Genetic Genealogy A Report on The CLOUD DNA Project. 1.Our Data Examined 2.Intro to Genetic Genealogy & DNA 101 3.Genealogical DNA and its Components 4.Examining

Genetic GenealogyA Report on The CLOUD DNA Project.

1. Our Data Examined

2. Intro to Genetic Genealogy & DNA 101

3. Genealogical DNA and its Components

4. Examining & Interpreting DNA Data

5. Drawing for Door Prize

DNA in Genealogy(Genetic Genealogy)

• What is it?– A new & exciting field of science.– An adjunct to traditional genealogy (not stand-alone proof).

• What can it do?– Help break down ancestral brick walls.– Verify lineages.– Validate documentation.– Show who you’re NOT related to (eliminate unnecessary time

and money following ‘unrelated’ leads.)– Indicate a common ancestor with another person.– Predict a range of time when the common ancestor lived.

• mtDNA – traces maternal line.• Y-DNA – traces paternal line.

• SNP – traces deep ancestry.• STR – traces recent ancestry.

DNA Used for Genealogy

1. mtDNA – passed from a mother to her children.– Changes too slowly to be useful for recent relationships.– Woman’s surname changes, so maternal line is more

difficult to trace.

2. Y-DNA – passed from a father to his son.– Changes often enough to be used for recent

relationships.– Father’s surname passed through generations, making

paternal line easier to trace.

The DNA Data consists of:– Kit number

– Surname

– Haplogroup (SNP – deep ancestry)

– Haplotype (STR – recent ancestry)

father

grand-father

great-grand-father

paternal line

Y-DNA

maternal line

mtDNA

son daughter

great-grand-mother

grand-mother

mother

(Common Surname) (Surname changes)

Interpreting the Data


Required information:• Pedigrees of all lines:

• as much as is known• as accurate as possible• dates• places• spouses

• DNA data

Understanding the Data• Kit number• Surname• Haplogroup• DYS# – aka marker or locus (locii)• Alleles – aka markers• Family Group – assigned by project administrator

SNP (slow – deep ancestry)

STR (faster – recent ancestry)


Family Groups – assigned by project administrator (using DNA & Pedigree)


Family Groups – assigned by project administrator (using DNA & pedigree)• Group usually has Common Pedigree or Surname.


Family groups – assigned by project administrator (arbitrary ? pedigree ?)• Usually common surname or pedigree.

DNA data – same haplogroup


Family groups – assigned by project administrator (arbitrary ? pedigree ?)• Usually common surname or pedigree.

DNA data – haplotypes or “signatures” – and same haplogroup

Red haplogroup – deduced from haplotype

Green haplogroup – confirmed by SNP test


Family groups – assigned by project administrator (use DNA data or pedigree ?)• Usually common surname or pedigree.

DNA data – haplotypes or “patrilineal signatures”


Within the same haplogroup – look for similar – and different – allele values.• These are the same – probably inherited from ancient ancestor.

Interpreting the DataWithin the same haplogroup – look for similar – and different – allele values.

• These are different – they either signal a mutation at a common ancestor’s birth or a mutation at the birth of the person tested.

• “Triangulation” needed to find where mutation occurred.

Triangulation

Tom Dick Harry

Tom, Dick & Harry belong to a DNA surname project (and appear to share the same modal haplotype – pink).

Triangulation

Tom Dick Harry

The results come in and

– Tom and Harry have the same mutation.

Triangulation

Tom Dick Harry

They may share a common ancestor,

but – not with Dick.

?

?

?

?? ?

Triangulation

Tom DickHarry

? ?

?

?

?

More information is needed to resolve• Tom and Harry’s MRCA• and their MRCA with Dick.

? ?


Within the same haplogroup – look for similar – and different – allele values

* Note difference between haplogroups R1b1 and I2b (see values in pink).

(16 markers are different – more than 4 or 5 markers different – on 25 markers – implies no relationship.)

But, we already knew that, didn’t we? R1b and I2b are different haplogroups and cannot be related.


Does this mean that the line of Ruben is not descended from a CLOUD?

NO – it just means this line descends from different Cloud family line than that of William Cloud the immigrant.

A surname is a relatively recent, arbitrary and artificial means of identifying family lines. The line of William may have gotten it 500 or 600 years ago. We don’t know when the line of Ruben got it, or from whom.

In our society, the surname simply represents patrilinear descent. Those that descend from the women in our line won’t have the surname.

Interpreting the DataWe have two interesting and unique examples of non-surname participants in the Cloud DNA Project.

Interpreting the DataWe have two interesting and unique examples of non-surname participants in the Cloud DNA Project.• The oral history of the line of Robert Cloud said that Robert’s mother gave him

her maiden name of Cloud rather than that of the man who got her pregnant.

Interpreting the DataWe have two interesting and unique examples of non-surname participants in the Cloud DNA Project.• A 12-marker test was enough to prove her line was NOT related to the Cloud

families living in the area – adding support to their oral history.

A difference of 2 or more at 12 markers implies no relationship.

(12/12 or 11/12 means a relationship MAY exist.)

This 7/12 or 6/12 match (or mismatch) proves NO relation to the CLOUD lines that lived in the area at the time.

Interpreting the DataWe have two interesting and unique examples of non-surname participants in the Cloud DNA Project.• A 12-marker test was enough to prove her line was NOT related to the Cloud

families living in the area – adding support to their oral history.• Does this mean they are not Clouds ?

NO – it only means they acquired the CLOUD surname more recently than some other groups.• It also implies that their earlier patrilinear descent came through a different

surname.

Interpreting the DataWe have two interesting and unique examples of non-surname participants in the Cloud DNA Project.• Next – The Rhinehart family suspected there might have been an adoption or

other event based on numerous circumstances they had observed.

Interpreting the DataWe have two interesting and unique examples of non-surname participants in the Cloud DNA Project.• Their DNA test turned out to be a perfect match for several members of the

CLOUD project. They match out to 67 markers, implying that they almost certainly descend from a CLOUD ancestor from the line of William the immigrant.

• Because they appear to be descended from the line of either Joseph CLOUD (b. 1710 PA) and/or of William CLOUD the immigrant, they were invited to join our Project.


Remember DYS-389i and 389ii ?

These two markers must be interpreted differently than the others.

The second part of this marker is additive with the first.

DYS-389i

DYS-389i

DYS-389ii

13

DYS-389ii

13 292913 + 16 =


Remember DYS-389i and 389ii ?

These two markers must be interpreted differently than the others.

The second part of this marker is additive with the first.

DYS-389i DYS-389ii

13 29

Some companies give the allele values without adding them:

DYS-389i DYS-389ii

13 29

13 16

FTDNA

Alternate ( 13 + 16 = 29 )

DYS-389i & ii(cont.)

FTDNA Alternate

R1b Modal 13 - 29 13 - 16

Our 1st mutation 13 - 28 13 - 15

Our 2nd mutation 14 - 29 14 - 15

ii lost 1

16 to 15

i gained 1

13 to 14

It is a two-step mutation from R1b Modal of 13-29 to 14-29.


Let’s continue examining the data.

Interpreting the Data• The R1b modal value for DYS-389i - ii is 13-29 (13 + 16).• Two members of the William group are 13-28 (13 + 15), a 1-step mutation

from R1b modal.• The majority of the William-the-immigrant group are 14-29 (14 + 15), a 2-step

mutation from R1b modal.• The most likely explanation is the two lines with 13-28 descend from a line

that experienced the first mutation (DYS-389-ii from 16 to 15) and the others are from a later line that experienced the additional mutation to 14-29 (389-i 13 to 14).

• It is less likely one or more of the lines experienced a mutation in parallel with another, creating a separate signature for both of their separate branches.

13-29 13 - (13 + 16)

Examine a hypothetical scenario.

Show problems that can occur.


Mutations passed to descendants


Parallel Mutations


Typical Application

Missing (unknown) Links

Examples ofInconclusive Data

Identical Signatures (haplotypes) – implies wrong MRCASimilar Mutations –can imply wrong Ancestor

The End (almost)

Resources• The Cloud Family Association Home Page

http://mykindred.com/cloud/ http://homepages.rootsweb.com/~cloud/

• The Cloud Surname DNA Project websitehttp://mykindred.com/cloud/dna/

• Cloud DNA Project [email protected]

• The Family Tree DNA websitehttp://familytreedna.com/

• The Cloud Family email forum: http://lists.rootsweb.ancestry.com/index/surname/c/cloud.html

• ISOGG – International Society of Genetic Genealogyhttp://ISOGG.org

http://mykindred.com/cloud/

http://homepages.rootsweb.com/~cloud/

http://mykindred.com/cloud/dna/

http://familytreedna.com/

http://lists.rootsweb.ancestry.com/index/surname/c/cloud.html





























































Genetic GenealogyA Report on The CLOUD DNA Project.

1. Our Data Examined

2. Intro to Genetic Genealogy & DNA 101

3. Genealogical DNA and its Components

4. Examining & Interpreting DNA Data

5. Drawing for Door Prize

Documents

Genetic Genealogy A Report on The CLOUD DNA Project. 1.Our Data Examined 2.Intro to Genetic Genealogy & DNA 101 3.Genealogical DNA and its Components 4.Examining