Genetics: Study Guide - Iredell-Statesville · © Getting Nerdy, LLC Genetics: Name: _____ Study Guide. 33. What would a strand of mRNA be if the original strand of DNA is below?

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Genetics: Study Guide


Genetics: Name: _____________________

Study Guide Define the following terms in your own words

1. Heredity- ________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ 2. Nucleus- ________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ 3. DNA-___________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ 4. Genes- __________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ 5. Alleles- _________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ 6. Meiosis- ________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ 7. Mitosis- _________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ 8. Dominant- _______________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ 9. Recessive- _______________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ 10. Genotype- _______________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ 11. Phenotype- ______________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ 12. Heterozygous/Hybrid- _____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ 13. Homozygous/Purebred- ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ 14. Genetic Engineering- ______________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ 15. Selective Breeding- ________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ 16. Gene Therapy- ___________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ 17. Hybridization- ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ 18. Cloning- ________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________19. Inbreeding- ______________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________20. Pedigree- ________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ 21. Codominance- ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________


22. Incomplete Dominance- ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ 23. Multiple Alleles- __________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ 24. Polygenic Inheritance- ______________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ 25. Gene Splicing- _____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ 26. Human Genome Project- ___________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________

27. For each genotype indicate whether it is heterozygous (He) or homozygous (Ho) a. Aa _____ b. BB_____ c. cc_____ d. DD_____ e. ee_____ f. Ff _____ g. GG _____ h. hh _____ i. Ii _____ j. Jj _____ 28. For each genotype below determine the phenotypes If tongue rolling is dominant to not rolling your tongue TT ______________ Tt______________ tt ______________ 29. For each phenotype, list the genotypes If straight horns is dominant to curled horns __________ Straight __________ Straight __________ Curly 30. The Jolly Green Giant is heterozygous for his Green Bean Feet. His wife is recessive for her Yellow Bean Feet. Complete a punnett square showing the cross and possibilities of their offspring. a. What are the offspring genotypes? ________________________________________________ b. What are the offspring phenotypes? ________________________________________________ c. % offspring green feet _______ d. % offspring yellow feet ________ e. Ratio of green : yellow ________ f. % offspring hybrids _______ g. % offspring purebred _______ 31. How is it possible for the offspring to show a trait that neither of the parents show physically?______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 32. What is the new strand of DNA if the original strand is below? ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ T A C G T C A G T


Genetics: Name: _____________________

Study Guide 33. What would a strand of mRNA be if the original strand of DNA is below? ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ T A C G T C A G C 34. What would the matching tRNA be if the original strand of mRNA is below? ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ C G A G U A G U A 35. What sex chromosomes are found in a female? ______ male? ______ 36. a. Who decides the gender of offspring during a mating? Why?____________________ ________________________________________________________________________ b. What % chance is there for having a boy?______ girl? ______ 37. How many chromosomes do humans have?___________________ 38. a. What is an example of a body cell? ___________ sex cell? ___________ b. If a haploid cell has 20 chromosomes, how many chromosomes would be found in the diploid cells?__________________________ c. If a body cell had 12 chromosomes, how many chromosomes would be found in the sex cells? ____________________________ 39. a. What letters represent the four nitrogen bases in DNA?________ b. How are those bases paired up?__________________________ c. Using Chargraff’s rules, if there is 42% of Thymine in DNA, what percent of Adenine would there be? ___________ Cytosine? _______________ 40. What is the difference between Codominance and Incomplete Dominance? ____________ _____________________________________________________________________________ 41. How is cloning like asexual reproduction? _______________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ 42. What are some ways hybrid animals/plants can be helpful to mankind? _______________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 43. What are some ways cloning might be beneficial to society? ________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________


44. How might cloning be harmful? _______________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ 45. How might genetic engineering be considered controversial or unethical? _____________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 46. The dominant trait for PTC tasting is being a taster while being a non-taster is recessive. Which trait will most often occur within a population? Explain. __________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 47. Use the pedigree below to answer questions a-j

a. What does a pedigree help us do?____________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________ b. What shape stands for male? _________________ female? _____________________ c. What does a shaded shape mean? __________________________________________ d. What does a blank/empty shape mean? _____________________________________ e. What does a half shaded shape mean? ______________________________________ f. In what generation is there an individual that is homozygous for freckles? ___________ g. How many girls have freckles in the third generation? ___________________________ h. How many individuals in the pedigree have freckles? ____________________________ i. How many individuals are heterozygous for freckles? ____________________________ j. How many individuals are homozygous recessive for freckles? ____________________

48. Explain how Franklin, Watson, Crick, and Chargraff contributed to what we know about DNA today. ___________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

I II III

Freckles Freckles No Freckles


Genetics: Name: _____________________

Study Guide 49. Describe the process of making protein in a cell starting from the nucleus and ending at the ribosome. Use the following vocabulary: Cell, nucleus, nucleolus, cytoplasm, ribosome, DNA, RNA, Amino Acid, Protein____________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 50. Complete the Venn Diagram below comparing Mitosis and Meiosis.

Mitosis Meiosis


Genetics: Teacher Key 1

Study Guide 1. Heredity- the passing of traits from parent to offspring 2. Nucleus- The control center of eukaryotic cells responsible for containing DNA 3. DNA-Deoxyribonucleic acid. Carries instructions that determine traits of an organism 4. Genes- unit of heredity which determines the traits you receive 5. Alleles- the letters that represent the traits 6. Meiosis- the process of cell division that makes sex cells (sperm and egg). Cells made from meiosis are haploid or half the number of chromosomes as diploid cells. 7. Mitosis- the process of cell division that makes body/somatic cells. Each cell made is diploid and contains double the number of chromosomes as haploid cells. Each cell is an exact copy of the original. 8. Dominant- The trait that overshadows or is seen. Represented by a capital letter. 9. Recessive- The trait that hides in the background. Represented by a lowercase letter. 10. Genotype- The letters that represent the trait – ex. RR, Rr, rr 11. Phenotype- The physical expression of the trait. Ex. Freckles, round, brown eyes. 12. Heterozygous/Hybrid- Alleles that are different - Rr 13. Homozygous/Purebred- Alleles that are the same – RR, rr 14. Genetic Engineering- The process of altering DNA of an organism to get desired traits 15. Selective Breeding- the process of breeding two similar organisms to get desired traits. 16. Gene Therapy- method of adding or deleting genes 17. Hybridization- crossing two genetically different organisms resulting in an organism that is said to have the best traits from both parents. 18. Cloning- process of making an exact copy of an organism by copying the DNA of that organism and placing it into an egg cell which is stimulated to divide and create an organism. 19. Inbreeding- when two organisms with similar characteristics are mated. Usually results in defects or abnormalities being passed onto the next generation. 20. Pedigree-a chart that traces a particular trait through a family history. 21. Codominance- when dominant & recessive traits are combined in the heterozygous state and result in both traits being expressed 22. Incomplete Dominance- when dominant & recessive traits are combined in the heterozygous state and result in a blending of the traits 23. Multiple Alleles- when there are more than two alleles for a specific trait 24. Polygenic Inheritance- when a trait is controlled by more than one (Poly=many) gene 25. Gene Splicing-results in DNA that has the selected traits of both organisms while gene therapy results in the treatment or removal of a disorder or disease from the original organism. 26. Human Genome Project- The main goal of this project was to ultimately find where certain genes were on chromosomes so that we may correct genetic disorders or eliminate them altogether. 27. For each genotype indicate whether it is heterozygous (He) or homozygous (Ho)

a. Aa HE b. BB HO c. cc HO d. DD HO e. ee HO f. Ff HE g. GG HO h. hh HO i. Ii HE j. Jj HE



Study Guide 28. For each genotype below determine the phenotypes If tongue rolling is dominant to not rolling your tongue TT Roll tongue Tt Roll tongue tt Can’t roll tongue 29. For each phenotype, list the genotypes If straight horns is dominant to curled horns SS Straight Ss Straight ss Curly 30. The Jolly Green Giant is heterozygous for his Green Bean Feet. His wife is recessive for her Yellow Bean Feet. Complete a punnett square showing the cross and possibilities of their offspring. a. What are the offspring genotypes? Gg, gg b. What are the offspring phenotypes? Green bean feet and yellow bean feet c. % offspring green feet: 50% d. % offspring yellow feet: 50% e. Ratio of green : yellow: 2:2 f. % offspring hybrids: 50% g. % offspring purebred: 50% 31. How is it possible for the offspring to show a trait that neither of the parents show physically? If a parent is heterozygous and the other parent is heterozygous, the result of their cross or mating would be such that there is a 25% possibility that the offspring would exhibit the recessive trait. 32. What is the new strand of DNA if the original strand is below? A T G C A G T C A T A C G T C A G T 33. What would a strand of RNA be if the original strand of DNA is below? A U G C A G U C G T A C G T C A G C 34. What would the matching tRNA be if the original strand of mRNA is below? G C U C A U C A U C G A G U A G U A 35. What sex chromosomes are found in a female? XX male? XY 36. a. Who decides the gender of offspring during a mating? Why? The male determines the gender because he carries the X and Y chromosomes while women only carry X X. If he gives a Y, the child is male, if he gives an X, the child is female. b. What % chance is there for having a boy? 50% girl? 50% 37. How many chromosomes do humans have? 23 pairs or 46 total

G g

g Gg gg

g Gg gg



Study Guide 38. a. What is an example of a body cell? Answers vary – blood, bone, or skin cell

sex cell? Sperm or egg cell b. If a haploid cell has 20 chromosomes, how many chromosomes would be found in the diploid cells? 40 chromosomes c. If a body cell had 12 chromosomes, how many chromosomes would be found in the sex cells? 6 chromosomes 39. a. What letters represent the four nitrogen bases in DNA? G A C T b. How are those bases paired up? G-C and A-T c. Using Chargraff’s rules, if there is 42% of Thymine in DNA, what percent of Adenine would there be? 42% Cytosine? 58% 40. What is the difference between Codominance and Incomplete Dominance? Incomplete dominance is when dominant & recessive traits are combined in the heterozygous state and result in a blending of the traits while Codominance is when dominant & recessive traits are combined in the heterozygous state and result in both traits being expressed 41. How is cloning like asexual reproduction? They both make exact copies of one another. 42. What are some ways hybrid animals/plants can be helpful to mankind? Answers may vary. Hybrid organisms can be beneficial by providing the best traits of each parent organism while negative traits may disappear. 43. What are some ways cloning might be beneficial to society? Answers may vary. Cloning can help to cure diseases, provide organs, etc. 44. How might cloning be harmful? Answers may vary. Making copies of individuals without their knowledge. Eating cloned organisms may be harmful. 45. How might genetic engineering be considered controversial or unethical? Answers vary. 46. The dominant trait for PTC tasting is being a taster while being a non-taster is recessive. Which trait will most often occur within a population? Explain. The dominant trait will most often occur because the dominant gene will always cause the recessive gene to hide in the background. 37. Use the pedigree below to answer questions a-j

a. What does a pedigree help us do? Trace a trait through a family lineage. b. What shape stands for male? SQUARE female? CIRCLE c. What does a shaded shape mean? THAT THEY HAVE THE TRAIT AND ARE HOMOZYGOUS d. What does a blank/empty shape mean? THAT THEY DO NOT HAVE THE TRAIT e. What does a half shaded shape mean? THAT THEY PERSON IS HETEROZYGOUS f. In what generation is there an individual that is homozygous for freckles? Generation I g. How many girls have freckles in the third generation? , 1 girl; Girl III-3 h. How many individuals in the pedigree have freckles? 5 individuals, I-1, I-2, II-1, III-2, III-3 i. How many individuals are heterozygous for freckles? 4 individuals, I-2, II-1, III-2, III-3 j. How many individuals are homozygous recessive for freckles? 2 individuals, II-2, III-1



Study Guide 48. Explain how Franklin, Watson, Crick, and Chargraff contributed to what we know about DNA today. In 1952, using X-ray photography, Rosalind Franklin observed DNA, but could not identify the shape. A year later, Francis Crick and James Watson used her images to describe the twisted ladder or DOUBLE HELIX structure of DNA. In 1950, Erwin Chargraff analyzed the base pair composition of DNA. He discovered that: % ADENINE = % THYMINE % CYTOSINE = % GUANINE Meaning, there is the same amount of Adenine and Thymine and the same amount of Cytosine and Guanine, providing evidence that they pair with one another. 49. Describe the process of making protein in a cell starting from the nucleus and ending at the ribosome. Use the following vocabulary: Cell, nucleus, nucleolus, cytoplasm, ribosome, DNA, RNA, Amino Acid, and Protein: Inside the cell nucleus are the instructions, DNA. The DNA is too large to leave the nucleus, so it makes a copy with mRNA. The mRNA copy uses Uracil instead of Thymine to make this template, and once complete, it leaves the nucleus through the pores in the nuclear membrane. Once in the cytoplasm, the mRNA heads to a ribosome (rRNA) where it is fed through the ribosomal subunits. Free tRNA floating in the cytoplasm brings amino acids to the ribosome and as the ribosome and tRNA read the mRNA, the amino acids assemble into a long chain making a protein. 50. Complete the Venn Diagram below comparing mitosis and meiosis. Differences: Mitosis makes diploid cells that are exact copies of one another; Mitosis goes through division once. Meiosis makes sex cells that are haploid and are genetically different; Meiosis goes through division twice. Similarities: Both begin with a duplicate set of chromosomes; each new cell has the same number of chromosomes; both go through the same phases (interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase); they are both types of cell division


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Genetics: Study Guide - Iredell-Statesville · © Getting Nerdy, LLC Genetics: Name: _____ Study Guide. 33. What would a strand of mRNA be if the original strand of DNA is below?