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Germany Before Hitler . History of the Holocaust . German Second Reich . Germany Unified in 1871 Called the Second Reich Reich = empire, realm Kaiser (King) Wilhelm I Otto von Bismarck, architect of Germany “real politik ”—politics based on power and practicalities—not ideology. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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History of the Holocaust
Germany Before Hitler
German Second Reich Germany Unified in
1871Called the Second
Reich Reich = empire,
realmKaiser (King)
Wilhelm IOtto von Bismarck,
architect of Germany“real politik”—
politics based on power and practicalities—not ideology
World War I: Long Term Causes
Nationalism• caused increased competition
between nations for materials, markets and territories
Imperialism• led to competition over colonies and
territories, causing tension in Europe
Militarism• glorifying military power and
keeping an army prepared for war
Triple AllianceAgreed to support
one another if war beganGermanyAustria-
HungaryItaly
A friendship agreement, not an agreement to help fight a warGreat BritainFranceRussia
Tangled AlliancesTriple Entente
The July Crisis: Stopping All Out War
Germany offers
Austria-Hungary a
“blank check” of support
Austria-Hungary
gives Serbia an
ultimatum for
supporting a terrorist
group
Russia promises to
defend Serbia if Austria-Hungary invades
Schleiffen PlanIn the event of a two-front war, attack France then RussiaSpeed of victory was necessary for the plan to work
Invade France through Belgium
Germany's Plan of Attack
The War EndsOn Nov. 9, 1918 Kaiser Wilhelm II stepped
down in GermanyGermany is now a republic
Two days later, Nov. 11, Germany signs an armistice (agreement to stop fighting)
German
y
Russia
Franc
e
British
Empir
eIta
ly
Austri
a-Hun
gary
U.S.0
200,000400,000600,000800,000
1,000,0001,200,0001,400,0001,600,0001,800,0002,000,000
Casualties
Casualties
Comparative Losses in World War I
An outline for achieving a just and lasting peace
Wilson's Fourteen Points
1st -4th points
End to secret
treaties, begin free
trade
Reduced navies and
armies
5th point
Adjust colonial
claims with fairness to
colonial peoples = give land
back
6th-13th points
Self-determination:
nations should be able to decide for themselves
what government they have
Creating new
nations in Europe
14th PointCreate a
“League of Nations” to help keep peace in Europe
Paris Peace Conference: The Big Four
The Big Four agree on terms, and Germany signs June 1919.Article 231:
The “war guilt ” clause places all responsibility for the war on Germany
TERMS of TREATY:Germany to pay $33 Billion in reparations
(damages)Lost territory in Europe and AfricaNot allowed to join League of NationsLimited to small volunteer army and no
navy or air force
The Treaty of Versailles
U.S. Congress rejected the Treaty of VersaillesDoes not join League of Nations
Germany was bitter and hated what they saw as unfair treatment
Colonies did not get their independenceAustria-Hungary and Russia was chopped up
into the new nations of:Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, Austria, Hungary,
Turkey, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Finland
A Peace Built on Quicksand