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ESRI 380 New York St., Redlands, CA 92373-8100, USA • TEL 909-793-2853 • FAX 909-793-5953 • E-MAIL [email protected] • WEB www.esri.com Geospatial Analysis with ArcGIS Desktop Extensions An ESRI ® White Paper December 2001

Geospatial Analysis with ArcGIS Desktop Extensionsibis.geog.ubc.ca/.../notes/background_docs/geoanalysis_ArcGIS.pdf · J-8719 ESRI White Paper Geospatial Analysis with ArcGIS Desktop

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Page 1: Geospatial Analysis with ArcGIS Desktop Extensionsibis.geog.ubc.ca/.../notes/background_docs/geoanalysis_ArcGIS.pdf · J-8719 ESRI White Paper Geospatial Analysis with ArcGIS Desktop

ESRI 380 New York St., Redlands, CA 92373-8100, USA • TEL 909-793-2853 • FAX 909-793-5953 • E-MAIL [email protected] • WEB www.esri.com

Geospatial Analysis with ArcGIS™ Desktop Extensions

An ESRI

® White Paper • December 2001

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Copyright © 2001 ESRI All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. The information contained in this document is the exclusive property of ESRI. This work is protected under United States copyright law and other international copyright treaties and conventions. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system, except as expressly permitted in writing by ESRI. All requests should be sent to Attention: Contracts Manager, ESRI, 380 New York Street, Redlands, CA 92373-8100, USA. The information contained in this document is subject to change without notice.

U.S. GOVERNMENT RESTRICTED/LIMITED RIGHTS Any software, documentation, and/or data delivered hereunder is subject to the terms of the License Agreement. In no event shall the U.S. Government acquire greater than RESTRICTED/LIMITED RIGHTS. At a minimum, use, duplication, or disclosure by the U.S. Government is subject to restrictions as set forth in FAR §52.227-14 Alternates I, II, and III (JUN 1987); FAR §52.227-19 (JUN 1987) and/or FAR §12.211/12.212 (Commercial Technical Data/Computer Software); and DFARS §252.227-7015 (NOV 1995) (Technical Data) and/or DFARS §227.7202 (Computer Software), as applicable. Contractor/Manufacturer is ESRI, 380 New York Street, Redlands, CA 92373-8100, USA. @esri.com, 3D Analyst, ADF, AML, ARC/INFO, ArcAtlas, ArcCAD, ArcCatalog, ArcCOGO, ArcData, ArcDoc, ArcEdit, ArcEditor, ArcEurope, ArcExplorer, ArcExpress, ArcFM, ArcGIS, ArcGrid, ArcIMS, ArcInfo Librarian, ArcInfo, ArcInfo—Professional GIS, ArcInfo—The World's GIS, ArcLogistics, ArcMap, ArcNetwork, ArcNews, ArcObjects, ArcOpen, ArcPad, ArcPlot, ArcPress, ArcQuest, ArcReader, ArcScan, ArcScene, ArcSchool, ArcSDE, ArcSdl, ArcStorm, ArcSurvey, ArcTIN, ArcToolbox, ArcTools, ArcUSA, ArcUser, ArcView, ArcVoyager, ArcWatch, ArcWeb, ArcWorld, Atlas GIS, AtlasWare, Avenue, BusinessMAP, Database Integrator, DBI Kit, ESRI, ESRI—Team GIS, ESRI—The GIS People, FormEdit, Geographic Design System, Geography Matters, Geography Network, GIS by ESRI, GIS Day, GIS for Everyone, GISData Server, InsiteMAP, MapBeans, MapCafé, MapObjects, ModelBuilder, MOLE, NetEngine, PC ARC/INFO, PC ARCPLOT, PC ARCSHELL, PC DATA CONVERSION, PC STARTER KIT, PC TABLES, PC ARCEDIT, PC NETWORK, PC OVERLAY, Rent-a-Tech, RouteMAP, SDE, SML, Spatial Database Engine, StreetEditor, StreetMap, TABLES, the ARC/INFO logo, the ArcAtlas logo, the ArcCAD logo, the ArcCAD WorkBench logo, the ArcCOGO logo, the ArcData logo, the ArcData Online logo, the ArcEdit logo, the ArcEurope logo, the ArcExplorer logo, the ArcExpress logo, the ArcFM logo, the ArcFM Viewer logo, the ArcGIS logo, the ArcGrid logo, the ArcIMS logo, the ArcInfo logo, the ArcLogistics Route logo, the ArcNetwork logo, the ArcPad logo, the ArcPlot logo, the ArcPress for ArcView logo, the ArcPress logo, the ArcScan logo, the ArcScene logo, the ArcSDE CAD Client logo, the ArcSDE logo, the ArcStorm logo, the ArcTIN logo, the ArcTools logo, the ArcUSA logo, the ArcView 3D Analyst logo, the ArcView Business Analyst logo, the ArcView Data Publisher logo, the ArcView GIS logo, the ArcView Image Analysis logo, the ArcView Internet Map Server logo, the ArcView logo, the ArcView Network Analyst logo, the ArcView Spatial Analyst logo, the ArcView StreetMap 2000 logo, the ArcView StreetMap logo, the ArcView Tracking Analyst logo, the ArcWorld logo, the Atlas GIS logo, the Avenue logo, the BusinessMAP logo, the Data Automation Kit logo, the Digital Chart of the World logo, the ESRI Data logo, the ESRI globe logo, the ESRI Press logo, the Geography Network logo, the MapCafé logo, the MapObjects Internet Map Server logo, the MapObjects logo, the MOLE logo, the NetEngine logo, the PC ARC/INFO logo, the Production Line Tool Set logo, the RouteMAP IMS logo, the RouteMAP logo, the SDE logo, The World's Leading Desktop GIS, Water Writes, www.esri.com, www.geographynetwork.com, www.gisday.com, and Your Personal Geographic Information System are trademarks, registered trademarks, or service marks of ESRI in the United States, the European Community, or certain other jurisdictions. Other companies and products mentioned herein are trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective trademark owners.

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ESRI White Paper i

Geospatial Analysis with ArcGIS Desktop Extensions

An ESRI White Paper Contents Page Overview .............................................................................................. 1 ArcGIS Extensions Comparison .......................................................... 3 Powerful Stand-Alone Functionality.................................................... 3

ArcGIS Spatial Analyst.................................................................. 3 ArcGIS Geostatistical Analyst ....................................................... 4 ArcGIS 3D Analyst........................................................................ 4

Working Together ................................................................................ 4 Surface Creation............................................................................. 7 ESDA ............................................................................................. 7 Perform Diagnostics....................................................................... 7 Topographic Analysis .................................................................... 7 Advanced Raster–Vector Analysis ................................................ 8 Three-Dimensional Visualization and Analysis ............................ 8

Conclusion............................................................................................ 9

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ESRI White Paper

Geospatial Analysis with ArcGIS Desktop Extensions

Overview The ESRI® ArcGIS™ Desktop products (ArcView®, ArcEditor™, and ArcInfo™) are a scalable set of state-of-the-art software for geographic data creation, management, integration, analysis, and presentation. The ArcGIS Desktop products include sophisticated functionality out of the box and are readily customizable by advanced geographic information system (GIS) users. With ArcGIS 8.1, ESRI introduces a new suite of common architecture extensions that build on this functionality with more powerful tools and analysis. Three of these extensions, ArcGIS Spatial Analyst, ArcGIS Geostatistical Analyst, and ArcGIS 3D Analyst™, are often used together because they have complementary features. ArcGIS Spatial Analyst gives you the power to perform advanced raster calculations, combine maps for suitability analysis, and perform terrain and raster–vector analyses. ArcGIS Geostatistical Analyst integrates a powerful exploration environment with advanced interpolation methods and analytical tools. ArcGIS 3D Analyst allows you to create dynamic, interactive three-dimensional views for effective real-world analysis of your data. By using these three extensions together, the power of a full realm of geospatial analysis is at your fingertips.

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Geospatial Analysis with ArcGIS Desktop Extensions

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Figure 1

Working Together to Create More Efficient and Accurate Geospatial Analysis

ArcGIS Spatial Analyst ArcGIS Geostatistical Analyst

December 2001 2

ArcGIS 3D Analyst

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ArcGIS Extensions Comparison

Table 1 Features Available in Each Extension

ArcGIS 3D Analyst ArcGIS Spatial Analyst ArcGIS Geostatistical Analyst Similarities

Intuitive user interface • • • Works with ArcView,

ArcEditor, and ArcInfo • • •

Works with a variety of data types

• • •

Available for single or concurrent use

• • •

Surface creation • • • Surface analysis • •

Differences Query three-

dimensional data •

Model real-world surface features

Three-dimensional visualization

Advanced raster–vector analysis

Map algebra • Grid statistics • Powerful data

exploration and statistical analysis

Surface creation with sophisticated tools

Diagnostics for optimal surface creation

Powerful Stand-

Alone Functionality ArcGIS Spatial Analyst, ArcGIS 3D Analyst, and ArcGIS Geostatistical Analyst include powerful stand-alone tools for various GIS needs. Depending on the task at hand, many GIS users will utilize some of the functionality of all three extensions to achieve their goals.

ArcGIS Spatial Analyst

ArcGIS Spatial Analyst provides a broad range of powerful spatial modeling and analysis features that allow you to create, query, map, and analyze cell-based raster data. ArcGIS Spatial Analyst also allows you to perform integrated raster–vector analysis. Using ArcGIS Spatial Analyst, you can derive information about your data with terrain analysis, identify spatial relationships, find suitable locations, and calculate the accumulated cost of traveling from one point to another. ArcGIS Spatial Analyst integrates real-world variables such as elevation and vegetation into your geospatial environment to help solve complex problems.

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ArcGIS Geostatistical Analyst

ArcGIS Geostatistical Analyst brings surface creation to the next level by giving you the power to explore data thoroughly for data anomalies with exploratory spatial data analysis (ESDA), utilize sophisticated statistical interpolation methods for surface creation, and use advanced analytical tools to ensure an optimal interpolated surface is created.

ArcGIS 3D Analyst ArcGIS 3D Analyst creates a dynamic environment for you to effectively visualize and analyze surface data. With ArcGIS 3D Analyst, you can view a surface from multiple viewpoints, query a surface, determine what is visible from a chosen location on a surface, and create a realistic perspective image, draping raster and vector data over a surface. ArcGIS 3D Analyst also provides advanced GIS tools for three-dimensional modeling such as cut–fill, line-of-sight, and terrain modeling.

Working Together All of these powerful extensions can work together to create an exceptional environment for advanced spatial analysis. While ArcGIS Spatial Analyst incorporates advanced raster–vector analysis, ArcGIS Geostatistical Analyst introduces a powerful suite of tools for spatial data exploration and surface creation using sophisticated statistical methods, and ArcGIS 3D Analyst creates a real-world perspective for bringing all of these analyses to life. When all three extensions are used together, a revolutionary GIS environment is achieved.

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Figure 2 Using These Powerful Extensions Together Creates an Ultimate Environment

for Advanced Spatial Analysis

Sophisticated Surfaces

ArcGIS Geostatistical Analyst

Topographic Data

ArcGIS Spatial Analyst and ArcGIS 3D Analyst

California Ozone Data Measurements

"Our lab was impressed with the advent of the new ArcGIS extensions, viewing ArcGIS 3D Analyst via ArcScene™, integrated raster and vector analysis via ArcGIS Spatial Analyst, and the accurate surface creation that ArcGIS Geostatistical Analyst provides."

Name: Paul Shanayda Title: GIS Coordinator Organization: Ball State University–UCS/OGIS

Advanced Raster–Vector Analysis Advanced Three-Dimensional

Analysis

ArcGIS Spatial AnalystArcGIS 3D Analyst

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Figure 3 Multiple Data Types

Internet Data CAD Data Raster Data Vector Data

ArcGIS Spatial Analyst

ArcGIS 3D Analyst

ArcGIS Geostatistical Analyst

Advanced Surface Creation with

Sophisticated Statistical Methods

ArcGIS Spatial Analyst

Advanced Vector–Raster Analysis

ArcGIS 3D Analyst

Advanced Three-Dimensional Visualization

Topographic Analysis

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Surface Creation All three extensions give you the power to create continuous surfaces from sample data measurements. However, ArcGIS Geostatistical Analyst provides an advanced exploration environment coupled with a powerful suite of surface creation tools with sophisticated statistical methods. ArcGIS Geostatistical Analyst enables users to take advantage of these tools and techniques in an easy-to-use and dynamic user interface. In addition, ArcGIS Geostatistical Analyst gives you the power to perform diagnostics to ensure the most accurate surface is created. GIS gives you the ability to create an optimal interpolated surface and truly understand the quantitative and qualitative aspects of your data measurements. Once the user has created the optimal surfaces, these can then be exported to raster or vector format for advanced raster–vector analysis in ArcGIS Spatial Analyst or dynamic three-dimensional visualization in ArcGIS 3D Analyst.

ESDA ArcGIS Geostatistical Analyst provides ESDA tools that help you better visualize and analyze your data using statistical methods. The ESDA tools provide a broad range of capabilities including visualizing trends and identifying potential data anomalies, such as global or local outliers, and examining relationships among your measured sample points with spatial data autocorrelation.

Perform Diagnostics ArcGIS Geostatistical Analyst also provides cross-validation and validation tools that

allow you to evaluate your model and predictions. The tools quantify the accuracy of the model; you can either accept the model and its parameters, or you can change the model or refine the parameters to create a better surface.

Topographic Analysis ArcGIS Spatial Analyst and ArcGIS 3D Analyst allow you to derive unique information

such as hillshade, contour, slope, view-shed, and aspect maps. These topographic surfaces give you the power to effectively relate your data to real-world elevation and analyze how these varied surfaces will affect the data in question. By utilizing these terrain maps with ArcGIS Spatial Analyst, ArcGIS Geostatistical Analyst, and ArcGIS 3D Analyst you can analyze your spatial data in a more effective manner.

Slope: Identify the slope, or maximum rate of change, from each cell to its

neighbors. Aspect: Assess the steepest downslope direction from each cell to its neighbors.

. Hillshade: Determine the hypothetical illumination of a surface for either analysis or

graphical display. For graphical display, hillshade can greatly enhance the relief of a surface.

Viewshed: Examine visibility from a cell location.

Contour: Simultaneously visualize flat and steep areas and analyze the distance

between elevations. Effectively identify ridges and valleys.

Curvature (directional flow of angles): Identify the overall rate of downward movement and define the direction of flow.

Area and Volume: Calculate the two-dimensional area of a surface model or assess

the volume between the surface and a reference plane at a specific height.

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Advanced Raster–Vector Analysis

ArcGIS Geostatistical Analyst gives you the option to export your surfaces to a raster so that further analysis can be accomplished with the advanced ArcGIS Spatial Analyst raster–vector analysis options. For example, after you have completed a surface of ozone sample points you can reclassify this surface in ArcGIS Spatial Analyst with ranges of ozone levels and combine it with other factors, such as plant species, to identify areas of optimum plant growth. You can even combine this raster data with water contamination or other environmental problems using the raster calculator to identify areas where the plant species will have the highest likelihood of surviving. Cell-based raster data sets, or grids, are especially suited to representing traditional geographic phenomena that vary continuously over space, such as elevation, slope, and precipitation, and can also be used to represent less traditional types of information such as population density, consumer behavior, and other demographic characteristics. Grids are also ideal data representations for spatial modeling and analysis of flows and trends over data represented as continuous surfaces such as hydrologic modeling or the dynamics of population change over time. The combination of spatial analysis and visualization tools for raster-based data with ArcGIS Spatial Analyst software's vector-based spatial operators brings unprecedented seamless analysis, modeling, visualization, and mapping capabilities to your organization. ArcGIS Spatial Analyst allows you to

Query Maps: Perform queries across grids, allowing you to ask questions that span

multiple data types and levels of information (e.g., What areas are zoned for residential development and have a high water table on a steep slope greater than 15 percent?).

Perform advanced Map Algebra: Calculate algebraic functions such as converting

raster cells to integers.

Combine Raster Data Sets: Calculate optimal suitability by combing various real-world maps such as slope, potability, and pollution levels.

Assign Weights: Assign weights to raster data sets to reemphasize the importance of

certain variables.

Assess Grid Statistics: Analyze spatial data with a variety of grid statistics tools. These statistics and distributions can be utilized to foresee where possible problems may occur or where solutions can be implemented. For example, by using cell-based statistics, the user can visualize where a desert may be encroaching over a 10-year period.

Three-Dimensional

Visualization and Analysis

Once you have analyzed your data with the advanced raster–vector analysis options in ArcGIS Spatial Analyst and created optimal surfaces with your sample data in ArcGIS Geostatistical Analyst, ArcGIS 3D Analyst gives you the ability to effectively visualize your data in a real-world environment. You can combine terrain maps, vector maps, images, and surfaces all in a three-dimensional way to see how all your data comes together in the real world.

Visualization Visualize your data at an entirely new level with interactive perspective viewing

including pan and zoom, rotate, tilt, and fly-through simulations. Create high-quality,

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three-dimensional scenes that can easily be turned into stunning animation sequences that make the presentation of your analysis even more compelling.

Analysis With the variety of tools provided, the user can perform three-dimensional modeling and

analysis. The user can also perform viewshed and line-of-sight analysis coupled with spot height interpolation and profiling.

Conclusion ArcGIS Spatial Analyst, ArcGIS 3D Analyst, and ArcGIS Geostatistical Analyst were

designed to work together easily and efficiently. Each of these extensions also has powerful stand-alone tools that build on this common working environment. Depending on the task at hand, many GIS users will utilize some of the functionality of all three extensions to achieve their goals. By creating advanced surfaces with sophisticated tools in ArcGIS Geostatistical Analyst, completing advanced raster–vector analysis in ArcGIS Spatial Analyst, and, finally, bringing these analyses all together for advanced three-dimensional visualization in ArcGIS 3D Analyst, the user gains a new quantitative and qualitative interpretation and understanding of their geospatial data.