Geometry Vocabulary Cards · 2018-08-14 · (back to top) Geometry Vocabulary Cards Page 14 Properties of Congruence Reflexive Property For all angles A, A A. An angle is congruent

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High School Mathematics

Geometry Vocabulary Word Wall Cards

Table of Contents

Reasoning, Lines, and Transformations Basics of Geometry 1 Basics of Geometry 2 Geometry Notation Conditional Statement Converse Inverse Symbolic Representations Deductive Reasoning Inductive Reasoning Proof Properties of Congruence Counterexample Perpendicular Lines Parallel Lines Transversal Corresponding Angles Alternate Interior Angles Alternate Exterior Angles Consecutive Interior Angles Parallel Lines Midpoint Midpoint Formula Slope Formula Slope of Lines in Coordinate Plane Distance Formula Line Symmetry Point Symmetry Rotation (Origin)

Reflection Translation Dilation Rotation (Point) Perpendicular Bisector Constructions: o A line segment congruent to a given

line segment o Perpendicular bisector of a line

segment o A perpendicular to a given line from a

point not on the line o A perpendicular to a given line at a

point on the line o A bisector of an angle o An angle congruent to a given angle o A line parallel to a given line through

a point not on the given line o An equilateral triangle inscribed in a

circle o A square inscribed in a circle o A regular hexagon inscribed in a

circle o An inscribed circle of a triangle o A circumscribed circle of a triangle

Triangles Classifying Triangles by Sides Classifying Triangles by Angles Triangle Sum Theorem Exterior Angle Theorem


Pythagorean Theorem Angle and Sides Relationships Triangle Inequality Theorem Congruent Triangles SSS Triangle Congruence Postulate SAS Triangle Congruence Postulate HL Right Triangle Congruence ASA Triangle Congruence Postulate AAS Triangle Congruence Theorem Similar Polygons Similar Triangles and Proportions AA Triangle Similarity Postulate SAS Triangle Similarity Theorem SSS Triangle Similarity Theorem Altitude of a Triangle Median of a Triangle Concurrency of Medians of a Triangle 30°-60°-90° Triangle Theorem 45°-45°-90° Triangle Theorem Geometric Mean Trigonometric Ratios Inverse Trigonometric Ratios

Polygons and Circles Regular Polygon Properties of Parallelograms Rectangle

Rhombus Square Circle Circles Circle Equation Lines and Circles Tangent Central Angle Measuring Arcs Arc Length Secants and Tangents Inscribed Angle Area of a Sector Inscribed Angle Theorem 1 Inscribed Angle Theorem 2 Inscribed Angle Theorem 3 Segments in a Circle

Three-Dimensional Figures Cone Cylinder Polyhedron Similar Solids Theorem Sphere Pyramid


Reasoning, Lines, and

Transformations


Basics of Geometry

Point – A point has no dimension. It is a location on a plane. It is represented by a dot.

Line – A line has one dimension. It is an infinite set of points represented by a line with two arrowheads that extends without end.

Plane – A plane has two dimensions extending without end. It is often represented by a parallelogram.

P point P

A B

m

plane ABC or plane N

N A

B

C

AB or BA or line m


Basics of Geometry

Line segment – A line segment consists of two endpoints and all the points between them.

Ray – A ray has one endpoint and extends without end in one direction.

A B

B

C

BC

AB or BA

Note: Name the endpoint first. BC and CB are different rays.


Geometry Notation Symbols used to represent statements

or operations in geometry.

BC segment BC

BC ray BC

BC line BC

BC length of BC

ABC angle ABC

mABC measure of angle ABC

ABC triangle ABC

|| is parallel to

is perpendicular to

is congruent to

is similar to


Conditional Statement

a logical argument consisting of

a set of premises, hypothesis (p), and conclusion (q)

Symbolically:

if p, then q pq

hypothesis

conclusion

If an angle is a right angle,

then its measure is 90.


Converse

formed by interchanging the hypothesis and conclusion of a conditional

statement

Conditional: If an angle is a right angle,


Symbolically:

if q, then p qp

Converse: If an angle measures 90, then the angle is a right angle.


Inverse

formed by negating the hypothesis and conclusion of a conditional statement

Conditional: If an angle is a right angle,


Symbolically:

if ~p, then ~q ~p~q

Inverse: If an angle is not a right angle,

then its measure is not 90.


Symbolic Representations

Conditional if p, then q pq

Converse if q, then p qp

Inverse if not p,

then not q ~p~q

Contrapositive if not q,

then not p ~q~p


Deductive Reasoning

method using logic to draw conclusions based upon definitions, postulates, and

theorems

Example: Prove (x ∙ y) ∙ z = (z ∙ y) ∙ x.

Step 1: (x ∙ y) ∙ z = z ∙ (x ∙ y), using commutative property of multiplication. Step 2: = z ∙ (y ∙ x), using commutative property of multiplication. Step 3: = (z ∙ y) ∙ x, using associative property of multiplication.


Inductive Reasoning

method of drawing conclusions from a

limited set of observations

Example: Given a pattern, determine the rule for the pattern.

Determine the next number in this sequence 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13...


Proof

a justification logically valid and based on initial assumptions, definitions,

postulates, and theorems

Example:

Given: 1 2

Prove: 2 1

Statements Reasons

1 2 Given

m1 = m2 Definition of congruent angles

m2 = m1 Symmetric Property of Equality

2 1 Definition of congruent angles


Properties of Congruence

Reflexive Property

For all angles A, A A.

An angle is congruent to itself.

Symmetric Property

For any angles A and B,

If A B, then B A .

Order of congruence does not matter.

Transitive Property

For any angles A, B, and C,

If A B and B C, then

A C.

If two angles are both congruent to a third angle, then the first two

angles are also congruent.


Example: Conjecture: “The product of any two

numbers is odd.”

Counterexample: 2 ∙ 3 = 6

Counterexample

specific case for which a conjecture is false

One counterexample proves a conjecture false.


Perpendicular Lines

two lines that intersect to form a right angle

Line m is perpendicular to line n.

m n

m

n


Parallel Lines

lines that do not intersect and are coplanar

m||n Line m is parallel to line n.

Parallel lines have the same slope.

m

n


Transversal

a line that intersects at least two other lines

Line t is a transversal.

t

x y

t

b

a


Corresponding Angles

angles in matching positions when a transversal crosses at least two lines

Examples:

1) 2 and 6

2) 3 and 7

t

a

b

4

5 6

3

2 1

7 8


Alternate Interior Angles

angles inside the lines and on opposite sides of the transversal

Examples:

1) 1 and 4

2) 2 and 3

a

b

t

2

3 4

1


Alternate Exterior Angles

angles outside the two lines and on opposite sides of the transversal

Examples:

1) 1 and 4

2) 2 and 3

t

a

b

2 1

3 4


Consecutive Interior Angles

angles between the two lines and on the same side of the transversal

Examples:

1) 1 and 2

2) 3 and 4

2

1 3

4

t

a

b


Parallel Lines

Line a is parallel to line b when Corresponding angles

are congruent

1 5, 2 6,

3 7, 4 8

Alternate interior angles are congruent

3 6

4 5

Alternate exterior angles are congruent

1 8

2 7

Consecutive interior angles are

supplementary

m3+ m5 = 180°

m4 + m6 = 180°

a

b

t

4

5 6

3

2 1

7 8


Midpoint

divides a segment into two congruent segments

Example: M is the midpoint of CD

CM MD CM = MD

Segment bisector may be a point, ray,

line, line segment, or plane that intersects the segment at its midpoint.

D C M


Midpoint Formula

given points A(x1, y1) and B(x2, y2)

midpoint M =

A

B

M

(x1, y1)

(x2, y2)


Slope Formula

ratio of vertical change to horizontal change

slope = m = change in y

= y2 – y1

change in x x2 – x1

A

B

(x1, y1)

(x2, y2)

x2 – x1

y2 – y1


y

x

n p

Slopes of Lines

Parallel lines have the same slope.

Perpendicular lines have slopes whose

product is -1.

Vertical lines have undefined slope.

Horizontal lines have

0 slope.

Example:

The slope of line n = -2. The slope of line p =2

1 .

-2 ∙ 2

1 = -1, therefore, n p.


Distance Formula

given points A (x1, y1) and B (x2, y2)

2AB x x y y2 2

1 2 1

The distance formula is based on the Pythagorean Theorem.

A

B

(x1, y1)

(x2, y2)

x2 – x1

y2 – y1


Line Symmetry

MOM

B X


Point Symmetry

pod

S Z

A Aˊ

C

Cˊ

P


Rotation

Pre-image has been transformed by a

90 clockwise rotation about the origin.

Preimage Image A(-3,0) A(0,3) B(-3,3) B(3,3)

C(-1,3) C(3,1) D(-1,0) D(0,1)

x

y

A

D

B C

A

B

C D

center of rotation


Rotation

Pre-image A has been transformed by a

90 clockwise rotation about the point (2, 0) to form image AI.

center of rotation

x

A

A'

y


Reflection

Preimage Image

D(1,-2) D(-1,-2) E(3,-2) E(-3,-2)

F(3,2) F(-3,2)

y

x

D

F

E D E

F


Translation

Preimage Image A(1,2) A(-2,-3) B(3,2) B(0,-3) C(4,3) C(1,-2) D(3,4) D(0,-1) E(1,4) E(-2,-1)

y

x

A

C

B

B A

E

D E

D

C


Dilation

Preimage Image A(0,2) A(0,4) B(2,0) B(4,0)

C(0,0) C(0,0)

Preimage Image E E F F

G G

H H

x

y

C

A

B

A

B C

E F

G

P

E F

H

H

G


Perpendicular Bisector

a segment, ray, line, or plane that is perpendicular to a segment at its

midpoint

Example: Line s is perpendicular to XY.

M is the midpoint, therefore XM MY. Z lies on line s and is equidistant from X and Y.

X Y

s

M

Z


Constructions

Traditional constructions involving a compass and straightedge reinforce

students’ understanding of geometric concepts. Constructions help students

visualize Geometry. There are multiple methods to most geometric constructions. These cards illustrate only one method. Students would benefit from experiences with more than one method and should be able to justify each step of geometric

constructions.


Construct

segment CD congruent to segment AB

B A Fig. 1

Fig. 2 C D


Construct a perpendicular bisector of

segment AB

B A

Fig. 1

Fig. 2

A B

B A

Fig. 3


Construct a perpendicular to a line from

point P not on the line

B A

P

Fig. 1 Fig. 2

B A

P

Fig. 4

P

Fig. 3

B A B A

P


Construct a perpendicular to a line from

point P on the line

B A P

Fig. 1 Fig. 2

Fig. 3 Fig. 4

B A P B A P

B A P


Construct a bisector of A

A

Fig. 1

A

Fig. 2

Fig. 3

A

Fig. 4

A


Construct Y congruent to A

Fig. 1 Fig. 2

Fig. 3 Fig. 4

Y

A

A

Y

A

Y

A

Y


Construct line n parallel to line m through

point P not on the line

Fig. 1 Fig. 2

Fig. 3 Fig. 4

m

P

m

P

n

m

P

Draw a line through point P intersecting line m. m

P


Construct an equilateral triangle inscribed

in a circle

Fig. 1 Fig. 2

Fig. 3 Fig. 4


Construct a square inscribed in a circle

Fig. 1 Fig. 2

Fig. 3 Fig. 4

Draw a diameter.


Construct a regular hexagon inscribed

in a circle

Fig. 2 Fig. 1

Fig. 3 Fig. 4


Construct the inscribed circle of a triangle

Fig. 2 Fig. 1

Fig. 4

Fig. 3

Bisect all angles.


Construct the circumscribed circle

of a triangle

Fig. 2 Fig. 1

Fig. 3 Fig. 4


Triangles


Classifying Triangles

Scalene Isosceles Equilateral

No congruent sides

At least 2 congruent sides

3 congruent sides

No congruent angles

2 or 3 congruent

angles

3 congruent angles

All equilateral triangles are isosceles.


Classifying Triangles

Acute Right Obtuse Equiangular

3 acute angles

1 right angle

1 obtuse angle

3 congruent angles

3 angles, each less

than 90

1 angle

equals 90

1 angle greater

than 90

3 angles, each measures

60


Triangle Sum Theorem

measures of the interior angles of a

triangle = 180

mA + mB + mC = 180

A

B

C


Exterior Angle Theorem

Exterior angle, m1, is equal to the sum of the measures of the two

nonadjacent interior angles.

m1 = mB + mC

A

B

C

1


Pythagorean Theorem

If ABC is a right triangle, then

a2 + b2 = c2.

Conversely, if a2 + b2 = c2, then

ABC is a right triangle.

b

c hypotenuse

a

B A

C


Angle and Side Relationships

A is the largest angle, therefore BC is the longest side.

B is the smallest angle, therefore AC is the shortest side.

12

8 6 88o

54o 38o

B C

A

12

8 6 88o

54o 38o

B C

A


Triangle Inequality Theorem

The sum of the lengths of any two sides of a triangle is greater than the length of

the third side.

Example:

AB + BC > AC AC + BC > AB AB + AC > BC

A

B

C


Congruent Triangles

Two possible congruence statements:

ABC FED

BCA EDF Corresponding Parts of Congruent Figures

A F AB FE

B E BC ED

C D CA DF

E

A

B

C

F

D


SSS Triangle Congruence

Postulate

Example:

If Side AB FE,

Side AC FD, and

Side BC ED ,

then ABC FED.

E

A

B

C

F

D


SAS Triangle Congruence

Postulate

Example:

If Side AB DE,

Angle A D, and

Side AC DF ,

then ABC DEF.

A

B

C F

E

D


HL Right Triangle Congruence

Example:

If Hypotenuse RS XY, and

Leg ST YZ ,

then RST XYZ.

R

S

T X

Y

Z


ASA Triangle Congruence

Postulate

Example:

If Angle A D,

Side AC DF , and

Angle C F

then ABC DEF.

A

B

C F

E

D


AAS Triangle Congruence

Theorem

Example:

If Angle R X,

Angle S Y, and

Side ST YZ

then RST XYZ.

R

S T

X

Y Z


Similar Polygons

ABCD HGFE

Angles Sides

A corresponds to H corresponds to

B corresponds to G corresponds to C corresponds to F corresponds to

D corresponds to E corresponds to

Corresponding angles are congruent. Corresponding sides are proportional.

A

B

D

C

E

F G

H 2

4

6

12


Similar Polygons and Proportions

Corresponding vertices are listed in the same order.

Example: ABC HGF

HG

AB =

GF

BC

x

12 =

4

6

The perimeters of the polygons are also proportional.

A

B C

H

G F

12

6 4

x


AA Triangle Similarity Postulate

Example:

If Angle R X and

Angle S Y,

then RST XYZ.

R

S T

X

Y Z


SAS Triangle Similarity Theorem

Example:

If A D and

DE

AB = DF

AC

then ABC DEF.

12 6

14 7

F

E

D A

B

C


SSS Triangle Similarity Theorem

Example:

If XZ

RT =

XY

RS =

YZ

ST

then RST XYZ.

R

S

T X

Y

Z 12

13 5

6

6.5 2.5


B I

G

P

Altitude of a Triangle

a segment from a vertex perpendicular to the opposite side

Every triangle has 3 altitudes. The 3 altitudes intersect at a point called the

orthocenter.

altitude/height

B C

A

G

J H

altitudes

orthocenter


Median of a Triangle

D is the midpoint of AB; therefore,

CD is a median of ABC. Every triangle has 3 medians.

a

D

median

A

C

B


Concurrency of Medians of a

Triangle

Medians of ABC intersect at P and

AP = 3

2AF, CP =

3

2CE , BP =

3

2BD.

P

centroid

A

B C

D E

F


30°-60°-90° Triangle Theorem

Given: short leg = x Using equilateral triangle,

hypotenuse = 2 ∙ x Applying the Pythagorean Theorem,

longer leg = x ∙ 3

30°

60° x

2x

x 3 x

60°

30°


45°-45°-90° Triangle Theorem

Given: leg = x, then applying the Pythagorean Theorem;

hypotenuse2 = x2 + x2 hypotenuse = x 2

x

x x 2

45°

45°


Geometric Mean

of two positive numbers a and b is the positive number x that satisfies

x

a =

b

x.

x2 = ab and x = ab .

In a right triangle, the length of the altitude is the geometric mean of the lengths of the

two segments.

Example:

= , so x2 = 36 and x = 36 = 6.

A

C B

x

9 4


Trigonometric Ratios

sin A = =

cos A = =

tan A = =

hypotenuse side opposite A a

c

hypotenuse side adjacent A b

c

side adjacent to A side opposite A

(side adjacent A) A

B

C

a

b

c

(side opposite A)

(hypotenuse)

a b


Inverse Trigonometric

Ratios

Definition Example

If tan A = x, then tan-1 x = mA. tan-1

b

a = mA

If sin A = y, then sin-1 y = mA. sin-1

c

a= mA

If cos A = z, then cos-1 z = mA. cos-1

c

b = mA

A

B

C

a

b

c


Polygons and Circles


Regular Polygon

a convex polygon that is both equiangular and equilateral

Equilateral Triangle Each angle measures 60o.

Square Each angle measures 90o.

Regular Pentagon Each angle measures 108o.

Regular Hexagon Each angle measures 120o.

Regular Octagon Each angle measures 135o.


Properties of Parallelograms

Opposite sides are parallel and congruent.

Opposite angles are congruent.

Consecutive angles are supplementary.

The diagonals bisect each other.


Rectangle

A rectangle is a parallelogram with four right angles.

Diagonals are congruent.

Diagonals bisect each other.


Rhombus

A rhombus is a parallelogram with four congruent sides.

Diagonals are perpendicular.

Each diagonal bisects a pair of opposite angles.


Square

A square is a parallelogram and a rectangle with four congruent sides.

Diagonals are perpendicular.

Every square is a rhombus.


Circle all points in a plane equidistant from a

given point called the center

Point O is the center.

MN passes through the center O and therefore, MN is a diameter.

OP, OM, and ON are radii and

OP OM ON. RS and MN are chords.


Circles

A polygon is an inscribed polygon if all of its vertices lie on a circle.

A circle is considered “inscribed” if it is tangent to each side of the polygon.


Circle Equation

x2 + y2 = r2

circle with radius r and center at the origin

standard equation of a circle (x – h)2 + (y – k)2 = r2

with center (h,k) and radius r

y

x

(x,y)

x

y r


Lines and Circles

Secant (AB) – a line that intersects a circle in two points.

Tangent (CD) – a line (or ray or segment) that intersects a circle in exactly one point, the point of tangency, D.

C

D

A

B


Tangent

A line is tangent to a circle if and only if the line is perpendicular to a radius

drawn to the point of tangency.

QS is tangent to circle R at point Q.

Radius RQ QS

Q S

R


Tangent

If two segments from the same exterior point are tangent to a circle, then they

are congruent.

AB and AC are tangent to the circle at points B and C.

Therefore, AB AC and AC = AB.

C

B

A


Central Angle

an angle whose vertex is the center of the circle

ACB is a central angle of circle C. Minor arc – corresponding central angle is less than 180° Major arc – corresponding central angle is greater than 180°

A

B

C

minor arc AB

major arc ADB

D


Measuring Arcs

Minor arcs Major arcs Semicircles

The measure of the entire circle is 360o. The measure of a minor arc is equal to its central angle. The measure of a major arc is the difference between

360° and the measure of the related minor arc.

A D

B

R

C

70° 110°


Arc Length

Example:

4 cm

A

B

C 120°


Tangents

m1 = 2

1(x°- y°)

Two tangents

1

x°

y°


Inscribed Angle

angle whose vertex is a point on the circle and whose sides contain chords of

the circle

B

A

C


Area of a Sector region bounded by two radii and their

intercepted arc

Example:

cm


Inscribed Angle Theorem

If two inscribed angles of a circle intercept the same arc, then the angles

are congruent.

BDC BAC

A

D

B

C



mBAC = 90° if and only if BC is a diameter of the circle.

O

A

C

B



M, A, T, and H lie on circle J if and only if

mA + mH = 180° and

mT + mM = 180°.

88

92 95

85 M

J

T H

A


Segments in a Circle

If two chords intersect in a circle, then a∙b = c∙d.

Example: 12(6) = 9x 72 = 9x 8 = x

a

b

c

d

12

6

x

9


Three-Dimensional Figures


Cone

solid that has a circular base, an apex, and a lateral surface

V = 3

1r2h

L.A. (lateral surface area) = rl

S.A. (surface area) = r2 + rl

base

apex

height (h)

lateral surface (curved surface of cone) slant height (l)

radius(r)


Cylinder

solid figure with congruent circular bases that lie in parallel planes

V = r2h

L.A. (lateral surface area) = 2rh

S.A. (surface area) = 2r2 + 2rh

height (h)

radius (r)

base

base


Polyhedron

solid that is bounded by polygons, called faces

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:POV-Ray-Dodecahedron.svg

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rhombictriacontahedron.svg


Similar Solids Theorem

If two similar solids have a scale factor of a:b, then their corresponding surface areas have a

ratio of a2: b2, and their corresponding volumes have a ratio of a3: b3.

cylinder A cylinder B

Example

scale factor a : b 3:2

ratio of surface areas

a2: b2 9:4

ratio of volumes a3: b3 27:8

B A


Sphere

a three-dimensional surface of which all points are equidistant from

a fixed point

radius

V = 3

4r3

S.A. (surface area) = 4r2


Pyramid

polyhedron with a polygonal base and triangular faces meeting in a common vertex

V = 3

1Bh

L.A. (lateral surface area) = 2

1lp

S.A. (surface area) = 2

1lp + B

vertex

base

slant height (l) height (h)

area of base (B)

perimeter of base (p)

Documents

Geometry Vocabulary Cards · 2018-08-14 · (back to top) Geometry Vocabulary Cards Page 14 Properties of Congruence Reflexive Property For all angles A, A A. An angle is congruent