George WashingtonGeorge Washington

The Native American The Native American Challenge in Western landsChallenge in Western lands

Challenge of Western Challenge of Western ExpansionExpansion

Treaty of Paris 1783 ceded Treaty of Paris 1783 ceded Northwest Territory to United StatesNorthwest Territory to United States

British allowed to keep border forts British allowed to keep border forts until US resolve land disputes with until US resolve land disputes with Native AmericansNative Americans

British incited Native Americans to British incited Native Americans to attack settlersattack settlers

Conflict called Northwest Indian Conflict called Northwest Indian WarsWars

Early Set-backsEarly Set-backs

Chippewa, Ottawa, Pottawatomi, Chippewa, Ottawa, Pottawatomi, Shawnee, Delaware, Mingo, and Shawnee, Delaware, Mingo, and Wyandot tribes formed Wyandot tribes formed confederation confederation to oppose settlement of to oppose settlement of Northwest TerritoryNorthwest Territory

Between 1790-94 Native Americans Between 1790-94 Native Americans experienced long string of victoriesexperienced long string of victories

Seemed Seemed on verge keeping on verge keeping Americans outAmericans out

Washington Takes ActionWashington Takes Action

Early Early attempts to attempts to secure the Ohio secure the Ohio Territory by Territory by negotiation fail.negotiation fail.

Hostilities ensue under Hostilities ensue under General Arthur St. General Arthur St. Clair, Governor of the Clair, Governor of the Northwest Territory.Northwest Territory.

St. Clair leads a St. Clair leads a punitive actions punitive actions against Indians in against Indians in November of 1791.November of 1791.

St. Clair's Defeat, or the St. Clair's Defeat, or the ""Battle of the Wabash." ."

Greatest defeat of the Greatest defeat of the American army by American army by Native Americans in Native Americans in history with some 623 history with some 623 American soldiers killed American soldiers killed in action as opposed to in action as opposed to about 50 enemy dead. about 50 enemy dead.

Washington replaces St. Washington replaces St. ClairClair

““Mad” Anthony WayneMad” Anthony Wayne

1792 General 1792 General Wayne attempts Wayne attempts negotiation with negotiation with IndiansIndians

June 1794 Native June 1794 Native Americans attack Americans attack Fort RecoveryFort Recovery

Wayne decides Wayne decides force is neededforce is needed

Map: Battle of Fallen Map: Battle of Fallen TimbersTimbers

Battle of Fallen TimbersBattle of Fallen Timbers

Near present day Toledo, Wayne Near present day Toledo, Wayne meets an Indian force of about 1300meets an Indian force of about 1300

Called Fallen Timbers because Called Fallen Timbers because tornado had fallen treestornado had fallen trees

Wayne defeats the Native forcesWayne defeats the Native forces Indians flee to Ft Miami, controlled by Indians flee to Ft Miami, controlled by

the British and turned awaythe British and turned away This is the final and decisive This is the final and decisive

battle of the War.battle of the War.

A 19th-century color engraving depicts the victory of Gen. Anthony Wayne's troopsA 19th-century color engraving depicts the victory of Gen. Anthony Wayne's troops at the battle of Fallen Timbers on Aug. 20, 1794. at the battle of Fallen Timbers on Aug. 20, 1794.

Wayne's victory over the Northwest Indian Confederation led to a treatyWayne's victory over the Northwest Indian Confederation led to a treaty that granted most of Ohio and parts of Indiana, Michigan, and Illinois to the United that granted most of Ohio and parts of Indiana, Michigan, and Illinois to the United

States.States.

Treaty of Greenville Treaty of Greenville August 2, August 2, 17951795

It put an end to the It put an end to the Northwest Indian War. .

Native Americans Native Americans turned over to the turned over to the United States large United States large parts of modern-parts of modern-day Ohio, the future day Ohio, the future site of downtown site of downtown Chicago and the Chicago and the Fort Detroit area. Fort Detroit area.

Odd Man OutOdd Man Out Tecumseh, Native Tecumseh, Native

American refused American refused to sign the Treatyto sign the Treaty

In 1795 he would In 1795 he would begin gathering begin gathering discontented discontented natives around natives around himhim

He would challenge He would challenge American authority American authority againagain

Importance of the BattleImportance of the Battle

Forced British to abandon outpostsForced British to abandon outposts Treaty of GreenvilleTreaty of Greenville: Indians : Indians

relinquish most of Ohio landsrelinquish most of Ohio lands Without the victory, US may have Without the victory, US may have

been forced to cede Northwest been forced to cede Northwest Territory to BritishTerritory to British

Another defeat would have greatly Another defeat would have greatly weakened the new government, weakened the new government, highlighting inability to protecthighlighting inability to protect