77
GILDED AGE GILDED AGE INDUSTRIALISM INDUSTRIALISM Unit VIA Unit VIA AP United States History AP United States History

GILDED AGE INDUSTRIALISM

  • Upload
    laban

  • View
    40

  • Download
    0

Embed Size (px)

DESCRIPTION

GILDED AGE INDUSTRIALISM. Unit VIA AP United States History. American Industrial Expansion. With the completion of Manifest Destiny throughout continental U.S., the nation encompassed near-perfect elements for massive industrialization and economic expansion Economic Resources Land - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Citation preview

Page 1: GILDED AGE INDUSTRIALISM

GILDED AGE GILDED AGE INDUSTRIALISMINDUSTRIALISM

Unit VIAUnit VIA

AP United States HistoryAP United States History

Page 2: GILDED AGE INDUSTRIALISM

American Industrial Expansion► With the completion of Manifest Destiny throughout

continental U.S., the nation encompassed near-perfect elements for massive industrialization and economic expansion

► Economic Resources Land

►Abundance and discovery of vast deposits of coal, iron ore, copper, timber, oil, gold, silver, agricultural

Labor►Cheap wages, immigration, population growth

Capital► Industrial capitalism and finance capitalism►Federal subsidies and land sales►Second Industrial Revolution and technological innovation

Entrepreneurial Ability►Captains of Industry/Robber Barons

Page 3: GILDED AGE INDUSTRIALISM
Page 4: GILDED AGE INDUSTRIALISM

Captains of Industry OR Robber Barons

►Using four business entrepreneurs as case studies for American innovation, industrial growth, and expansion of capitalism.

►Cornelius Vanderbilt►Andrew Carnegie►John D. Rockefeller►J.P. Morgan

Page 5: GILDED AGE INDUSTRIALISM

Captains of Industry OR Robber Barons:Cornelius Vanderbilt and Railroads

► Acquired his wealth in steamships and expanded into railroads in 1860s

► Revamped northeast railroads through consolidation and standardization New York Central Railroad Regional railway system from New

York to Chicago Replaced and built lines with standard

gauges

► Implementation of steel Stronger to carry heavier loads Safer due to no corrosion

► Vanderbilt University

Page 6: GILDED AGE INDUSTRIALISM

Railroads Drive the Economy► Growth and Influence

35,000 miles (1865) to 200,000 miles (1900)

First Transcontinental Railroad (1869)

► Leland Stanford’s Union Pacific and Central Pacific meet at Promontory Summit, UT

Market connections, boomtowns, and jobs

► Federal Government Involvement Pacific Railway Acts

► Land grants and government bonds to railroad companies

► Requirement of standardized gauges

By 1871, federal and state governments sold 300,000,000 acres of land to railroads

► Innovation and Improvement Standardized gauges Westinghouse air brakes Steel Time zones

Page 7: GILDED AGE INDUSTRIALISM
Page 8: GILDED AGE INDUSTRIALISM
Page 9: GILDED AGE INDUSTRIALISM

The Business of Railroads► Rate Wars

Competition among railroad companies was fierce and intense

Stronger companies lowered rates to drive out weaker companies

► Led to monopolies► Increased rates dramatically

► Long haul and short haul rates Price discrimination favored commercial

farmers over small farmers

► Stock watering/watered stock Inflated stocks led to higher consumer rates

► Pools Competing lines fixed prices and divided

business for max profits

► Grange Lines Midwest farmers dependent on rail lines for

shipping High freight rates impoverished farmers

Page 10: GILDED AGE INDUSTRIALISM

Commercial Farming►Agriculture became commercialized on cash

crops for national and international markets Influx of Eastern capital and investment From subsistence to market/stores Pushed out local/small farmers

►Competition, deflated currency, and overproduction lowered prices while input costs increased

►“Middle Men” Farmers lost massive share of profits to managers

of their sales Grain elevator and railroad companies charged

expensive rents and transportation costs

Page 11: GILDED AGE INDUSTRIALISM

The Farmers Organize► Fueled by the Granger Movement

Granger laws► Munn v. Illinois (1877)

States could regulate private companies if they served the public interest, I.e. grain elevators, railroads

► Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railway Co. v. Illinois (1886) States could not regulate

interstate commerce► Interstate Commerce Act (1886)

Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC)

Enforce fair railway rates, prohibit discriminatory practices by railroads

► National Alliance and the Ocala Platform (1890) Unity against corporations and

monopolies Favored direct election of Senators,

lower tariffs, graduated income tax, federal banking system

Evolves into People’s Party (Populists) and Omaha Platform (1892)

Page 12: GILDED AGE INDUSTRIALISM

Captains of Industry OR Robber Barons:Andrew Carnegie and Steel

► Managed Pennsylvania Railroad and invested in various industries

► Steel Bessemer Process

► Vertical Integration► Urbanization and Cities► Labor Unions and

Strikes

Page 13: GILDED AGE INDUSTRIALISM

Bessemer Process► Oxidation of iron ore to

remove impurities Steel is lighter, stronger,

rust-resistant

► Carnegie and Steel Adopted and adapted

Bessemer Process to steel plants

Increased supply of quality steel dropped steel prices

Abundance of steel significantly impacted American industrial growth and expansion

Page 14: GILDED AGE INDUSTRIALISM

Steel Production

Page 15: GILDED AGE INDUSTRIALISM

Vertical Integration► Carnegie acquired all

aspects of steel production

► Limited competition, maximized profits, lowered prices

Page 16: GILDED AGE INDUSTRIALISM

Steel and Cities► Buildings

Skyscrapers► Steel beams

► Infrastructure Railroads Bridges

► Brooklyn Bridge

► Urban Innovation Mass Transit

► Elevated rails► Subways

Elevators Central steam-heating

systems

Page 17: GILDED AGE INDUSTRIALISM

Home Insurance BuildingChicago1885

Flatiron Building/Fuller BuildingNew York1902

Page 18: GILDED AGE INDUSTRIALISM

Gilded Age Urbanization

► Urbanization Population increasingly

moving to cities► Mechanization of agriculture► Economic opportunities with

increased industrialization Increased infrastructure

► Streetcars, bridges, subways

► Skyscrapers, elevators, radiators

City Layouts► Business centers► Older sections

Immigration and minorities► Suburbs

Middle and upper class moved outside of cities to escape urbanization

Urban reform developments

Page 19: GILDED AGE INDUSTRIALISM

Urban Problems

► Overcrowding Tenement Living

► Pollution► Crime► Sanitation/Water

Treatment► Disease

Page 20: GILDED AGE INDUSTRIALISM
Page 21: GILDED AGE INDUSTRIALISM

Urban and Social Reforms► Municipal services► Social Gospel

Apply Christian values toward social problems and issues

Josiah Strong, Walter Rauschenbusch, Richard T. Ely

► Settlement Houses Jane Addams and Hull House YMCA Salvation Army

► Social Criticism Jacob Riis - How the Other

Half Lives (1889) Henry George - Progress and

Poverty (1879)

Page 22: GILDED AGE INDUSTRIALISM

Working Conditions► Typical 12 hour days, 6

days a week► Conditions

Poor ventilation and heavy equipment

In 1882, average of 675 workers killed each week

Injured = fired► No benefits, such as

vacation days, sick leave, health insurance, workers’ compensation, pensions

► Women Earned half of what men

earned in comparable or same jobs

► Child Labor As young as 5 years old 12-14 hours for $.27 ($6.65)

Page 23: GILDED AGE INDUSTRIALISM

Unions vs. Management

► Industrialization, mass production, use of semiskilled workers = devalued labor

► Poor and dangerous working conditions, immigrants, and meager salaries = upset workforce

► Organized labor to appeal for better conditions, higher salaries, benefits

► Union Methods: political action and efficacy, strikes, picketing, boycotts, slowdowns

► Industrialization, mass production, use of semiskilled workers = increased profits

► Poor and dangerous working conditions, immigrants, and meager salaries = increasing profits and satisfied management

► Developed image of unions and organized labor as un-American, socialist, anarchist

► Management Methods: lockouts, scabs, blacklists, yellow-dog contracts, government/private force, court injunctions

Page 24: GILDED AGE INDUSTRIALISM

National Labor Union (NLU)

► Founded in 1866 as the first national labor union

► Platform 8-hour workday Monetary reform,

cooperatives Racial and gender equality

► Impact 8-hour workday for federal

employees► Decline

Panic of 1873 Knights of Labor

Page 25: GILDED AGE INDUSTRIALISM

Great Railroad Strike of 1877► July 14-September 4, 1877► Causes

Panic of 1873 Class conflict with wage cuts

and unemployment► Events

Strikers forced rail stoppages Federal troops engaged

strikers Riots and massacres

► Impact Would lead to better

organization of workers and labor unions

Legislation to limit unions and preparations for potential conflicts

Page 26: GILDED AGE INDUSTRIALISM

Knights of Labor► Founded in 1869► Terence V. Powderley

Claimed over a million workers by 1880s

► Platform Open to blacks, women, most

immigrants, Catholics, unskilled and semi-skilled workers

Cooperatives and anti-trusts 8-hour workday, child labor laws Preferred arbitration over strikes

► Decline Haymarket Bombing AFL

Page 27: GILDED AGE INDUSTRIALISM

Haymarket Riot of 1886► May Day (May 1st)

Strike begins of harvesting workers► May 3rd

Police sent to protect strikers Fight broke out and one person

killed and several injured► May 4th Protest

Anarchists planned demonstration against police brutality

Police dispersed crowd of 2,000► Bombing

A pipe bomb exploded and killed 7 police officers

Police fired into crowd killing 4► Trial

8 innocent anarchists convicted of murder in a show trial

4 hanged, 1 committed suicide, 3 pardoned by governor

Page 28: GILDED AGE INDUSTRIALISM

American Federation of Labor (AFL)► Founded in 1886 as an

organization of national craft unions of skilled workers

► Samuel Gompers► “Bread and Butter” Unionism

Higher wages Shorter working hours Better working conditions

► Tactics Used arbitration and strikes Avoided political radicalism and

extremism

Page 29: GILDED AGE INDUSTRIALISM

Homestead Strike ► June 30-July 6, 1892► Henry Frick

Manager of Carnegie Steel Pursued wage cuts due to

lower steel prices Attempted to weaken steel

workers union

► Events Frick orders a lockout and hires

scabs Use of Pinkertons to disperse

strikers State militia broke the strike

and took over the plant

► Impact Weakened steel workers union Tarnished Carnegie’s

reputation

Page 30: GILDED AGE INDUSTRIALISM

Pullman Strike (1894)► Pullman Palace Car Company

Established “model town” for workers In response to Panic of 1893, wages cut

but not rents and town costs ► Eugene V. Debs

Led strike with American Railway Union► Strike

Workers blocked transport of Pullman cars

Pullman Co. linked them to mail cars President Grover Cleveland deployed

federal troops and court injunctions to enforce postal service

► Opinion Most Americans opposed the strike

► Included AFL and Samuel Gompers

► In Re Debs (1895) Supreme Court ruled federal court

injunctions to enforce interstate commerce constitutional

Page 31: GILDED AGE INDUSTRIALISM
Page 32: GILDED AGE INDUSTRIALISM

Captains of Industry OR Robber Barons:John D. Rockefeller and Oil

► Horizontal Integration► Standard Oil

Trusts and monopolies

► Sherman Anti-trust Act (1890)

► Gilded Age Society► Social Darwinism► Gospel of Wealth

Page 33: GILDED AGE INDUSTRIALISM

Standard Oil

► Rockefeller established Standard Oil in 1870

► Uses for Oil Kerosene lamps Fuel for railroads

► Used vertical integration to control oil industry then horizontal integration to control oil market

► Eventually controlled 95% of oil refining

Page 34: GILDED AGE INDUSTRIALISM

Horizontal Integration

Page 35: GILDED AGE INDUSTRIALISM
Page 36: GILDED AGE INDUSTRIALISM

Robber Barons and Trusts► Tactics of Standard Oil

Lowered prices to drive out competitors

Threatened companies to sell to Standard Oil (buyouts)

Bribed railroads to buy Standard Oil fuel (rebates, kickbacks)

Bribed Congress members► Standard Oil Trust

Stockholders’ shares traded for trust certificates

Board of Trustees controlled and administered companies as a whole

Shareholders earned dividends based on overall profits

► Monopolies Controls prices Limits competition Pressure on other services to

provide discounts and rebates

Page 37: GILDED AGE INDUSTRIALISM
Page 38: GILDED AGE INDUSTRIALISM

Bosses of the Senate

Page 39: GILDED AGE INDUSTRIALISM

Antitrust Movement► Sherman Antitrust Act (1890)

Prohibits any “contract, combination, in the form of trust or otherwise, or conspiracy in restraint of trade or commerce”

► United States v. E.C. Knight Co. (1895) Sugar refining monopoly tested Sherman Antitrust Act Regulation applied to commerce and not manufacturing

Page 40: GILDED AGE INDUSTRIALISM

Scientific Management“Taylorism”

► Frederick W. Taylor► Scientific management used to

match labor with production demand

► Designed hierarchies► Subdivisions of labor► Time management► Effects

Managerial class Efficiency

► Increased factory production►Lowered labor costs

Page 41: GILDED AGE INDUSTRIALISM

Gilded Age Socioeconomics► Socioeconomic gap extensively

widened By 1890s, 10% of Americans

controlled 90% of the nation’s wealth

Standard of living for upper class and middle class improved dramatically

Poor working class suffered in urban centers

► 2/3 of population were wage earners

► Expansion of middle class/white-collar workers Due to growth of

managers/administrators/experts in businesses

► Iron law of wages Supply and demand determined

wages, not the consideration of workers’ welfare

Page 42: GILDED AGE INDUSTRIALISM

Gilded Age Women► 20% of American women worked as

wage earners Most single women; 5% married Low-income families required women in

workplace

► Female-based Jobs Typical home-associated industries:

textiles, foods, domestic servants New types of jobs: secretaries,

bookkeepers, typists, communication operators

Women and feminized jobs considered low status and low salaries

► Gibson Girl Iconic image of women as independent,

stylish, and working Led to women to seek new types of jobs

Page 43: GILDED AGE INDUSTRIALISM

Women’s Suffrage► National American

Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) (1890) Merger of NWSA and

AWSA Elizabeth Cady Stanton

and Susan B. Anthony Gave way to leadership of

Carrie Chapman Catt► Western States

Wyoming granted full suffrage in 1869

Page 44: GILDED AGE INDUSTRIALISM

Gilded Age Families

► Stronger nuclear families

► Birth rates and family size rates decreased Children as economic

liability in urban areas

► Divorce rates increased 1 in 12 by 1900

Page 45: GILDED AGE INDUSTRIALISM

Immigration► Population

16.2 million immigrants between 1850-1900

8.8 million during 1901-1910

► Pushes Mechanization removing

jobs, esp. in rural areas Overpopulation Persecution

► Pulls Political and economic

freedoms and opportunities

► Old Immigrants Northern and Western

Europe► New Immigrants

Southern and Eastern Europe; Asia

Catholics, Jews

Page 46: GILDED AGE INDUSTRIALISM
Page 47: GILDED AGE INDUSTRIALISM

Immigrant Issues► Sociopolitical Enemies

Nativists Josiah Strong - Our Country

► Legislation Page Act of 1875

► Forbade forced labor Asians, prostitutes, convicts

Immigration Acts of 1882, 1891► $0.50 tax► Forbid convicts, lunatics, idiots, diseased,

disabled Chinese Exclusion Act (1882)

► Chinese immigration ban for 10 years► Chinese prevented from becoming citizens

United States v. Wong Kim Ark (1898)► All people born in U.S. are citizens

► Political Machines Employment, housing, social services for

votes► Ethnic Neighborhoods

Little Italy Chinatown

Page 48: GILDED AGE INDUSTRIALISM

Ellis Island

“…Give me your tired, your poor,Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free,The wretched refuse of your teeming shore…”

Emma Lazarus - The New Colossus, 1883

Page 49: GILDED AGE INDUSTRIALISM

Laissez-Faire and Social Darwinism► Laissez-Faire Economics

Economy driven by the “invisible hand” of market forces (supply and demand)

Government should refrain from regulation or interference

► Social Darwinism Herbert Spencer

► “Survival of the fittest”► Wealth a result of hard work and brilliance► Poor and unfortunate were lazy

William Graham Sumner► Absolute freedom to struggle, succeed, or fail► State intervention is futile

► Gospel of Wealth Andrew Carnegie Guardians of the nation’s wealth “All revenue generated beyond your own

needs should be used for the good of the community.”

Page 50: GILDED AGE INDUSTRIALISM

Horatio Alger Myth

► “Rags to riches” stories Young American men,

through hard work and virtue, will succeed

Also used a supporting wealthy philanthropic character

► Seemingly propaganda of the American Dream under free enterprise and capitalism

Page 51: GILDED AGE INDUSTRIALISM

Captains of Industry OR Robber Barons:J.P. Morgan and Electricity

► Banking and Financing► Science and

Innovation► Corporations► Consumerism► American Culture

Page 52: GILDED AGE INDUSTRIALISM

Morganization

► J.P. Morgan and Co. Financial capital and

investment Directly and indirectly

pursued inventions and innovations

► Mergers and Consolidations Railroad industry

► Interlocking directorates Corporate board of directors

sitting on boards of multiple corporations

Page 53: GILDED AGE INDUSTRIALISM

Electricity► Thomas Edison

The Wizard of Menlo Park Incandescent light bulb

►Safer than kerosene lamps►New York City

Direct current (DC)►Edison developed system of power

stations

► Nicola Tesla Alternate current (AC)

►Transfer of electricity faster and farther

Page 54: GILDED AGE INDUSTRIALISM

Gilded Age Innovation► Sewing Machine (1855)

Isaac Singer► Transatlantic cable (1866)

Cyrus Field► Dynamite (1866)

Alfred Nobel► Typewriter (1867)

Christopher Scholes► Air brakes (1868)

George Westinghouse► Mail-order catalog (1872)

A.M. Ward► Blue jeans (1873)

Levi Strauss► Barbed wire (1873)

Joseph Glidden► Telephone (1876)

Alexander Graham Bell*► Phonograph (1877)

Thomas Edison► Light bulb (1879)

Thomas Edison*► Cash register (1879)

James Ritty

► Universal stock ticker (1885) Thomas Edison

► Transformer (1885) Nikola Tesla

► Gasoline automobile (1885) Karl F. Benz

► Skyscraper (1885) William Le Baron Jenney

► Film roll and Kodak camera (1889) George Eastman*

► Motion picture camera (1891) Thomas Edison*

► Radio (1895) Guglielmo Marconi

► Subway (U.S.) (1895)► X-ray (1895)

Wilhelm C. Rontgen► Powered flight (1903)

George and Wilbur Wright► Alkaline battery (1906)

Thomas Edison► Model T (1908)

Henry Ford

Page 55: GILDED AGE INDUSTRIALISM

Monumental Innovation► Charles Alderton

Experimented with various syrups and flavorings

► Robert Lazenby Developed Dr. Pepper by 1885 Patented and incorporated by

1891

► St. Louis World’s Fair and Exposition (1904) Introduces Dr. Pepper to the world Along with hot dogs, hamburgers,

and ice cream cones

Page 56: GILDED AGE INDUSTRIALISM

Number of Patents Issued

Page 57: GILDED AGE INDUSTRIALISM

Corporations► American Telephone and

Telegraph Co. (1885) J.P. Morgan Co. financed merger of

Bell and communication companies

► General Electric (1892) J.P. Morgan merged Edison General

Electric and Thomas-Houston Electric Company

► U.S. Steel (1901) J.P. Morgan bought Carnegie Steel

and merged with other steel companies

Becomes first billion dollar company in world

Page 58: GILDED AGE INDUSTRIALISM

Corporate Mergers - 1895-1910

Page 59: GILDED AGE INDUSTRIALISM

Consumerism► Wide variety of mass

produced goods led to new marketing and sales

► Brand names and logos► Department stores

R.H. Macy’s► Chain stores

Woolworth’s► Grocery stores► Mail order catalogs

Montgomery Ward Sears, Roebuck, Co.

Page 60: GILDED AGE INDUSTRIALISM
Page 61: GILDED AGE INDUSTRIALISM

Henry Ford and Model T

► Assembly Line Mass production of

products through sequential assembly

► Worker Treatment Paid decent wages Provided benefits

► Model T (1908) Low-cost product for

affordable price

Page 62: GILDED AGE INDUSTRIALISM

Gilded Age Religion► American Christians

focused values toward consequences of industrialization and urbanization Social Gospel

► Increases Catholics, Jews

► New Christian Sects Christian Science

► Spiritual life over material Pentecostals

► Baptism in spirit; speaking in tongues

Salvation Army Jehovah’s Witnesses

► Millenialist

Page 63: GILDED AGE INDUSTRIALISM

Temperance and Reform► Alcohol and vices blamed for

urban problems► Regulating Morality

Comstock Law (1873)

► Temperance Organizations National Prohibition Party

(1869) Women’s Christian

Temperance Union (WCTU) (1874)

► Frances E. Willard Antisaloon League (1893) Carrie Nation

► “Hatchetations”

► Reform Groups Planned parenthood Humane societies Anti-prostitution

Page 64: GILDED AGE INDUSTRIALISM

Gilded Age Academics► Educational Reforms

Compulsory Education► Most states required 8-14 year olds

to attend schools Kindergartens Public Education

► Dramatic increase in high schools and adult education

► Comprehensive education► Led to 90% literacy rate

Colleges and Universities► Increased through federal legislation

and philanthropy► Science

Darwin and Natural Selection (Evolution) Technological Innovation

► Social Sciences Scientific method applied to behavioral

sciences Development of psychology, sociology,

political science► William James’s Principles of Psychology

Page 65: GILDED AGE INDUSTRIALISM

Gilded Age Entertainment and Leisure► Causes

Urbanization, less working hours, advertisements

► Vaudevilles Popularized with family-friendly

subjects and material

► Saloons► Amusement Parks

Coney Island

► Circus P.T. Barnum

► Sports Spectator

► Baseball, boxing, football, basketball

Amateur► Golf, tennis

Page 66: GILDED AGE INDUSTRIALISM

Realism and Naturalism

► Realism Objective reality Depict accurate and

true characters and settings

Absent of emotional embellishment

► Naturalism Depiction of objects

in natural settings Time and place

accuracy Brooklyn Bridge at NightEdward Willis Redfield1909

Page 67: GILDED AGE INDUSTRIALISM

Gilded Age Art

► Ashcan School Depiction of New York

City urban life George Bellows

► James M. Whistler► Winslow Homer► Mary Cassatt

Both Members of This ClubGeorge Bellows1909

Page 68: GILDED AGE INDUSTRIALISM

Winslow Homer’s Breezing Up

Page 69: GILDED AGE INDUSTRIALISM

George Bellow’s New York

Page 70: GILDED AGE INDUSTRIALISM

James Whistler’s Arrangement in Grey and Black No. 1 (Whistler’s Mother) (1871)

Page 71: GILDED AGE INDUSTRIALISM

Mary Cassat’s The Child’s Bath (1893)

Page 72: GILDED AGE INDUSTRIALISM

Gilded Age Architecture► Victorian Influence

Henry Hobson Richardson

► Louis Sullivan “Father of

Skyscrapers” “form follows

function”► Frank Lloyd Wright

“organic architecture”

► Foursquare Homes

Page 73: GILDED AGE INDUSTRIALISM

Richardson’s Trinity Church

Page 74: GILDED AGE INDUSTRIALISM

Frank Lloyd Wright’s Fallingwater

Page 75: GILDED AGE INDUSTRIALISM

Foursquare Home

Page 76: GILDED AGE INDUSTRIALISM

Gilded Age Press and Literature► Press

Joseph Pulitzer’s New York World & William Randolph Hearst► Sensationalism and scandals

Magazines► Editorial style based on investigative journalism► Forum

► Non-Fiction Toward facts, investigations, American expansion Helen Hunt Jackson’s A Century of Dishonor (1881) Alfred Thayer Mahan’s The Influence of Sea Power on History

(1890) Josiah Strong’s Our Country

► Literature Authors focused on character development and realism over

plot Lewis Wallace

► Ben-Hur: A Tale of Christ Mark Twain

► The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn► The Gilded Age: A Tale of Today

Stephen Crane► The Red Badge of Courage

Jack London► The Call of the Wild; White Fang

Page 77: GILDED AGE INDUSTRIALISM

Gilded Age Music► Mainstream Music

John Philip Sousa – The March King► The Washington Post► Stars and Stripes Forever► Semper Fidelis

Screamers – Circus Marches► Entry of the Gladiators► Circus Bee

► Popular Music Ragtime

► Originated from black communities combining African syncopation and classical music

► Scott Joplin Maple Leaf Rag The Entertainer

The Blues► Originated c. 1890 from Deep South

based on ballads among slaves► Lyrics mostly soulful and melancholy