George Jarvis: His Journal and Related Documents by George Georgiades ArnakisReview by: George C. SoulisThe American Historical Review, Vol. 71, No. 3 (Apr., 1966), pp. 1013-1014Published by: Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Historical AssociationStable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1846153 .

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Modern Europe 1013

THE virulent controversy raging over the relative strength of the various national movements in the Austro-Hungarian monarchy and the extent to which each contributed to the eventual dissolution of the Empire by-passed until I965 the Rumanian national movement in Bucovina. The rival positions, expressed most vituperatively at the Budapest Conference of May I964 on the downfall of the Habsburg monarchy, had avoided any discussion of areas now under Russian domination. Erich Prokopowitsch, the Austrian historian, has none of the caution displayed by the historians of Eastern Europe regarding Bucovina; nor does he share the prejudices of prewar writers on minority problems. He has thus pro- duced the first lucid and impartial study on the Rumanian national movement in the former Austrian province.

Unfortunately the monograph is hardly more than an intelligent summary of documents contained in the Haus-, Hof- und Staatsarchiv and of several minor contributions on a variety of socioeconomic, political, and cultural problems re- lated in one way or another to Bucovina. The author traces the development of the Rumanian national movement from 1774 to I9I8 within the total framework of nineteenth-century Rumanian nationalism. He emphasizes cultural rather than economic and political transformations, although the systematic summary state- ments on the development of the Rumanian press, educational system, and religious life are followed by brief discussions of economic change and political organization. An attempt is also made to analyze the relationship between the Rumanian and other national movements, particularly the Ruthenian.

Prokopowitsch was clearly handicapped by his inability to secure access to sources located in Russian and Rumanian repositories and by his almost exclusive reliance on materials in German. Under the circumstances the study can only serve as an introduction to the subject. It is to be hoped that the Kommission fur die Geschichte der osterreichisch-ungarischen Monarchie, the sponsor of the pub- lication, will encourage further research on the extremely complex nationality problems of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy.

Wayne State University STEPHEN FISCHER-GALATI

GEORGE JARVIS: HIS JOURNAL AND RELATED DOCUMENTS. Ed- ited with introduction, prologues, sequel and notes by George Georgiades Arnakis. With the collaboration of Eurydice Demetracopoulou. [Ameri- cans in the Greek Revolution, Number I.] (Thessalonike: Institute for Balkan Studies. I965. PP. XXXii, 282, 8 plates.)

THE philhellenic movement-that product of the Hellenic revival, the love for liberty, and a sense of Christian solidarity-which had swept over all of Europe at the beginning of the nineteenth century, had found fertile ground also across the Atlantic, especially when the Greek Revolution broke out in 1821. The story of American philhellenism has been studied in the last forty years by E. Earle, S. Lascaris, M. Cline, Th. Vaghenas and E. Demetracopoulou, D. Dakin, and S. Larrabee, who have illuminated its various aspects. The movement held an im- portant place in the American public mind throughout the entire course of the Greek War of Independence and won devoted friends such as Edward Everett and Matthew Carey. Philhellenic committees were established in the main cities of the

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IOI4 Reviews of Books

United States, funds were raised, and relief was sent to the fighting Greeks, while a number of young Americans decided to join them as volunteers in their struggle for freedom. Among the volunteers probably no one saw more actual fighting than George Jarvis, who went to Greece in I822 from Altona, near Hamburg, and gave his unfailing service, both on sea and land, to the Greek warriors. He immediately won the affection and esteem of his comrades in arms, and from a simple guerrilla soldier he had advanced to the rank of lieutenant general by the time of his death in Argos in 1828. It is fortunate that Jarvis should have left a journal of his experiences during the Greek Revolution, which is now published for the first time along with a number of related documents by two such pains- taking scholars as Professor Arnakis and Miss Demetracopoulou.

The editorial work, which leaves nothing to be desired, must certainly have been an arduous task since the manuscript is so carelessly written and employs four different languages: English, German, French, and Greek. The editors have provided the text with an excellent introduction in which the manuscript is de- scribed and its problems discussed, and they have accompanied it with useful com- mentaries and explanatory notes. Thus they have made available to the student of the history of the Greek War of Independence a new source, which, although it cannot be compared in importance with the existing memoirs of other warriors, such as Makriyannis and Kasomoulis, is nevertheless an interesting and vivid account from the battlefield itself.

University of California, Berkeley GEORGE C. SOULIS

A NAGYBIRTOKOS ARISZTOKRACIA ELLENFORRADALMI SZEREPE i848-49-BEN. Volume III, IRATOK: I849 MARCIUS-I85o APRILIS [The Counterrevolutionary Role of the Landholding Aristocracy in I848-49. Vol- ume III, Documents: March i849-April I850]. Compiled and edited by Erzsebet Andics. [Magyarorszag 1Ujabbkori Tortenetenek Forrasai.] (Budapest: Akade- miai Kiado6. 1965. PP. 543. Ft. 98.)

1848 SZECHENYIJE E%S SZEICHENYI i848-A [The Szechenyi of I848 and the I848 of Szechenyi]. By Gyorgy Spira. [A Magyar Tudomainyos Akademia T6rtenettudomainyi Intezete.] (Budapest: Akademiai Kiado. I964. PP. 368. Ft. 50.)

A SZECHENYI-ABRAZOLAS FO IRANYAI A MAGYAR TORTIENETI- RASBAN (I85I-I9I8) [Leading Portrayals of Szechenyi in Hungarian His- toriography (I85I-I9I8)]. By Zoltan T/arga. [Magyar T6rtenelmi Tairsulat, Tudomainytorteneti Tanulmanyok, Number 3.] (Budapest: Akademiai Kiadv. I963. PP. 374- Ft. 58.)

THESE three volumes have one aspect in common: they discuss in part or entirely the Hungarian Revolution of I848-I849. The first work contains 239 documents in various languages from the period that saw the last Hungarian victories, the Russian intervention, the defeat of the Revolution, and the establishment of the Austrian military administration in Hungary. Gathered in many Hungarian and foreign archives, these documents were written by and addressed to opponents of the Revolution whose socioeconomic background was much more diverse than that indicated by the title. From these documents we learn as much about the

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