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Geologic Mapping

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Compilation of resources for Geologic Mapping, a Science Olympiad event. This document includes diagrams, equations, and summaries, as well as further web and print references.

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PracticeTest3 Test3Key PracticeTest4(w/key) Practice Test 5 Test5Key Practice Test 6 Test6Key Forums Q­Marathon Textbooks: Geological Structures and Maps Dictionary of Geology and Mineralogy  A Practical Guide to Quantitative Surface and Subsurface Map Interpretation Structural Geology of Rocks and Regions Structural Analysis and Synthesis: A Laboratory Course in Structural Geology Structural Geology (Twiss) Deformation of the Crust Understanding Earth Structural Geology and Map Interpretation Formula List: A1 is the smaller apparent dip A2 is the larger apparent dip TD is the true dip  

1.  

2.  3. tan (apparent dip) = tan (true dip)*cos(obliquity angle) 4. tan (true dip) = tan(app. dip)/sin(angle between bed strike and trend of app. dip) 5. distance between contour strike lines = contour interval / tan of the dip angle. 6. D=h' (a –C2) /v', the elevation of the upper control point is a, the horizontal distance of the desired contour 

from the highest control point is D, the elevation of the desired contour is C2, the map distance between the two control points is h', and the vertical distance between the two control points is v'. 

7. tan(angle between A1 and TD lines)=csc(angle between A1 and A2 lines)*(cot(A1)*tan(A2)­cos(angle between A1 and A2 lines)) 

8. True thickness: 

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 9. the stratigraphic separation = vertical separation*cos (dip) 10. minimum set slip magnitude =  , s = strike separation, d = dip separations∙d

√d +s2 2 

11. Strain = (Deformed Length ­ Undeformed Length)/Undeformed Length  

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 Specific Information  

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1.Topo/geo maps 2.Tectonics, rock formation, Earth structure and history 3. Folds, faults, erosion, intrusion signatures, subsurface geometries, deformation sequences, sub­surface depositional features 

4.Structural elements (syncline, anticline, etc.) 5.Practical Tasks (all from here) 6.Assess geohazard risks 7.Misc. Subjects (Glaciers, Stress/Strain, Geologic Dating) 

  

  

Specific Information Topo/geo maps Topographic Maps: http://www.csulb.edu/~rodrigue/geog140/lectures/projections.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Map_projection http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system wtoconvertamongthethreedifferentformsofLatitudeandLongitude.doc+&cd=5&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us http://geology.isu.edu/geostac/Field_Exercise/topomaps/plss.htm http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/TopographicMapSymbols/topomapsymbols.pdf http://geology.isu.edu/geostac/Field_Exercise/topomaps/plss.htm http://therucksack.tripod.com/MiBSAR/LandNav/UTM/UTM.htm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geodetic_datum http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geodesy http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/TopographicMapSymbols/topomapsymbols.pdf  

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       Tectonics, rock formation, Earth structure and history Tectonics http://www.files.ethz.ch/structuralgeology/JPB/files/English/1Introtecto.pdf http://legacy.mos.org/oceans/graphics/planet/features.gif http://www.cliffsnotes.com/sciences/geology/the­ocean­floor/continental­margins http://www.cliffsnotes.com/sciences/geology/the­ocean­floor/ocean­floor­sediments http://www.cliffsnotes.com/sciences/geology/the­ocean­floor/midoceanic­ridges http://maps.unomaha.edu/maher/plate/week2/seafloor.html http://maps.unomaha.edu/maher/plate/week3/contrift.html http://maps.unomaha.edu/maher/plate/week3/cranswers.html#anchor377857 http://maps.unomaha.edu/maher/plate/week4/subduction.html http://maps.unomaha.edu/maher/plate/week6/terranes.html http://maps.unomaha.edu/maher/plate/week8/collision.html http://maps.unomaha.edu/maher/plate/week13/mechanisms.html(mantle convection) https://www.uwgb.edu/dutchs/platetec/orogeny.htm    

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Rock Formation  http://geology.utah.gov/surveynotes/gladasked/gladrocks.htm http://jersey.uoregon.edu/~mstrick/AskGeoMan/geoQuerry14.html http://jersey.uoregon.edu/~mstrick/AskGeoMan/IgRxChart.html http://geoscience.wisc.edu/~chuck/Classes/Mtn_and_Plates/rock_cycle.html http://jersey.uoregon.edu/~mstrick/AskGeoMan/geoQuerry11.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prograde_metamorphism#Prograde_and_retrograde_metamorphism  metamorphic rocks: https://www.uwgb.edu/dutchs/EarthSC202Notes/igneous.htm https://www.uwgb.edu/dutchs/EarthSC202Notes/metamorp.htm https://www.uwgb.edu/dutchs/EarthSC202Notes/sedrocks.htm http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/volc/types.html http://www.geo.utexas.edu/courses/303/303_lab/Igneous%20Lab303.html#rockid http://www.geo.utexas.edu/courses/303/303_lab/Sedimentary%20Lab303.html http://www.geo.utexas.edu/courses/303/303_lab/MetamorphicLab303.html http://facstaff.gpc.edu/~pgore/geology/geo101/meta.htm 

 

 

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 Earth Structure  Crust vs Mantlev vs Lithosphere vs Asthenosphere http://www.cliffsnotes.com/sciences/geology/inside­the­earth/the­crust http://www.cliffsnotes.com/sciences/geology/inside­the­earth/the­mantle http://www.cliffsnotes.com/sciences/geology/inside­the­earth/the­core http://www.cliffsnotes.com/sciences/geology/inside­the­earth/geothermal­gradients http://ser.sese.asu.edu/GEO110/GEO110_S03/Dis2b.pdf http://www.csulb.edu/~rodrigue/geog140/lectures/earthstructure.html http://www.csulb.edu/~rodrigue/geog140/lectures/crustmaterials.html  

 

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 Earth History http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Earth http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geological_history_of_Earth http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geologic_time_scale#Table_of_geologic_time http://www.stratigraphy.org/ICSchart/ChronostratChart2013­01.pdf http://www.cliffsnotes.com/sciences/geology/geologic­time/geologic­correlations http://maps.unomaha.edu/maher/plate/week12/super.html http://www.cliffsnotes.com/sciences/geology/geologic­time/a­summary­of­earths­history http://www.fossilmuseum.net/GeologicalHistory.htm 

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  Folds, faults, erosion, intrusion signatures, subsurface geometries,  deformation sequences, sub­surface depositional features Fold geometries geometry of folds _Fold math http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:TSQdnx6XQI8J:extras.springer.com/2006/978­3­540­31054­9/Data/005.pdf+&cd=14&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us http://www.files.ethz.ch/structuralgeology/JPB/files/English/8folds.pdf http://earth.usc.edu/classes/geol321/labs/Pre­Lab%207.pdf http://coastal.tamug.edu/AM/CapturedWebSites/CEPRAconference/glo_coastal_presentations/Maher/folds.html  http://faculty.uml.edu/nelson_eby/89.322/Instructor%20pdfs/Chapter%2011.%20Folds%20and%20Folding.pd http://www.files.ethz.ch/structuralgeology/JPB/files/English/7folding.pdf https://www.uwgb.edu/dutchs/EarthSC202Notes/folds.htm http://www.wou.edu/las/physci/taylor/es406_structure/RD_chap6lab_folds.pdf     

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 Faults, fractures, joints http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fault_(geology) 

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http://www.files.ethz.ch/structuralgeology/JPB/files/English/2faulting.pd http://www.files.ethz.ch/structuralgeology/JPB/files/English/3faults.pdf http://www.files.ethz.ch/structuralgeology/JPB/files/English/4thrustsyst.pdf http://www.files.ethz.ch/structuralgeology/JPB/files/English/3extsyst.pdf http://www.files.ethz.ch/structuralgeology/JPB/files/English/5wrench.pdf http://www.files.ethz.ch/structuralgeology/JPB/files/English/4joints.pdf  http://faculty.uml.edu/Nelson_Eby/89.322/Instructor%20pdfs/Chapter%208.%20Faults.pdf http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strike­slip_tectonics http://www.efn.uncor.edu/departamentos/GeoBas/materias/geologiatectonica/material/Thust%20Systems.pdf http://www.wou.edu/las/physci/taylor/es406_structure/RD_chap9lab_Faults.pdf http://www.wou.edu/las/physci/taylor/es406_structure/TM_chap10_mechanics.pdf http://www.wou.edu/las/physci/taylor/es406_structure/TM_chap3_fractures.pdf http://www.wou.edu/las/physci/taylor/es406_structure/TM_chap4_Faults.pdf    

 

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http://passel.unl.edu/pages/informationmodule.php?idinformationmodule=1130447025&topicorder=4 http://maps.unomaha.edu/maher/geo117/part2/117masswasting.html 

Intrusions: 

http://volcanoeruptions.wikispaces.com/Igneous+Intrusion  

Subsurface Geometries http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unconformity http://www.uwgb.edu/dutchs/structge/earthmvts.htm http://homepage.ufp.pt/biblioteca/WebBasPrinTectonics/BasPrincTectonics/Page8.htm#ExtensiveStructures http://www.uno.edu/cos/earth­environmental­sciences/Resources­Docs/L11_Subsurface_Geology.pdf  http://www.wou.edu/las/physci/taylor/es406_structure/TM_chap2_Techniques.pdf http://maps.unomaha.edu/maher/GEOL3300/week11/crypto.html (includes information about craters!) 

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Deformational sequences http://maps.unomaha.edu/maher/GEOL3300/week9/microstructures.html http://core.ecu.edu/geology/woods/DEFORM.htm http://www.geologyclass.org/evolution_concepts2.htm http://www.classzone.com/books/earth_science/terc/content/investigations/es1102/es1102page01.cfm?chapter_no=investigatio http://www.files.ethz.ch/structuralgeology/JPB/files/English/12Finitestrain.pdf http://www.files.ethz.ch/structuralgeology/JPB/files/English/13shearzones.pdf http://www.files.ethz.ch/structuralgeology/JPB/files/English/2proflitho.pdf http://www.files.ethz.ch/structuralgeology/JPB/files/English/5paleostress.pdf http://maps.unomaha.edu/maher/GEOL3300/week8/fabrics.html http://maps.unomaha.edu/maher/GEOL3300/week10/dsz.html (ductile shear zones) http://www.wou.edu/las/physci/taylor/es406_structure/TM_chap12_Kinematic.pdf Foliation and Lineation: http://www.wou.edu/las/physci/taylor/es406_structure/TM_chap13_Foliations.pdf http://www.files.ethz.ch/structuralgeology/JPB/files/English/9foliation.pdf http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foliation_(geology) http://www.files.ethz.ch/structuralgeology/JPB/files/English/10lineation.pdf http://www.wou.edu/las/physci/taylor/es406_structure/TM_chap14_formation.pdf 

Sub­surface depositional features http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedimentary_depositional_environment http://www.geol.umd.edu/~jmerck/geol100/lectures/14.html 

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http://acad.depauw.edu/tcope/sedstruct.html http://www.indiana.edu/~geol105/images/gaia_chapter_5/sedimentary_structures.htm http://www.geol.umd.edu/~jmerck/geol342/lectures/05.html http://www.geology2.pitt.edu/GeoSites/sedstructures.htm http://www.sepmstrata.org/Terminology.aspx?id=clinoform http://facstaff.gpc.edu/~pgore/geology/historical_lab/2010SedimentaryEnvironments.pdf http://facstaff.gpc.edu/~pgore/geology/historical_lab/environmentchart.htm

  

Structural elements (syncline, anticline, etc.) http://www.usouthal.edu/geology/haywick/GY111/folds.pdf http://gomyclass.com/geology10/files/Lecture11c.pdf http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fold_(geology) http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/211999/fold?anchor=ref278147  

http://maps.unomaha.edu/maher/GEOL3300/week7/folds.html 

http://w3.salemstate.edu/~lhanson/gls210/gls210_struct.htm    Practical Tasks  Almost all practical tasks can be found on this page of geology techniques   

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geohazard risks Tectonics: http://www.tulane.edu/~sanelson/Natural_Disasters/eqhazard_risks.pdf 

 

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 http://web.gccaz.edu/~lnewman/gph111/topic_units/Fold_fault_eq/Fold_fault_eq2.html http://earthquake.usgs.gov/hazards/about/basics.php http://earthquake.usgs.gov/hazards/about/technical.php http://www.tulane.edu/~sanelson/Natural_Disasters/eqprediction%26cntrl.htm http://homepage.usask.ca/~mjr347/prog/geoe118/geoe118.037.html (you creep) http://www.csulb.edu/~rodrigue/geog140/lectures/tectoniczones.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthquake http://earthquake.usgs.gov/research/parkfield/eq_predict.php  

Stress/Strain: http://www.wou.edu/las/physci/taylor/es406_structure/TM_chap8_stress.pdf http://earthphysicsteaching.homestead.com/Principles_Structural_Geology_3.html

http://www.uwgb.edu/dutchs/structge/stress.htm

http://maps.unomaha.edu/maher/GEOL3300/week6/rheology.html

http://www.files.ethz.ch/structuralgeology/JPB/files/English/5paleostress.pdf