinforcingpropertiesarepresentedcompletelyindependentofbehaviour;oftenusedasanantecedentinterventiontoreduceproblembehaviour.

Normalisation Normaleiddiad Asaphilosophyandprinciple,thebeliefthatpeoplewithdisabilitiesshould,tothemaximumextentpossible,bephysicallyandsociallyintegratedintothemainstreamofsocietyregardlessofthedegreeortypeofdisability.Asanapproachtointervention,theuseofprogressivelymoretypicalsettingsandprocedures“toestablishand/ormaintainpersonalbehaviourswhichareasculturallynormalaspossible”(Wolfensberger,1972,p.28).

Novel Newydd New.

Object Gwrthrych A3dimensionalentitythatcanbeseenandtouched.

Observer Arsylwr Anindividualwhoiswatchingtheprocess,orexperiment.

Page 28: Geirfa technegol ABA - Behavior Analyst Certification … technegol ABA ... Health Board. The dictionary is organised alphabetically by English terms. ... counter‐therapeutic

Geirfa technegol ABA – Glossary of ABA technical terms 26

Observerdrift Drifftarsylwr Anunintendedchangeintheaccuracyofanobserver’sperformance.

Ontogeny Ontogenesis Thehistoryofthedevelopmentofanindividualorganismduringitslifetime.

Operantbehaviour

Ymddygiadgweithredol

Behaviourthatisselected,maintainedandbroughtunderstimuluscontrolasafunctionofitsconsequences;eachperson’srepertoireofoperantbehaviourisaproductofhishistoryofinteractionswiththeenvironment.

Operantconditioning

Cyflyrugweithredol

Thebasicprocessbywhichoperantlearningoccurs;consequencesresultinanincreasedordecreasedfrequencyofthesametypeofbehaviourundersimilarmotivationalandenvironmentalconditionsinthefuture.

Overcorrection Gorgywiro Abehaviourchangetacticbasedonpositivepunishmentinwhich,contingentontheproblembehaviour,thelearnerisrequiredtoengageineffortfulbehaviourdirectlyorlogicallyrelatedtofixingthedamagecausedbythebehaviour.

Overtbehaviour

Ymddygiadamlwg

Behaviourthatcanbeobservedandrecordedbyanotherpersonotherthantheoneengaginginthebehaviour.

Parsimony Cynildeb Thepracticeofrulingoutsimple,logicalexplanations,experimentallyorconceptually,beforeconsideringmorecomplexorabstractexplanations.

Partialintervalrecording

Cofnodirhan‐gyfnodol

Atimesamplingmethodformeasuringbehaviourinwhichtheobservationperiodisdividedintoaseriesofbrieftimeintervals.Theobserverrecordswhetherthetargetbehaviouroccurredatanytimeduringtheinterval.Partial‐intervalrecordingisnotconcernedwithhowmanytimesthebehaviouroccurredduringtheintervalorhowlongthebehaviourwaspresent,justthatitoccurredatsomepointduringtheinterval;tendstooverestimatetheproportionoftheobservationperiodthatthebehaviouractuallyoccurred.

Page 29: Geirfa technegol ABA - Behavior Analyst Certification … technegol ABA ... Health Board. The dictionary is organised alphabetically by English terms. ... counter‐therapeutic

Geirfa technegol ABA – Glossary of ABA technical terms 27

PECS–PictureExchangeCommuni­cationScheme

PECS–CynllunCyfathrebuCyfnewidDarlun

DevelopedbyaBehaviourAnalystandSpeechandLanguageTherapistPECSisaformofaugmentativeandalternativecommunication.Itistypicallyusedasanaidincommunicationforchildrenwithautismandotherspecialneeds.Learnersaretaughttoexchangesinglepicturesforitemsoractivitiestheyreallywant.(http://www.pecs.org.uk).

Percentage Canran Aratioformedbycombiningthesamedimensionalqualitiessuchascountortimeexpressedasanumberofpartsper100.Typicallyexpressedasaratioofthenumberofresponsesofacertaintypepertotalnumberofresponses.Apercentagepresentsaproportionalquantityper100.

Philosophicdoubt

Amheuaethathronyddol

Anattitudethatthetruthfulnessandvalidityofallscientifictheoryandknowledgeshouldbecontinuallyquestioned.

Phylogeny Ffylogenedd Thehistoryofthenaturalevolutionofaspecies.

Physicalprompt

Promtcorfforol Atypeofpromptinwhichtheteacherphysicallyassiststhelearnertoengageinthecorrectbehaviouratthecorrecttime.Mostofteninvolveshand‐over‐handguidanceofthebehaviour.

Pivotalbehaviour

Ymddygiadallweddol

Abehaviourthat,whenlearned,producescorrespondingmodificationsorcovariationinotheruntrainedbehaviours.

PivotalResponseTeaching

Addysguymateballweddol

PivotalResponseIntervention(PRI)isanapproachtoteachingindividualswithautismspectrumdisorders(ASD)thatinvolvesinstructioninareasthat,whentargeted,resultinprogressinnumerousrelatedareas.PRIisbasedonappliedbehaviouranalysisincludingcollectingdataasabasisfordecision‐makingandstrategyimplementation.(http://www.autismnetwork.org).

Placebo Plasebo Asubstanceorprocedurethathasnoactualtherapeuticeffect.

Plannedignoring

Anwybydduwedieigynllunio

Aprocedureforimplementingtimeoutinwhichsocialreinforcers–usuallyattention,physicalcontact,andverbalinteraction–arewithheldforabriefperiodcontingentontheoccurrenceofthetargetbehaviour.

Positionalprompts

Promtiaulleoliad

Promptsthatelicitdesiredbehavioursbythepositionofthetargetitem.

Page 30: Geirfa technegol ABA - Behavior Analyst Certification … technegol ABA ... Health Board. The dictionary is organised alphabetically by English terms. ... counter‐therapeutic

Geirfa technegol ABA – Glossary of ABA technical terms 28

Positivepractice

Ymarfercadarnhaol

Overcorrection.

Positivepunishment

Cosbgadarnhaol Abehaviourisfollowedimmediatelybythepresentationofastimulusthatdecreasesthefuturefrequencyofthebehaviour.

Positivereinforcement

Atgyfnerthucadarnhaol

Occurswhenabehaviourisfollowedimmediatelybythepresentationofastimulusthatincreasesthefuturefrequencyofthebehaviourinsimilarconditions.

Postreinforcementpause

Saibôl‐atgyfnerthiad

Theabsenceofrespondingforaperiodoftimefollowingreinforcement;aneffectcommonlyproducedbyfixedinterval(FI)andfixedratio(FR)schedulesofreinforcement.

Practiceeffects

Effaithymarfer Improvementsinperformanceresultingfromopportunitiestoperformabehaviourrepeatedlysothatbaselinemeasurescanbeobtained.

Praise Canmol Approval.

PrecisionTeaching

Dysgumanwl Apreciseandsystematicmethodofevaluatinginstructionaltacticsandcurricula.Basingeducationaldecisionsonchangesincontinuousself‐monitoredperformancefrequenciesdisplayedonstandardcelebrationcharts.

Prediction Rhagfynegiant Astatementoftheanticipatedoutcomeofapresentlyunknownorfuturemeasurement;oneofthreecomponentsoftheexperimentalreasoning,orbaselinelogic,usedinsingle‐subjectresearchdesigns.

Premackprinicple

EgwyddorPremack

Aprinciplethatstatesthatmakingtheopportunitytoengageinahighprobabilitybehaviourcontingentontheoccurrenceofalowfrequencybehaviourwillfunctionasreinforcementforthelowfrequencybehaviour.

Preposition Arddodiad Awordgoverning,andusuallyprecedinganounorpronounandexpressingarelationtoanotherwordorelement.

Privateevents Digwyddiadaupreifat

InVerbalbehaviour,eventsaccessibleonlytothespeaker(usually,eventsinsidetheskin).Privateeventshavethesamephysicalstatusaspublicevents,butitismoredifficultfortheverbalcommunitytoshapetactsofprivateevents.

Page 31: Geirfa technegol ABA - Behavior Analyst Certification … technegol ABA ... Health Board. The dictionary is organised alphabetically by English terms. ... counter‐therapeutic

Geirfa technegol ABA – Glossary of ABA technical terms 29

Problembehaviour

Ymddygiadproblemus

Anybehaviourthatpresentsabarriertoalearnerintermsofachievinghisorhergoalsincludingbarrierstolearningaswellasthefollowing:

Behaviourcanbedescribedaschallengingwhenitisofsuchanintensity,frequencyordurationastothreatenthequalityoflifeand/orthephysicalsafetyoftheindividualorothersandislikelytoleadtoresponsesthatarerestrictive,aversiveorresultinexclusion.(http://www.rcpsych.ac.uk).

Procedure Gweithdrefn/Dull

Aspecifiedsequenceofinstructionsdesignedtoprompttheteacher/studenttofollowaspecifiedcourseofaction.

Programme Rhaglen Aplanforteachingaskill.Adetailedoutlineofallofthebehaviourstargetedforincreaseanddecreaseandtheinterventionsputinplacetoachievethese.Aprogrammewillincludeaperson’sIndividualEducationPlan(IEP)(ABACompetenciesprojectwritinggroup:http://www.ambitiousaboutautism.org.uk/what_we_do/applied_behaviour_analysis/aba_competencies.cfm).

Prompt Promt Asupplementarystimulusthatincreasestheprobabilityofacorrectresponse.

Promptdelay Oediadpromt Inthisprocedure,theteacherpresentthediscriminativestimulus(Sd)andthen,afteraspecifiedintervaloftime,(e.g.4seconds),presentstheprompt.ThedelaybetweenthepresentationoftheSdandthepresentationofthepromptmeansthatastrainingprogresses,thelearnermaymaketheresponsebeforethepromptisgiven.

Pronoun Rhagenw Awordusedinsteadofanountoindicateanindividualorastimulusalreadymentionedorknown.

Punisher Cosbydd Astimuluschangethatdecreasesthefuturefrequencyofbehaviourthatimmediatelyprecedesit.

Punishment Cosb Occurswhenstimuluschangeimmediatelyfollowsaresponseanddecreasesthefuturefrequencyofthattypeofbehaviourinsimilarconditions.

Quantitativereasoning

Rhesymuniferol Usuallyreferstoreasoningwithnumbersandamounts.

Page 32: Geirfa technegol ABA - Behavior Analyst Certification … technegol ABA ... Health Board. The dictionary is organised alphabetically by English terms. ... counter‐therapeutic

Geirfa technegol ABA – Glossary of ABA technical terms 30

Radicalbehaviourism

Ymddygiadaethradical

Athoroughgoingformofbehaviourismthatattemptstounderstandallhumanbehaviour;includingprivateeventssuchasthoughtsandfeelings,intermsofcontrollingvariablesinthehistoryofthepersonandthespecies.

Rate Cyfradd Aratioofcountperobservationtime;oftenexpressedascountperstandardunitoftime,andcalculatedbydividingthenumberofresponsesrecordedbythenumberofstandardunitsoftimeinwhichobservationswereconducted;usedinterchangeablywithfrequency.Theratioisformedbycombiningthedifferentdimensionalqualitiesofcountandtime.

Ratio Cymhareb Atermtodescribehowtwoquantitiesarerelated.

Ratiostrain Straencymhareb

Abehaviouraleffectassociatedwithabruptincreasesinratiorequirementswhenmovingfromdensertothinnerreinforcementschedules;commoneffectsincludeavoidance,aggression,andunpredictablepausesorcessationinresponding.

Reactivity Adweithedd Effectsofanobservationandmeasurementprocedureonthebehaviourbeingmeasured.Reactivityismostlikelywhenmeasurementproceduresareobtrusive,especiallyifthepersonbeingobservedisawareoftheobserver’spresenceandpurpose.

Recall Galwigof Anactivitydemonstratingtheindividualisthinkingorimaginingastimulusthathappenedinthepast.

Reciprocal Ymweithiol/Cilyddol

Abehaviourthatoccursinresponsetoanotherbehaviourorstimulus.

Reciprocate Ymweithio/Cilyddio

Tobehaveinresponsetoabehaviouroreventorobject.

Reflex Atgyrch Astimulus‐responserelationconsistingofanantecedentstimulusandtherespondentbehaviouritelicits.Unconditionedandconditionedreflexesprotectagainstharmfulstimuli,helpregulatetheinternalbalanceandeconomyoftheorganism,andpromotereproduction.

Page 33: Geirfa technegol ABA - Behavior Analyst Certification … technegol ABA ... Health Board. The dictionary is organised alphabetically by English terms. ... counter‐therapeutic

Geirfa technegol ABA – Glossary of ABA technical terms 31

Reflexivity Atgyrchedd Atypeofstimulus‐to‐stimulusrelationinwhichthelearner,withoutanypriortrainingorreinforcementfordoingso,selectsacomparisonstimulusthatisthesameasthesamplestimulus(e.g.A=A).Reflexivitywouldbedemonstratedinthefollowingmatching‐to‐sampleprocedure:thesamplestimulusisapictureofatree,andthethreecomparisonstimuliareapictureofamouse,apictureofacookie,andaduplicateofthetreepictureusedasthesamplestimulus.Thelearnerselectsthepictureofthetreewithoutspecificreinforcementinthepastformakingthetree‐picture‐to‐tree‐picturematch.

Reinforce Atgyfnerthu Toprovideconsequencesforbehaviourthatincreaseormaintainthefrequencyofthatbehaviour.

Reinforcement Atgyfnerthiad Occurswhenastimuluschangeimmediatelyfollowsaresponseandincreasesthefuturefrequencyofthattypeofbehaviourinsimilarconditions.

Reinforcer(s) Atgyfnerthydd(atgyfnerthion)

Astimuluschangethatincreasesthefuturefrequencyofabehaviourthatimmediatelyprecedesit.

Reinforcerassessment

Asesiadatgyfnerthion

Referstoavarietyofdirect,empiricalmethodsforpresentingoneormorestimulicontingentonatargetresponseandmeasuringtheireffectivenessasreinforcers.

Relationalframetheory

Damcaniaethffrâmberthynol

Thisisabehaviouranalyticapproachtohumanlanguageandcognition.RFTtreatsrespondingasageneralisedoperant,andthusappealstoahistoryofmultipleexemplartraining.

Reliability Dibynadwyedd Referstotheconsistencyofmeasurement,specifically,theextenttowhichrepeatedmeasurementofthesameeventyieldsthesamevalues.

Repertoire Repertoire Allofthebehavioursthatapersoncando,orasetofbehavioursrelevanttoaparticularsettingortask.

Page 34: Geirfa technegol ABA - Behavior Analyst Certification … technegol ABA ... Health Board. The dictionary is organised alphabetically by English terms. ... counter‐therapeutic

Geirfa technegol ABA – Glossary of ABA technical terms 32

Replication Dyblygiad (a) repeatingconditionswithinanexperimenttodeterminethereliabilityofeffectsandincreaseinternalvalidity.

(b) Repeatingwholeexperimentstodeterminethegeneralityoffindingsofpreviousexperimentstoothersubjects,settings,and/orbehaviours.

Respondentbehaviour

Ymddygiadymatebol

Theresponsecomponentofareflex;behaviourthatiselicited,orinduced,byantecedentstimuli.

Response Ymateb Asingleinstanceoroccurrenceofaspecificclassortypeofbehaviour.

Responseblocking

Rhwystroymateb

Aprocedureinwhichthetherapistphysicallyintervenesassoonasthelearnerbeginstoemitaproblembehaviourtopreventcompletionofthetargetedbehaviour.

Responseclass Categoriymateb Agroupofresponsesofvaryingtopography,allofwhichproducethesameeffectontheenvironment.

Responsecost Costymateb

Thecontingentlossofreinforcers,producingadecreaseofthefrequencyofbehaviour,aformofnegativepunishment.

Responseeffort

Ymdrechymateb

Theamountofforce,exertionortimeinvolvedinexecutingaresponse.Withanincreaseinresponseeffortforonebehaviour,theprobabilityofthatbehaviourdecreasesrelativetotheprobabilityofafunctionallyequivalentalternativebehaviour.

Responseprompt

Promtymateb Atypeofbehaviourinwhichtheteacherengagesinabehaviourtoinducethelearnertoengageinthetargetbehaviourinthepresenceofthediscriminativestimulus.Includesphysicalprompts,gesturalprompts,verbalpromptsandmodellingprompts.

Reversaldesign

Cynllungwrthdro

Anyexperimentaldesigninwhichtheresearcherattemptstoverifytheeffectoftheindependentvariableby“reversing”respondingtoalevelobtainedinapreviouscondition;encompassesexperimentaldesignsinwhichtheindependentvariableiswithdrawn.

Rulegovernedbehaviour

Ymddygiadreoledig

Behaviourcontrolledbyarule.

Page 35: Geirfa technegol ABA - Behavior Analyst Certification … technegol ABA ... Health Board. The dictionary is organised alphabetically by English terms. ... counter‐therapeutic

Geirfa technegol ABA – Glossary of ABA technical terms 33

S­delta S‐delta Astimulusthatispresentwhenabehaviourisnotreinforced.Indiscriminationtraining,thebehaviourisreinforcedifitoccursinthepresenceoftheSdbutnotinthepresenceoftheS‐delta.

Satiation Syrffed Adecreaseinthefrequencyofoperantbehaviourpresumedtobetheresultofcontinuedcontactwithorconsumptionofareinforcerthathasfollowedthebehaviour;alsoreferstoaprocedureforreducingtheeffectivenessofareinforcer.

Scatterplot Plotgwasgariad Atwo‐dimensionalgraphthatshowstherelativedistributionofindividualmeasuresinadatasetwithrespecttothevariablesdepictedbythexandyaxes.Datapointsonascatterplotarenotconnected.

Scheduleofreinforcement

Sgediwlatgyfnerthu

Arulespecifyingtheenvironmentalarrangementsandresponserequirementsforreinforcement;adescriptionofacontingencyofreinforcement.

Science Gwyddoniaeth Activitiesencompassingthesystematicstudyofthestructureandbehaviourofthephysicalandnaturalworldthroughobservationsandexperiment.

Select Dewis Choicemaking.

Selectionbyconsequences

Dewisynôlcanlyniadau

Darwiniantheorytoexplainevolutionofthespecies.Thistheoryhasbeenextendedtothelevelofbehaviour.Operantbehaviourisanexpressedcharacteristicofmanyorganisms,includinghumans.Organismswithanextensiverangeofoperantbehaviouradjusttonewenvironmentsonthebasisoftheconsequencesthatfollowbehaviour.Thiskindofselectionoccursoverthelifeoftheindividual.Operantsarethephysicalunitsselectedatthebehaviourallevel.Theprocessoftheselectionandchangeofoperantsisanalogoustoevolutionandnaturalselectionatthegeneticlevel.Reinforcementisthereforeanontogeneticprocessthatextendsselectionbyconsequencestothelevelofbehaviour.

Self Hunan Ofordirectedtowardsoneself.Theindicatorthatdistinguishestheindividualfromothers.

Self­contract Hunan‐gytundeb

Acontractthattheindividualmakeswithhim/herselftoregulateorchangehis/herownbehaviour.

Page 36: Geirfa technegol ABA - Behavior Analyst Certification … technegol ABA ... Health Board. The dictionary is organised alphabetically by English terms. ... counter‐therapeutic

Geirfa technegol ABA – Glossary of ABA technical terms 34

Self­control Hunan‐reolaeth Behaviourwhichhaslongtermbenefitsbutforwhichtherearenoconspicuousimmediatereinforcers–behaviourwhichreducesthelikelihoodoffuturepunishmentbutresultsinlosingimmediatereinforcementorbehaviourwhichincreasesthelikelihoodoflongtermreinforcementbutresultsinimmediatepunishment.

Self­evaluation Hunan‐werthuso

Aprocesswherebytheindividualevaluateshis/herownbehaviours.

Self­instruction

Hunan‐gyfarwyddyd

Aprocesswherebytheindividualguideshis/herownlearning,usuallybyrecitingasequenceofverbalpromptsorusingotherprompting,fadingandreinforcementstrategies.

Self­management

Hunan‐reoli Aprocedureinwhichindividualschangesomeaspectoftheirownbehaviour.Oneormoreoffourmajorcomponentsaregenerallyinvolved.Self‐selectionofgoals,monitoringone’sownbehaviour,selectionofprocedures,andimplementationofprocedures.

Self­monitoring

Hunan‐fonitro Theactofmeasuringone’sownbehaviour.

Sequenceeffects

Effeithiaudilyniant

Asituationinwhichoneexperimentaltreatmentphasewithintheexperimentinfluencessubsequentperformanceduringanothertreatmentphase.

Shaping Siapio Theuseofdifferentialreinforcementonaseriesofsuccessiveapproximationstoatargetbehaviour.

Shorttermgoal

Amcan/Nodtymorbyr

Targetsettobeachievedintheshortterm,andmaynotbetheendgoalbutmaybeasteptowardstheendgoal.

Singlesubjectdesigns

Cynlluniaucyfrannwrunigol

Awidevarietyofresearchdesignsthatuseaformofexperimentalreasoningcalledbaselinelogictodemonstratetheeffectsoftheindependentvariableonthebehaviourofindividualsubjects.

Skill Sgil Theabilitytodosomething.

Skilltracking Traciosgiliau Measurementofskills.

Page 37: Geirfa technegol ABA - Behavior Analyst Certification … technegol ABA ... Health Board. The dictionary is organised alphabetically by English terms. ... counter‐therapeutic

Geirfa technegol ABA – Glossary of ABA technical terms 35

Socialvalidity Dilysrwyddcymdeithasol

Thegoals,procedures,andresultsofaninterventionaresociallyacceptabletotheclient,thebehaviouranalyst,andsociety.

Theuseofoutsidejudgestodeterminewhetherabehaviouraldefinitionisavaliddefinitionofacommonlyusedbehaviouralterm.

Afeatureofmeasuredresultsthatincludes(1)thesocialsignificanceorimportanceofthegoals,(2)thesocialappropriatenessoftheprocedures,and(3)thesocialimportanceoftheeffects.

Speaker Siaradwr Someonewhoengagesinverbalbehaviourbyemittingmands,tacts,intraverbals,autoclitics,andsoon.Aspeakerisalsosomeonewhousessignlanguage,gestures,signals,writtenwords,codes,pictures,oranyformofverbalbehaviour.

Split­middlelineofprogress

Llinellcynnyddganol‐ranedig

Alinedrawnthroughaseriesofgrapheddatapointsthatshowstheoveralltrendinthedata;drawnthroughtheintersectionsoftheverticalandhorizontalmiddlesofeachhalfofthecharteddataandthenadjustedupordownsothathalfofallthedatapointsfallonoraboveandhalffallonorbelowtheline.

Spontaneous Digymell Notlearned.

Spontaneousrecovery

Ymatebdigymell Theprocessinwhich,whenabehaviourthathasbeenextinguished,thebehaviourmayoccuragaininthefutureincircumstancesinwhichitwaspreviouslyreinforced.

Stablebaseline Gwaelodlinsefydlog

Datathatshowsnoevidenceofanupwardordownwardtrend;allofthemeasuresfallwithinarelativelysmallrangeofvalues.

StandardCelerationchart

Siartcynnyddsafonedig

Chartthatvisuallydisplaysatrendlineindicatingthechange(acceleration/deceleration)inrateofrespondingovertime;basedoncountperunitoftime(rate);expressedasafactorbywhichrespondingisacceleratingordecelerating.

Steadystateresponding

Ymatebcyflwrsefydlog

Apatternofrespondingthatexhibitsrelativelylittlevariationinitsmeasureddimensionalquantitiesoveraperiodoftime.

Page 38: Geirfa technegol ABA - Behavior Analyst Certification … technegol ABA ... Health Board. The dictionary is organised alphabetically by English terms. ... counter‐therapeutic

Geirfa technegol ABA – Glossary of ABA technical terms 36

Stimulus Ysgogiad Astimulusisanyphysicaleventorcondition,includingtheorganism’sownbehaviour.Astimulusmayhavemanydifferentfunctionalrelationstoanorganism’srepertoire.

Stimulusclass Categoriysgogiad

Agroupofstimulithatallhavethesamefunctionaleffectonaparticularbehaviour.Forexample,eachstimulusinastimulusclassmayfunctionasadiscriminativestimulusforaparticularbehaviour.

Stimuluscontrol

Rheolaethysgogiad

Theoutcomeofstimulusdiscriminationtraining.AparticularbehaviourismorelikelytooccurinthepresenceofaparticulardiscriminativestimulusbecausethebehaviourhasbeenreinforcedonlywhentheSdwaspresent.TheSdhasstimuluscontroloverthebehaviour.

Stimulusdelta Ysgogiaddelta Astimulusinthepresenceofwhichaparticularresponsewillnotbereinforcedorpunished.

AnS‐Deltarepresentstheparticularoccasiononwhichaperformancewillnotbereinforced,incontrasttootheroccasions(discriminativestimuli)duringwhichtheperformancewillbereinforced.

Stimulusdiscriminationtraining

Hyfforddiantysgogiadgwahaniaethol

AprocessinwhichabehaviourisreinforcedwhentheSdispresentandisextinguishedwhentheS‐deltaispresent.Asaresult,thebehaviourismorelikelytooccuronlywhenthetheSdispresent.Alsocalleddiscriminationtraining.

Stimulusequivalence

Cywertheddysgogiad

Thepresentationofoneclassofstimulithatoccasionsresponsesmadetootherstimulusclasses.

Classesofstimulicharacterizedbyreflexivity,symmetryandtransitivityamongmembers.

Stimulusgeneralisation

Cyffredinoliysgogiad

Thebehaviouralcontingenciesinthepresenceofstimulusaffectsthefrequencyoftheresponseinthepresenceofanotherstimulus.

Stimuluspreferenceassessment

Asesudewisysgogiad

Anassessmentprocedureforestablishingwhichstimuliarepreferredonasingleoccasionbyastudent.Thesestimuliarethenutilisedaspotentialreinforcers.

Page 39: Geirfa technegol ABA - Behavior Analyst Certification … technegol ABA ... Health Board. The dictionary is organised alphabetically by English terms. ... counter‐therapeutic

Geirfa technegol ABA – Glossary of ABA technical terms 37

Successiveapproxi­mations

Dynesiadaugraddol

Intheprocessofshaping,eachsuccessiveapproximationisabehaviourthatmorecloselyresemblesthetargetbehaviour.Theshapingprocessstartswithreinforcementofthefirstapproximation,abehaviourcurrentlyexhibitedbythelearner.Afterthefirstapproximationisstrengthenedthroughreinforcement,itisextinguished.Acloserapproximationthenoccursandisreinforced.Thisprocesscontinuesuntilthestudentexhibitsthetargetbehaviour.

Symmetry Cymesuredd Atypeofstimulus‐stimulusrelationshipinwhichthelearner,withoutpriortrainingorreinforcementfordoingso,demonstratesthereversibilityofmatchedsampleandcomparisonstimuli(e.g.ifA=B,thenB=A).Symmetrywouldbedemonstratedinthefollowingmatching‐to‐sampleprocedure:Thelearneristaught,whenpresentedwiththespokenwordcar(SamplestimulusA),toselectacomparisonpictureofacar(comparisonB).Whenpresentedwiththepictureofacar(samplestimulusB),withoutadditionaltrainingorreinforcement,thelearnerselectsthecomparisonspokenwordcar(comparisonA).

Systematicdesensitisation

Dadsensiteiddiosystematig

Aprocedureusedtotreatafearorphobia.Thestudentfirstlearnsrelaxation.Next,thestudentdevelopsahierarchyoffear‐producingsituations.Finally,thestudentusestherelaxationprocedureass/heimagineseachsituationinthehierarchy,startingwiththeleastfear‐producingsituationandgraduallyworkinguptothemostfear‐producingsituation.Thegoalistoreplacethefearresponsewiththerelaxationresponseaseachsituationisimagined.

Page 40: Geirfa technegol ABA - Behavior Analyst Certification … technegol ABA ... Health Board. The dictionary is organised alphabetically by English terms. ... counter‐therapeutic

Geirfa technegol ABA – Glossary of ABA technical terms 38

Tact Tact Aclassofverbaloperantswhoseformisregulatedbyspecificnonverbaldiscriminativestimuli.Forexample,achildmayseeacatandsay,“Lookmum,akitty”.Thewordtactcomesfromthemorefamiliartermcontact.Tactsareverbalresponsesthatmakecontactwiththeenvironment.

Averbaldiscriminativeresponse(aswhentheverbalresponseappleinthepresenceofanappleissaidtotacttheapple).Thetactcapturesstimuluscontrolasitentersintoverbalbehaviour.Thetactrelationincludesonlyresponsesinthepresenceoforshortlyafterastimulusandthereforeisnotequivalenttonamingorreference.

Targetbehaviour

Ymddygiadtarged

Theresponseclassselectedforintervention;canbedefinedeitherfunctionallyortopographically.

Taskanalysis Dadansodditasg Identificationofthediscriminativestimulusandresponseforeachcomponentofabehaviourchain.

TeachingPlan CynllunAddysg/Addysgu

Aplanorscheduleoftheskillstargetedforlearning.

Temporal Amserol Relatingtotime.

Temporaldiscrimination

Gwahaniaethuoranamser

Discriminationbasedontemporalpropertiesofstimuli(i.e.stimulusduration),oftenappealedtoinaccountsofspacedresponding.Forexample,ifaresponseismorelikelytobeemittedat10sthanat5ssincethelastresponse,thetwodurationsmaybesaidtobediscriminated.Whenchangesincontingenciesalterresponserate,thetemporalspacingofresponsesnecessarilychangesalso.Thus,itispreferabletostudytemporaldisinclinationdirectly,asbyreinforcingoneresponseafteronestimulusdurationandasecondafteranother.Durationasadiscriminablepropertyofstimulihassomeuniquefeatures.Adurationisnotdetermineduntiltimehaspassed,soadiscriminativeresponsecannotoccurinitspresence,anddurationscannotchangediscontinuouslyunlikeotherstimuluspropertiessuchasintensity.

Textual Testunol Anelementaryverbaloperantinvolvingaresponsethatisevokedbyaverbaldiscriminativestimulusthathaspoint‐to‐pointcorrespondence,butnotformalsimilarity,betweenthestimulusandtheresponseproduct.

Page 41: Geirfa technegol ABA - Behavior Analyst Certification … technegol ABA ... Health Board. The dictionary is organised alphabetically by English terms. ... counter‐therapeutic

Geirfa technegol ABA – Glossary of ABA technical terms 39

Threetermcontingency

Amodoldebtri‐thymor

ABC–antecedent–behaviour–consequence.

Timeout(frompositivereinforcement)

Amserallan(oatgyfnerthucadarnhaol)

Atypeofnegativepunishmentinwhich,contingentontheoccurrenceoftheproblembehaviour,thestudentlosesaccesstopositivereinforcersforabriefperiod.Typically,thestudentisremovedfromthereinforcingenvironmentinatime‐outprocedure.

Timesampling Sampluamser Abehaviourrecordingprocedureinwhichtheobservationperiodisdividedintointervals,andthebehaviourisrecordedduringapartofeachinterval.Intimesamplingrecording,theobservationintervalsarediscontinuous.

Token Tocyn Aconditionedreinforcerusedinatokeneconomy.Thetokenissomethingthatcanbegiventoanotherpersonandaccumulatedbythatperson.Thetokenisaconditionedreinforcerbecauseitisgiventothepersonafteradesirablebehaviourandisexchangedforestablishedreinforcerscalledbackupreinforcers.

Tokeneconomy

Economitocyn Areinforcementsysteminwhichconditionedreinforcerscalledtokensaredeliveredopeoplefordesirablebehaviours:thetokensarelaterexchangedforbackupreinforcers.

Topography Topograffi Thephysicalformorshapeofthebehaviour.

Transfertrials Profionpontio Trialsinwhichpromptareimmediatelyfadedtoallowforindependentresponses.

Page 42: Geirfa technegol ABA - Behavior Analyst Certification … technegol ABA ... Health Board. The dictionary is organised alphabetically by English terms. ... counter‐therapeutic

Geirfa technegol ABA – Glossary of ABA technical terms 40

Transitivity Transitifiaeth Aderived(i.e.untrained)stimulus‐stimulusrelation(e.g.A=C,C=A)thatemergesasaproductoftrainingtwootherstimulus‐stimulusrelations(e.g.A=B,B=C).Forexample,transitivitywouldbedemonstratedif,aftertrainingthetwostimulus‐stimulusrelationsshownin1and2below,therelationshownin3emergeswithoutadditionalinstructionorreinforcement:

(1)IfA(spokenwordbicycle)=B(e.g.thepictureofabicycle)and

(2)B(thepictureofabicycle)=C(thewrittenwordbicycle)then

(3)C(thewrittenwordbicycle=A(thespokenname,bicycle).

Treatmentdrift

Driffttriniaeth Anundesirablesituationinwhichtheindependentvariableofanexperimentisapplieddifferentlyduringlaterstagesthanitwasattheoutsetofthestudy.

Treatmentintegrity

Cywirdebtriniaeth

Theextenttowhichtheindependentvariableisappliedexactlyasplannedanddescribedandnootherunplannedvariablesareadministeredinadvertentlyalongwiththeplannedtreatment.

Trend Tuedd Theoveralldirectiontakenbyadatapath.Itisdescribedintermsofdirection(increasing,decreasing,orzerotrend),degree(gradualorsteep),andtheextentofvariabilityofdatapointsaroundthetrend.Trendisusedinpredictingfuturemeasuresofthebehaviourunderunchangingconditions.

Trial Prawf ReferstoDiscreteTrial.Studentengagesinadiscretelearningtrial,usuallycomprisingofaninstructionthatbecomestheSd,thestudent’sresponse,andaconsequencetothatresponse(reinforcementforcorrectresponse,orcorrectionprocedureforerrorornoresponse).

Trialbytrialdata

Dataprawfwrthbrawf

Recordingdatatakenateverytrial.

Page 43: Geirfa technegol ABA - Behavior Analyst Certification … technegol ABA ... Health Board. The dictionary is organised alphabetically by English terms. ... counter‐therapeutic

Geirfa technegol ABA – Glossary of ABA technical terms 41

Unconditionedmotivatingoperation

Gweithrediadcymhellolhebeigyflyru

Astateofdeprivationorsatiationthataltersthevalueofareinforcerorthebehavioursthatseekoutthatreinforcer–orseekouttoavoidthatpunisher–thereare9UMOs–food,water,sex,activity,heat,cold,sleep,air,pain.

Unconditionedreinforcer

Atgyfnerthyddhebeigyflyru

Astimulusthatisnaturallyreinforcingbecausethecapacityforourbehaviourtobestrengthenedbythestimulushassurvivalvalue.Nopriorconditioningisnecessaryforanunconditionedreinforcertobeareinforcer.Examplesincludefood,water,escapefromextremestimulation,andsexualcontact.

Unconditionedpunisher

Cosbhebeigyflyru

Astimulusthatispunishingwithoutpriorlearning–usuallyreferstopainetc.

Unconditionedreflex

Atgyrchhebeigyflyru

Anautomaticresponsethatisevokedinvoluntarilyandwithoutpriorlearning.

Unconditionedreinforcer

Atgyfnerthyddhebeigyflyru

Areinforcerthatisreinforcingwithoutpriorlearning–usuallyreferstofood,drink,etc.

Unconditionedstimulus

Ysgogiadhebeigyflyru

Astimulusthatelicitsaresponsewithoutpriorlearning.

VABS­VinelandAdaptiveBehaviorScales

VABS–GraddfaYmddygiadYmaddasolVineland

TheVinelandAdaptiveBehaviorScales(VABS)weredesignedtoassesshandicappedandnon‐handicappedpersonsfrombirthtoadulthoodintheirpersonalandsocialfunctioning.TheVABSisorganizedaroundfourBehaviorDomains:Communication,DailyLivingSkills,Socialization,andMotorSkills.(http://www.cps.nova.edu/~cpphelp/VINELAND.html).

Validity Dilysrwydd Theextenttowhichobservedvaluesrepresentwhattheeventsthatarethefocusofinterpretation.

Value Gwerth Asetofbehaviours,publicandprivate,whichasocietyreinforces.

Variability Amrywioldeb Thefrequencyandextenttowhichmultiplemeasuresofbehaviouryielddifferentoutcomes.

Variableintervalschedule

Scediwlysbeidiaunewidiol

Ascheduleofreinforcementwherereinforcementoccursfollowingavariableperiodoftime.

Page 44: Geirfa technegol ABA - Behavior Analyst Certification … technegol ABA ... Health Board. The dictionary is organised alphabetically by English terms. ... counter‐therapeutic

Geirfa technegol ABA – Glossary of ABA technical terms 42

Variableratioschedule

Scediwlcymarebaunewidiol

Ascheduleofreinforcementwherereinforcementoccursfollowingavariablenumberofcorrectresponses.

Variation Amrywiad Anydifferencesamongevents.Withregardtobehaviour,variationsinfeaturesofrespondingwithinasingleresponseclass,aswellasvariationsinthesummarymeasuresofthatclassacrosssessionorentirephases.

VB­MAPP VB‐MAPP

TheBehaviourMilestonesAssessmentandPlacementProgram(VB‐MAPP)isacriterion‐referencedassessmenttool,curriculumguide,andskillstrackingsystemthatisdesignedforchildrenwithautism,andotherindividualswhodemonstratelanguagedelays.TheVB‐MAPPisbasedonB.F.Skinner’s(1957)analysisofverbalbehaviour,establisheddevelopmentalmilestones,andresearchfromthefieldofbehaviouranalysis.(EducationServiceCentrewww.escweb.net).

Verbal Llafar Relatingtowords.

Verbalbehaviour

Ymddygiadgeiriol

Abehaviouralapproachtolanguage.Skinner(1957)arguedthatverbalbehaviour(communication)followsthesamelawsandprinciplesasotherbehaviours.

Visual Gweledol Relatingtothesenseofvision.

Visualprompts Promtiaugweledol

Promptsthatsupporttheelicitingofthetargetresponsethathavevisualsalience.

Cyfeiriadau–ReferencesEnglishdefinitions:

Cooper,J.O.,Heron,T.E..,&Heward,W.L.(2007)AppliedBehaviorAnalysis.2ndEd.PearsonsMerrilPublishingCompany:NewJersey,ColumbusOhio.

Miltenberger,R.G.(2001).BehaviorModification:principlesandprocedures.2ndEd.Wadsworth/ThomsonLearning:Belmont,CA.

Johnston,J.M.&Pennypacker,H.S.(1993).Strategiesandtacticsofbehaviouralresearch(2ndEd).LawrenceErlbaumAssociates:Hillsdale,NewJersey.

Wolfensberger,W.(1972).Theprinciplesofnormalisationinhumanservices.NationalInstituteonMentalRetardation:Toronto,Canada.

Page 45: Geirfa technegol ABA - Behavior Analyst Certification … technegol ABA ... Health Board. The dictionary is organised alphabetically by English terms. ... counter‐therapeutic

Geirfa technegol ABA – Glossary of ABA technical terms 43

http://www.ambitiousaboutautism.org.uk/what_we_do/applied_behaviour_analysis/aba_competencies.cfm

http://www.autismnetwork.org

http://www.coedu.usf.edu/abaglossary/glossarymain.asphttp://www.cps.nova.edu/~cpphelp/VINELAND.html

www.escweb.net

http://www.pecs.org.uk

http://www.rcpsych.ac.uk

GeirfaGymraeg:

Griffiths,B.&Jones,D.G.(1995).GeiriaduryrAcademi.TheWelshAcademyEnglish‐WelshDictionary.UniversityofWalesPress:Cardiff.

Prys,D.,Jones,J.P.M.,Davies,O.&Prys,G.(2006).YTermiadur.Qualifications,CurriculumandAssessmentAuthorityforWales:Cardiff.

Spencer,Ll.,Edwards,M.,Prys,D.&Thomas,E.(eds.)(2008).(GeiriadurTermauSeicoleg/DictionaryofTermsforPsychology.UniversityofWales,Bangor:Bangor.

http://www.termau.org/porth/

http://www.geiriadur.net/