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Compilation of resources for Geologic Mapping, a Science Olympiad event. This document includes diagrams, equations, and summaries, as well as further web and print references.
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Reference Links: geologic dictionary1: geodic2: Lab Techinques Manual NY reference sheet: Wiki Practice test 1: Test1Key. PracticeTest2
PracticeTest3 Test3Key PracticeTest4(w/key) Practice Test 5 Test5Key Practice Test 6 Test6Key Forums QMarathon Textbooks: Geological Structures and Maps Dictionary of Geology and Mineralogy A Practical Guide to Quantitative Surface and Subsurface Map Interpretation Structural Geology of Rocks and Regions Structural Analysis and Synthesis: A Laboratory Course in Structural Geology Structural Geology (Twiss) Deformation of the Crust Understanding Earth Structural Geology and Map Interpretation Formula List: A1 is the smaller apparent dip A2 is the larger apparent dip TD is the true dip
1.
2. 3. tan (apparent dip) = tan (true dip)*cos(obliquity angle) 4. tan (true dip) = tan(app. dip)/sin(angle between bed strike and trend of app. dip) 5. distance between contour strike lines = contour interval / tan of the dip angle. 6. D=h' (a –C2) /v', the elevation of the upper control point is a, the horizontal distance of the desired contour
from the highest control point is D, the elevation of the desired contour is C2, the map distance between the two control points is h', and the vertical distance between the two control points is v'.
7. tan(angle between A1 and TD lines)=csc(angle between A1 and A2 lines)*(cot(A1)*tan(A2)cos(angle between A1 and A2 lines))
8. True thickness:
9. the stratigraphic separation = vertical separation*cos (dip) 10. minimum set slip magnitude = , s = strike separation, d = dip separations∙d
√d +s2 2
11. Strain = (Deformed Length Undeformed Length)/Undeformed Length
Specific Information
1.Topo/geo maps 2.Tectonics, rock formation, Earth structure and history 3. Folds, faults, erosion, intrusion signatures, subsurface geometries, deformation sequences, subsurface depositional features
4.Structural elements (syncline, anticline, etc.) 5.Practical Tasks (all from here) 6.Assess geohazard risks 7.Misc. Subjects (Glaciers, Stress/Strain, Geologic Dating)
Specific Information Topo/geo maps Topographic Maps: http://www.csulb.edu/~rodrigue/geog140/lectures/projections.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Map_projection http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system wtoconvertamongthethreedifferentformsofLatitudeandLongitude.doc+&cd=5&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us http://geology.isu.edu/geostac/Field_Exercise/topomaps/plss.htm http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/TopographicMapSymbols/topomapsymbols.pdf http://geology.isu.edu/geostac/Field_Exercise/topomaps/plss.htm http://therucksack.tripod.com/MiBSAR/LandNav/UTM/UTM.htm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geodetic_datum http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geodesy http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/TopographicMapSymbols/topomapsymbols.pdf
Geologic Maps: http://geology.about.com/library/bl/time/blcolorus.htm(Color Print) http://ngmdb.usgs.gov/fgdc_gds/geolsymstd/fgdcgeolsymall.pdf
http://www.wou.edu/las/physci/taylor/es406_structure/RD_chap3lab_GeologicMaps.pdf
Tectonics, rock formation, Earth structure and history Tectonics http://www.files.ethz.ch/structuralgeology/JPB/files/English/1Introtecto.pdf http://legacy.mos.org/oceans/graphics/planet/features.gif http://www.cliffsnotes.com/sciences/geology/theoceanfloor/continentalmargins http://www.cliffsnotes.com/sciences/geology/theoceanfloor/oceanfloorsediments http://www.cliffsnotes.com/sciences/geology/theoceanfloor/midoceanicridges http://maps.unomaha.edu/maher/plate/week2/seafloor.html http://maps.unomaha.edu/maher/plate/week3/contrift.html http://maps.unomaha.edu/maher/plate/week3/cranswers.html#anchor377857 http://maps.unomaha.edu/maher/plate/week4/subduction.html http://maps.unomaha.edu/maher/plate/week6/terranes.html http://maps.unomaha.edu/maher/plate/week8/collision.html http://maps.unomaha.edu/maher/plate/week13/mechanisms.html(mantle convection) https://www.uwgb.edu/dutchs/platetec/orogeny.htm
Rock Formation http://geology.utah.gov/surveynotes/gladasked/gladrocks.htm http://jersey.uoregon.edu/~mstrick/AskGeoMan/geoQuerry14.html http://jersey.uoregon.edu/~mstrick/AskGeoMan/IgRxChart.html http://geoscience.wisc.edu/~chuck/Classes/Mtn_and_Plates/rock_cycle.html http://jersey.uoregon.edu/~mstrick/AskGeoMan/geoQuerry11.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prograde_metamorphism#Prograde_and_retrograde_metamorphism metamorphic rocks: https://www.uwgb.edu/dutchs/EarthSC202Notes/igneous.htm https://www.uwgb.edu/dutchs/EarthSC202Notes/metamorp.htm https://www.uwgb.edu/dutchs/EarthSC202Notes/sedrocks.htm http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/volc/types.html http://www.geo.utexas.edu/courses/303/303_lab/Igneous%20Lab303.html#rockid http://www.geo.utexas.edu/courses/303/303_lab/Sedimentary%20Lab303.html http://www.geo.utexas.edu/courses/303/303_lab/MetamorphicLab303.html http://facstaff.gpc.edu/~pgore/geology/geo101/meta.htm
Earth Structure Crust vs Mantlev vs Lithosphere vs Asthenosphere http://www.cliffsnotes.com/sciences/geology/insidetheearth/thecrust http://www.cliffsnotes.com/sciences/geology/insidetheearth/themantle http://www.cliffsnotes.com/sciences/geology/insidetheearth/thecore http://www.cliffsnotes.com/sciences/geology/insidetheearth/geothermalgradients http://ser.sese.asu.edu/GEO110/GEO110_S03/Dis2b.pdf http://www.csulb.edu/~rodrigue/geog140/lectures/earthstructure.html http://www.csulb.edu/~rodrigue/geog140/lectures/crustmaterials.html
Earth History http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Earth http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geological_history_of_Earth http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geologic_time_scale#Table_of_geologic_time http://www.stratigraphy.org/ICSchart/ChronostratChart201301.pdf http://www.cliffsnotes.com/sciences/geology/geologictime/geologiccorrelations http://maps.unomaha.edu/maher/plate/week12/super.html http://www.cliffsnotes.com/sciences/geology/geologictime/asummaryofearthshistory http://www.fossilmuseum.net/GeologicalHistory.htm
Folds, faults, erosion, intrusion signatures, subsurface geometries, deformation sequences, subsurface depositional features Fold geometries geometry of folds _Fold math http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:TSQdnx6XQI8J:extras.springer.com/2006/9783540310549/Data/005.pdf+&cd=14&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us http://www.files.ethz.ch/structuralgeology/JPB/files/English/8folds.pdf http://earth.usc.edu/classes/geol321/labs/PreLab%207.pdf http://coastal.tamug.edu/AM/CapturedWebSites/CEPRAconference/glo_coastal_presentations/Maher/folds.html http://faculty.uml.edu/nelson_eby/89.322/Instructor%20pdfs/Chapter%2011.%20Folds%20and%20Folding.pd http://www.files.ethz.ch/structuralgeology/JPB/files/English/7folding.pdf https://www.uwgb.edu/dutchs/EarthSC202Notes/folds.htm http://www.wou.edu/las/physci/taylor/es406_structure/RD_chap6lab_folds.pdf
Faults, fractures, joints http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fault_(geology)
http://www.files.ethz.ch/structuralgeology/JPB/files/English/2faulting.pd http://www.files.ethz.ch/structuralgeology/JPB/files/English/3faults.pdf http://www.files.ethz.ch/structuralgeology/JPB/files/English/4thrustsyst.pdf http://www.files.ethz.ch/structuralgeology/JPB/files/English/3extsyst.pdf http://www.files.ethz.ch/structuralgeology/JPB/files/English/5wrench.pdf http://www.files.ethz.ch/structuralgeology/JPB/files/English/4joints.pdf http://faculty.uml.edu/Nelson_Eby/89.322/Instructor%20pdfs/Chapter%208.%20Faults.pdf http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strikeslip_tectonics http://www.efn.uncor.edu/departamentos/GeoBas/materias/geologiatectonica/material/Thust%20Systems.pdf http://www.wou.edu/las/physci/taylor/es406_structure/RD_chap9lab_Faults.pdf http://www.wou.edu/las/physci/taylor/es406_structure/TM_chap10_mechanics.pdf http://www.wou.edu/las/physci/taylor/es406_structure/TM_chap3_fractures.pdf http://www.wou.edu/las/physci/taylor/es406_structure/TM_chap4_Faults.pdf
Erosion http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erosion http://www.cliffsnotes.com/sciences/geology/runningwater/regionalerosion http://www.tulane.edu/~sanelson/eens1110/streams.htm https://www.uwgb.edu/dutchs/EarthSC202Notes/erosion.htm http://www.csulb.edu/~rodrigue/geog140/lectures/gradation.html http://www.csulb.edu/~rodrigue/geog140/lectures/streams.html http://seed.ucdavis.edu/files/seed/S3,2.pdf
http://passel.unl.edu/pages/informationmodule.php?idinformationmodule=1130447025&topicorder=4 http://maps.unomaha.edu/maher/geo117/part2/117masswasting.html
Intrusions:
http://volcanoeruptions.wikispaces.com/Igneous+Intrusion
Subsurface Geometries http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unconformity http://www.uwgb.edu/dutchs/structge/earthmvts.htm http://homepage.ufp.pt/biblioteca/WebBasPrinTectonics/BasPrincTectonics/Page8.htm#ExtensiveStructures http://www.uno.edu/cos/earthenvironmentalsciences/ResourcesDocs/L11_Subsurface_Geology.pdf http://www.wou.edu/las/physci/taylor/es406_structure/TM_chap2_Techniques.pdf http://maps.unomaha.edu/maher/GEOL3300/week11/crypto.html (includes information about craters!)
Deformational sequences http://maps.unomaha.edu/maher/GEOL3300/week9/microstructures.html http://core.ecu.edu/geology/woods/DEFORM.htm http://www.geologyclass.org/evolution_concepts2.htm http://www.classzone.com/books/earth_science/terc/content/investigations/es1102/es1102page01.cfm?chapter_no=investigatio http://www.files.ethz.ch/structuralgeology/JPB/files/English/12Finitestrain.pdf http://www.files.ethz.ch/structuralgeology/JPB/files/English/13shearzones.pdf http://www.files.ethz.ch/structuralgeology/JPB/files/English/2proflitho.pdf http://www.files.ethz.ch/structuralgeology/JPB/files/English/5paleostress.pdf http://maps.unomaha.edu/maher/GEOL3300/week8/fabrics.html http://maps.unomaha.edu/maher/GEOL3300/week10/dsz.html (ductile shear zones) http://www.wou.edu/las/physci/taylor/es406_structure/TM_chap12_Kinematic.pdf Foliation and Lineation: http://www.wou.edu/las/physci/taylor/es406_structure/TM_chap13_Foliations.pdf http://www.files.ethz.ch/structuralgeology/JPB/files/English/9foliation.pdf http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foliation_(geology) http://www.files.ethz.ch/structuralgeology/JPB/files/English/10lineation.pdf http://www.wou.edu/las/physci/taylor/es406_structure/TM_chap14_formation.pdf
Subsurface depositional features http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedimentary_depositional_environment http://www.geol.umd.edu/~jmerck/geol100/lectures/14.html
http://acad.depauw.edu/tcope/sedstruct.html http://www.indiana.edu/~geol105/images/gaia_chapter_5/sedimentary_structures.htm http://www.geol.umd.edu/~jmerck/geol342/lectures/05.html http://www.geology2.pitt.edu/GeoSites/sedstructures.htm http://www.sepmstrata.org/Terminology.aspx?id=clinoform http://facstaff.gpc.edu/~pgore/geology/historical_lab/2010SedimentaryEnvironments.pdf http://facstaff.gpc.edu/~pgore/geology/historical_lab/environmentchart.htm
Structural elements (syncline, anticline, etc.) http://www.usouthal.edu/geology/haywick/GY111/folds.pdf http://gomyclass.com/geology10/files/Lecture11c.pdf http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fold_(geology) http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/211999/fold?anchor=ref278147
http://maps.unomaha.edu/maher/GEOL3300/week7/folds.html
http://w3.salemstate.edu/~lhanson/gls210/gls210_struct.htm Practical Tasks Almost all practical tasks can be found on this page of geology techniques
geohazard risks Tectonics: http://www.tulane.edu/~sanelson/Natural_Disasters/eqhazard_risks.pdf
http://web.gccaz.edu/~lnewman/gph111/topic_units/Fold_fault_eq/Fold_fault_eq2.html http://earthquake.usgs.gov/hazards/about/basics.php http://earthquake.usgs.gov/hazards/about/technical.php http://www.tulane.edu/~sanelson/Natural_Disasters/eqprediction%26cntrl.htm http://homepage.usask.ca/~mjr347/prog/geoe118/geoe118.037.html (you creep) http://www.csulb.edu/~rodrigue/geog140/lectures/tectoniczones.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthquake http://earthquake.usgs.gov/research/parkfield/eq_predict.php
Stress/Strain: http://www.wou.edu/las/physci/taylor/es406_structure/TM_chap8_stress.pdf http://earthphysicsteaching.homestead.com/Principles_Structural_Geology_3.html
http://www.uwgb.edu/dutchs/structge/stress.htm
http://maps.unomaha.edu/maher/GEOL3300/week6/rheology.html
http://www.files.ethz.ch/structuralgeology/JPB/files/English/5paleostress.pdf
Geologic dating: http://geology.utah.gov/surveynotes/gladasked/gladage.htm
http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/help/timeform.php
http://paleobiology.si.edu/geotime/main/foundation_dating4.html (paleomagnetics)
http://web.ics.purdue.edu/~ecalais/teaching/eas450/paleomagnetism.pdf
Glaciers: http://www.csulb.edu/~rodrigue/geog140/lectures/glaciers.html