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GILDED AGE INDUSTRIALISM. Unit VIA AP United States History. American Industrial Expansion. With the completion of Manifest Destiny throughout continental U.S., the nation encompassed near-perfect elements for massive industrialization and economic expansion Economic Resources Land - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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GILDED AGE GILDED AGE INDUSTRIALISMINDUSTRIALISM
Unit VIAUnit VIA
AP United States HistoryAP United States History
American Industrial Expansion► With the completion of Manifest Destiny throughout
continental U.S., the nation encompassed near-perfect elements for massive industrialization and economic expansion
► Economic Resources Land
►Abundance and discovery of vast deposits of coal, iron ore, copper, timber, oil, gold, silver, agricultural
Labor►Cheap wages, immigration, population growth
Capital► Industrial capitalism and finance capitalism►Federal subsidies and land sales►Second Industrial Revolution and technological innovation
Entrepreneurial Ability►Captains of Industry/Robber Barons
Captains of Industry OR Robber Barons
►Using four business entrepreneurs as case studies for American innovation, industrial growth, and expansion of capitalism.
►Cornelius Vanderbilt►Andrew Carnegie►John D. Rockefeller►J.P. Morgan
Captains of Industry OR Robber Barons:Cornelius Vanderbilt and Railroads
► Acquired his wealth in steamships and expanded into railroads in 1860s
► Revamped northeast railroads through consolidation and standardization New York Central Railroad Regional railway system from New
York to Chicago Replaced and built lines with standard
gauges
► Implementation of steel Stronger to carry heavier loads Safer due to no corrosion
► Vanderbilt University
Railroads Drive the Economy► Growth and Influence
35,000 miles (1865) to 200,000 miles (1900)
First Transcontinental Railroad (1869)
► Leland Stanford’s Union Pacific and Central Pacific meet at Promontory Summit, UT
Market connections, boomtowns, and jobs
► Federal Government Involvement Pacific Railway Acts
► Land grants and government bonds to railroad companies
► Requirement of standardized gauges
By 1871, federal and state governments sold 300,000,000 acres of land to railroads
► Innovation and Improvement Standardized gauges Westinghouse air brakes Steel Time zones
The Business of Railroads► Rate Wars
Competition among railroad companies was fierce and intense
Stronger companies lowered rates to drive out weaker companies
► Led to monopolies► Increased rates dramatically
► Long haul and short haul rates Price discrimination favored commercial
farmers over small farmers
► Stock watering/watered stock Inflated stocks led to higher consumer rates
► Pools Competing lines fixed prices and divided
business for max profits
► Grange Lines Midwest farmers dependent on rail lines for
shipping High freight rates impoverished farmers
Commercial Farming►Agriculture became commercialized on cash
crops for national and international markets Influx of Eastern capital and investment From subsistence to market/stores Pushed out local/small farmers
►Competition, deflated currency, and overproduction lowered prices while input costs increased
►“Middle Men” Farmers lost massive share of profits to managers
of their sales Grain elevator and railroad companies charged
expensive rents and transportation costs
The Farmers Organize► Fueled by the Granger Movement
Granger laws► Munn v. Illinois (1877)
States could regulate private companies if they served the public interest, I.e. grain elevators, railroads
► Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railway Co. v. Illinois (1886) States could not regulate
interstate commerce► Interstate Commerce Act (1886)
Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC)
Enforce fair railway rates, prohibit discriminatory practices by railroads
► National Alliance and the Ocala Platform (1890) Unity against corporations and
monopolies Favored direct election of Senators,
lower tariffs, graduated income tax, federal banking system
Evolves into People’s Party (Populists) and Omaha Platform (1892)
Captains of Industry OR Robber Barons:Andrew Carnegie and Steel
► Managed Pennsylvania Railroad and invested in various industries
► Steel Bessemer Process
► Vertical Integration► Urbanization and Cities► Labor Unions and
Strikes
Bessemer Process► Oxidation of iron ore to
remove impurities Steel is lighter, stronger,
rust-resistant
► Carnegie and Steel Adopted and adapted
Bessemer Process to steel plants
Increased supply of quality steel dropped steel prices
Abundance of steel significantly impacted American industrial growth and expansion
Steel Production
Vertical Integration► Carnegie acquired all
aspects of steel production
► Limited competition, maximized profits, lowered prices
Steel and Cities► Buildings
Skyscrapers► Steel beams
► Infrastructure Railroads Bridges
► Brooklyn Bridge
► Urban Innovation Mass Transit
► Elevated rails► Subways
Elevators Central steam-heating
systems
Home Insurance BuildingChicago1885
Flatiron Building/Fuller BuildingNew York1902
Gilded Age Urbanization
► Urbanization Population increasingly
moving to cities► Mechanization of agriculture► Economic opportunities with
increased industrialization Increased infrastructure
► Streetcars, bridges, subways
► Skyscrapers, elevators, radiators
City Layouts► Business centers► Older sections
Immigration and minorities► Suburbs
Middle and upper class moved outside of cities to escape urbanization
Urban reform developments
Urban Problems
► Overcrowding Tenement Living
► Pollution► Crime► Sanitation/Water
Treatment► Disease
Urban and Social Reforms► Municipal services► Social Gospel
Apply Christian values toward social problems and issues
Josiah Strong, Walter Rauschenbusch, Richard T. Ely
► Settlement Houses Jane Addams and Hull House YMCA Salvation Army
► Social Criticism Jacob Riis - How the Other
Half Lives (1889) Henry George - Progress and
Poverty (1879)
Working Conditions► Typical 12 hour days, 6
days a week► Conditions
Poor ventilation and heavy equipment
In 1882, average of 675 workers killed each week
Injured = fired► No benefits, such as
vacation days, sick leave, health insurance, workers’ compensation, pensions
► Women Earned half of what men
earned in comparable or same jobs
► Child Labor As young as 5 years old 12-14 hours for $.27 ($6.65)
Unions vs. Management
► Industrialization, mass production, use of semiskilled workers = devalued labor
► Poor and dangerous working conditions, immigrants, and meager salaries = upset workforce
► Organized labor to appeal for better conditions, higher salaries, benefits
► Union Methods: political action and efficacy, strikes, picketing, boycotts, slowdowns
► Industrialization, mass production, use of semiskilled workers = increased profits
► Poor and dangerous working conditions, immigrants, and meager salaries = increasing profits and satisfied management
► Developed image of unions and organized labor as un-American, socialist, anarchist
► Management Methods: lockouts, scabs, blacklists, yellow-dog contracts, government/private force, court injunctions
National Labor Union (NLU)
► Founded in 1866 as the first national labor union
► Platform 8-hour workday Monetary reform,
cooperatives Racial and gender equality
► Impact 8-hour workday for federal
employees► Decline
Panic of 1873 Knights of Labor
Great Railroad Strike of 1877► July 14-September 4, 1877► Causes
Panic of 1873 Class conflict with wage cuts
and unemployment► Events
Strikers forced rail stoppages Federal troops engaged
strikers Riots and massacres
► Impact Would lead to better
organization of workers and labor unions
Legislation to limit unions and preparations for potential conflicts
Knights of Labor► Founded in 1869► Terence V. Powderley
Claimed over a million workers by 1880s
► Platform Open to blacks, women, most
immigrants, Catholics, unskilled and semi-skilled workers
Cooperatives and anti-trusts 8-hour workday, child labor laws Preferred arbitration over strikes
► Decline Haymarket Bombing AFL
Haymarket Riot of 1886► May Day (May 1st)
Strike begins of harvesting workers► May 3rd
Police sent to protect strikers Fight broke out and one person
killed and several injured► May 4th Protest
Anarchists planned demonstration against police brutality
Police dispersed crowd of 2,000► Bombing
A pipe bomb exploded and killed 7 police officers
Police fired into crowd killing 4► Trial
8 innocent anarchists convicted of murder in a show trial
4 hanged, 1 committed suicide, 3 pardoned by governor
American Federation of Labor (AFL)► Founded in 1886 as an
organization of national craft unions of skilled workers
► Samuel Gompers► “Bread and Butter” Unionism
Higher wages Shorter working hours Better working conditions
► Tactics Used arbitration and strikes Avoided political radicalism and
extremism
Homestead Strike ► June 30-July 6, 1892► Henry Frick
Manager of Carnegie Steel Pursued wage cuts due to
lower steel prices Attempted to weaken steel
workers union
► Events Frick orders a lockout and hires
scabs Use of Pinkertons to disperse
strikers State militia broke the strike
and took over the plant
► Impact Weakened steel workers union Tarnished Carnegie’s
reputation
Pullman Strike (1894)► Pullman Palace Car Company
Established “model town” for workers In response to Panic of 1893, wages cut
but not rents and town costs ► Eugene V. Debs
Led strike with American Railway Union► Strike
Workers blocked transport of Pullman cars
Pullman Co. linked them to mail cars President Grover Cleveland deployed
federal troops and court injunctions to enforce postal service
► Opinion Most Americans opposed the strike
► Included AFL and Samuel Gompers
► In Re Debs (1895) Supreme Court ruled federal court
injunctions to enforce interstate commerce constitutional
Captains of Industry OR Robber Barons:John D. Rockefeller and Oil
► Horizontal Integration► Standard Oil
Trusts and monopolies
► Sherman Anti-trust Act (1890)
► Gilded Age Society► Social Darwinism► Gospel of Wealth
Standard Oil
► Rockefeller established Standard Oil in 1870
► Uses for Oil Kerosene lamps Fuel for railroads
► Used vertical integration to control oil industry then horizontal integration to control oil market
► Eventually controlled 95% of oil refining
Horizontal Integration
Robber Barons and Trusts► Tactics of Standard Oil
Lowered prices to drive out competitors
Threatened companies to sell to Standard Oil (buyouts)
Bribed railroads to buy Standard Oil fuel (rebates, kickbacks)
Bribed Congress members► Standard Oil Trust
Stockholders’ shares traded for trust certificates
Board of Trustees controlled and administered companies as a whole
Shareholders earned dividends based on overall profits
► Monopolies Controls prices Limits competition Pressure on other services to
provide discounts and rebates
Bosses of the Senate
Antitrust Movement► Sherman Antitrust Act (1890)
Prohibits any “contract, combination, in the form of trust or otherwise, or conspiracy in restraint of trade or commerce”
► United States v. E.C. Knight Co. (1895) Sugar refining monopoly tested Sherman Antitrust Act Regulation applied to commerce and not manufacturing
Scientific Management“Taylorism”
► Frederick W. Taylor► Scientific management used to
match labor with production demand
► Designed hierarchies► Subdivisions of labor► Time management► Effects
Managerial class Efficiency
► Increased factory production►Lowered labor costs
Gilded Age Socioeconomics► Socioeconomic gap extensively
widened By 1890s, 10% of Americans
controlled 90% of the nation’s wealth
Standard of living for upper class and middle class improved dramatically
Poor working class suffered in urban centers
► 2/3 of population were wage earners
► Expansion of middle class/white-collar workers Due to growth of
managers/administrators/experts in businesses
► Iron law of wages Supply and demand determined
wages, not the consideration of workers’ welfare
Gilded Age Women► 20% of American women worked as
wage earners Most single women; 5% married Low-income families required women in
workplace
► Female-based Jobs Typical home-associated industries:
textiles, foods, domestic servants New types of jobs: secretaries,
bookkeepers, typists, communication operators
Women and feminized jobs considered low status and low salaries
► Gibson Girl Iconic image of women as independent,
stylish, and working Led to women to seek new types of jobs
Women’s Suffrage► National American
Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) (1890) Merger of NWSA and
AWSA Elizabeth Cady Stanton
and Susan B. Anthony Gave way to leadership of
Carrie Chapman Catt► Western States
Wyoming granted full suffrage in 1869
Gilded Age Families
► Stronger nuclear families
► Birth rates and family size rates decreased Children as economic
liability in urban areas
► Divorce rates increased 1 in 12 by 1900
Immigration► Population
16.2 million immigrants between 1850-1900
8.8 million during 1901-1910
► Pushes Mechanization removing
jobs, esp. in rural areas Overpopulation Persecution
► Pulls Political and economic
freedoms and opportunities
► Old Immigrants Northern and Western
Europe► New Immigrants
Southern and Eastern Europe; Asia
Catholics, Jews
Immigrant Issues► Sociopolitical Enemies
Nativists Josiah Strong - Our Country
► Legislation Page Act of 1875
► Forbade forced labor Asians, prostitutes, convicts
Immigration Acts of 1882, 1891► $0.50 tax► Forbid convicts, lunatics, idiots, diseased,
disabled Chinese Exclusion Act (1882)
► Chinese immigration ban for 10 years► Chinese prevented from becoming citizens
United States v. Wong Kim Ark (1898)► All people born in U.S. are citizens
► Political Machines Employment, housing, social services for
votes► Ethnic Neighborhoods
Little Italy Chinatown
Ellis Island
“…Give me your tired, your poor,Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free,The wretched refuse of your teeming shore…”
Emma Lazarus - The New Colossus, 1883
Laissez-Faire and Social Darwinism► Laissez-Faire Economics
Economy driven by the “invisible hand” of market forces (supply and demand)
Government should refrain from regulation or interference
► Social Darwinism Herbert Spencer
► “Survival of the fittest”► Wealth a result of hard work and brilliance► Poor and unfortunate were lazy
William Graham Sumner► Absolute freedom to struggle, succeed, or fail► State intervention is futile
► Gospel of Wealth Andrew Carnegie Guardians of the nation’s wealth “All revenue generated beyond your own
needs should be used for the good of the community.”
Horatio Alger Myth
► “Rags to riches” stories Young American men,
through hard work and virtue, will succeed
Also used a supporting wealthy philanthropic character
► Seemingly propaganda of the American Dream under free enterprise and capitalism
Captains of Industry OR Robber Barons:J.P. Morgan and Electricity
► Banking and Financing► Science and
Innovation► Corporations► Consumerism► American Culture
Morganization
► J.P. Morgan and Co. Financial capital and
investment Directly and indirectly
pursued inventions and innovations
► Mergers and Consolidations Railroad industry
► Interlocking directorates Corporate board of directors
sitting on boards of multiple corporations
Electricity► Thomas Edison
The Wizard of Menlo Park Incandescent light bulb
►Safer than kerosene lamps►New York City
Direct current (DC)►Edison developed system of power
stations
► Nicola Tesla Alternate current (AC)
►Transfer of electricity faster and farther
Gilded Age Innovation► Sewing Machine (1855)
Isaac Singer► Transatlantic cable (1866)
Cyrus Field► Dynamite (1866)
Alfred Nobel► Typewriter (1867)
Christopher Scholes► Air brakes (1868)
George Westinghouse► Mail-order catalog (1872)
A.M. Ward► Blue jeans (1873)
Levi Strauss► Barbed wire (1873)
Joseph Glidden► Telephone (1876)
Alexander Graham Bell*► Phonograph (1877)
Thomas Edison► Light bulb (1879)
Thomas Edison*► Cash register (1879)
James Ritty
► Universal stock ticker (1885) Thomas Edison
► Transformer (1885) Nikola Tesla
► Gasoline automobile (1885) Karl F. Benz
► Skyscraper (1885) William Le Baron Jenney
► Film roll and Kodak camera (1889) George Eastman*
► Motion picture camera (1891) Thomas Edison*
► Radio (1895) Guglielmo Marconi
► Subway (U.S.) (1895)► X-ray (1895)
Wilhelm C. Rontgen► Powered flight (1903)
George and Wilbur Wright► Alkaline battery (1906)
Thomas Edison► Model T (1908)
Henry Ford
Monumental Innovation► Charles Alderton
Experimented with various syrups and flavorings
► Robert Lazenby Developed Dr. Pepper by 1885 Patented and incorporated by
1891
► St. Louis World’s Fair and Exposition (1904) Introduces Dr. Pepper to the world Along with hot dogs, hamburgers,
and ice cream cones
Number of Patents Issued
Corporations► American Telephone and
Telegraph Co. (1885) J.P. Morgan Co. financed merger of
Bell and communication companies
► General Electric (1892) J.P. Morgan merged Edison General
Electric and Thomas-Houston Electric Company
► U.S. Steel (1901) J.P. Morgan bought Carnegie Steel
and merged with other steel companies
Becomes first billion dollar company in world
Corporate Mergers - 1895-1910
Consumerism► Wide variety of mass
produced goods led to new marketing and sales
► Brand names and logos► Department stores
R.H. Macy’s► Chain stores
Woolworth’s► Grocery stores► Mail order catalogs
Montgomery Ward Sears, Roebuck, Co.
Henry Ford and Model T
► Assembly Line Mass production of
products through sequential assembly
► Worker Treatment Paid decent wages Provided benefits
► Model T (1908) Low-cost product for
affordable price
Gilded Age Religion► American Christians
focused values toward consequences of industrialization and urbanization Social Gospel
► Increases Catholics, Jews
► New Christian Sects Christian Science
► Spiritual life over material Pentecostals
► Baptism in spirit; speaking in tongues
Salvation Army Jehovah’s Witnesses
► Millenialist
Temperance and Reform► Alcohol and vices blamed for
urban problems► Regulating Morality
Comstock Law (1873)
► Temperance Organizations National Prohibition Party
(1869) Women’s Christian
Temperance Union (WCTU) (1874)
► Frances E. Willard Antisaloon League (1893) Carrie Nation
► “Hatchetations”
► Reform Groups Planned parenthood Humane societies Anti-prostitution
Gilded Age Academics► Educational Reforms
Compulsory Education► Most states required 8-14 year olds
to attend schools Kindergartens Public Education
► Dramatic increase in high schools and adult education
► Comprehensive education► Led to 90% literacy rate
Colleges and Universities► Increased through federal legislation
and philanthropy► Science
Darwin and Natural Selection (Evolution) Technological Innovation
► Social Sciences Scientific method applied to behavioral
sciences Development of psychology, sociology,
political science► William James’s Principles of Psychology
Gilded Age Entertainment and Leisure► Causes
Urbanization, less working hours, advertisements
► Vaudevilles Popularized with family-friendly
subjects and material
► Saloons► Amusement Parks
Coney Island
► Circus P.T. Barnum
► Sports Spectator
► Baseball, boxing, football, basketball
Amateur► Golf, tennis
Realism and Naturalism
► Realism Objective reality Depict accurate and
true characters and settings
Absent of emotional embellishment
► Naturalism Depiction of objects
in natural settings Time and place
accuracy Brooklyn Bridge at NightEdward Willis Redfield1909
Gilded Age Art
► Ashcan School Depiction of New York
City urban life George Bellows
► James M. Whistler► Winslow Homer► Mary Cassatt
Both Members of This ClubGeorge Bellows1909
Winslow Homer’s Breezing Up
George Bellow’s New York
James Whistler’s Arrangement in Grey and Black No. 1 (Whistler’s Mother) (1871)
Mary Cassat’s The Child’s Bath (1893)
Gilded Age Architecture► Victorian Influence
Henry Hobson Richardson
► Louis Sullivan “Father of
Skyscrapers” “form follows
function”► Frank Lloyd Wright
“organic architecture”
► Foursquare Homes
Richardson’s Trinity Church
Frank Lloyd Wright’s Fallingwater
Foursquare Home
Gilded Age Press and Literature► Press
Joseph Pulitzer’s New York World & William Randolph Hearst► Sensationalism and scandals
Magazines► Editorial style based on investigative journalism► Forum
► Non-Fiction Toward facts, investigations, American expansion Helen Hunt Jackson’s A Century of Dishonor (1881) Alfred Thayer Mahan’s The Influence of Sea Power on History
(1890) Josiah Strong’s Our Country
► Literature Authors focused on character development and realism over
plot Lewis Wallace
► Ben-Hur: A Tale of Christ Mark Twain
► The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn► The Gilded Age: A Tale of Today
Stephen Crane► The Red Badge of Courage
Jack London► The Call of the Wild; White Fang
Gilded Age Music► Mainstream Music
John Philip Sousa – The March King► The Washington Post► Stars and Stripes Forever► Semper Fidelis
Screamers – Circus Marches► Entry of the Gladiators► Circus Bee
► Popular Music Ragtime
► Originated from black communities combining African syncopation and classical music
► Scott Joplin Maple Leaf Rag The Entertainer
The Blues► Originated c. 1890 from Deep South
based on ballads among slaves► Lyrics mostly soulful and melancholy