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1ziy`xa eneiq ik rivdl ozip .l`xyi zecleza df igiyn ocir jynp izn cr id lwyn zcak dl`yzgt s` zeciqga igiynd hdld xwire ,dizegelye ze`zayd ekrcy drya ,dxyr ryzd d`ndzertez mb mle` .zeigiyn ld zertezd ,dnxetxde dlkydd zenvrzd dlgd z`f znerle ,jldeoxhypbxen ly dl` oebk) miycg mixwgne - c"ag ly zeigiynd oy`xae - dpexg`d dtewzd lyycegn oeir d`xpk miaiign (dxyr ryzd d`na l`xyi ux`l zeilra miigiynd zeceqid iabldcizre ,epinia mb zklede zkynp ef 'zigiyn dtewz' ik gipdl epilr ik rpnpd on le ,df yepa

e`x .epxeyi inh"pyz aia`Îlz ,zipxcend dtewza zicedid zeigiynd ,oc 'i :miptd ltk' ,l"pd ;jeza ,'zeciqga zeigiynd lymiciqg ilbrna ,(mikxer) mixg`e qwh` 'r :exkfl mixwgn uaew :

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wn oeiqip zxbqna ,ipeyld cvd on ed df yepa ipiiprly dcegii z` oiit`le oiadl si.zexvpae zecdia zigiynd oeyld

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ze`zayd ok l .dkex`ly idel`d meiwa s`e igiynd cnrna zhdeld dpen`d zexnl :mini zekix` zlebq dnvrl dzpwy zcqenn zxbqn mey dxvep l ,iav izay iyxeimday zexecd dyiyÎdyinga ze`zayd zeclez .ixehqide itxbe`b drixi agexestex xyw efa ef zexeywd zertez ly ce`n cr oeebn qtiqt od dxndd xg`l dniiwzd

inpice dqiqz daiaq zcwnn z`fk drtez lk j` ,irx`ezipgexd dzenc lr eritydy ze.dze` eavire dtewzd ly

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i`nvr ote`a zeaexw mizrl zelretd zeveawe zezikl ipllek szeyn dpkna.odipia wdaen xyw lle

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zertezd izy ly ozcil yxeyafia ly dpaxege ,cg` cvn cxtq yexib :oeihp.xg` cvn mikxezd icia zixvepd

.ddwecde dxeywk zigiynd zevxtzdd z` ze`xl ozip mixwnd ipyaepnny daygnd mlera zcnznd ezegkepe eznver ,rxd zqitz zenvrzdadpen`d ici lr xzei mizrl zpiite`n zihphqhextd zeigiynd .egnvmr zeaexw mizrl ddefnd) hqixkihp`d ed ,mlera ohyd ly ezegkepaze`zayd .giynd ly zycegnd ezegkepa dpen`d ici lr xy`n ,(xeitit`drxd ly epehlya zklede dwinrnd dpen`d gekn dznvern hrn l dwpi

.i"x`d zxeza zyaebn zizin zxbqn dlaiwy dqitz ,mlera2

.edlawd zextqa zerepzd izy ly miipey`x zexewn zveawl xyw ly eneiwmibyen ly xkip xtqn dwpi dpecpd zixvepd drtezd .cxtqa zixarddlawd zextq ly minebxz lr dqqazdy ,zixvepd dlawd on mixeive`l elld mixvepd ,oldl d`xpy itk .dxyr yngd d`nd idlyn lgd zixardlka jka yi mle` ,`weec miigiynd mihaidd z` zixard ceqd zxezn elaiwmdny ,l`xyi mr ly ceqde gexd mlerl rbne daxw ly dcin onql ick z`f¦

.dikxr z`e dpeyl z` ze`zayd dwpi

2e`x ,ohyd zqitzl zeigiyn oia qgid lrly dlawd zxeza igiynd qezind ly eziy`x' ,oc 'i :jeza ,'dxyrÎyelyd d`nd'nr ,c"nyz milyexi ,dibelehkq`e zeigiyn ,(jxer) qxa 'v :

zicedid dwihqina rxd zxez zecleza mixwgnd uaew e`xe .252-239 :J. Dan, JewishMysticism, III, Northvale, NJ 1999, pp. 253-434

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izy bivdl yi dligz j` ,oldl znieqn dcina exxeai dl`d zeibeqd yya mixacd ihxtzenicwn zexrdecnrnl diipyde ,ely ze`zayd ixwgnle mely myxbl zrbep zg`d :

.zexvpae zecdia zeigiyn byend lyxweg oiae ze`zayd xwgl ybipd zixard oeyld lr oen`d xweg oia xkip lcad miiw`yepa ifkxnd ixard xtqd oia lcadd on raep xacde ,zixwird epeyl zixard oi`yoiae - f"hyz zpya mely myxb mqxty ,'eiig inia zi`zayd drepzde iav izay' - dfxexiaa drian xtqd lr zqqepznd zixard zxzekd .zexg` zepeyll xtqd ly einebxzminrt .eneiq le lrtn ly eziy`x ,iwlg xwgn ed elld mikxkd ipya bvend ikoeicd mdipia - xwgnd jynda epecii miaeyg mi`yep ik xtqa mely xikfn zecg`ipya d`x l mely ik xacd xexa .dllka ze`zayd zxezae izfrd ozp zxeza hxetndebved eay ,ixehqidd xeyina l ,ze`zayd iabl eixac mekiq zpiga mqxty mikxkdmly izla ed dl` mikxka ea weqirdy ,i`ci`d xeyina le ,cala mipy xyrxtqd ly ezxzek zilbp`a .zifrell xtqd ly minebxzd ly miite` ed dpey .wdaena

idSabbatai Sevi: The Mystical Messiah,.zexg` zepeyla jkl dnecae 3zxzeka oi` .mixweg xwal dywe ,df xwgn ed iwlg dnk cr cirdl ick - ellka xtqd ite`ae - ef`xewd iptl .dllka ze`zayd iabl mely ly ezqitz ly ln iehiak eilr miknzqnduaiwy - zixara maex - df yepa mely ly mixg`d mixwgnd lly mb ievn ixard

,zllkeyn dxecdna qail dcedi xicdde4miagxd minegzd lr xexiaa cirn mda oeirde xwgnd z` milydy dl`k mdn ,ixwird extqa mireawd zeleabl uegn mely mda wqry

.mitqep mipeicl gzt gzt wxy mdne mdalr mixwgn ly jxk qetcl mely xqn xtqd ly ilbp`d mebxzd meqxtl onf zekinqazpya milyexia xe` d`x xtqd .okl mcew zepey zenaa enqxety dizegelye ze`zayd

.e"lyz5eye`iil iehia did df jxk ly eneqxt ik - xzei cer ,dzre - f` ze`xl did ozip .mipey`xd mikxkd ipy ly zpekzna ze`zaya xwgnd ly xicq jyndn mely lyecia wtiq didi l ik mely rci ,mipenyd ezcled meil jenq ,xe`l df xtq viyk.`yepa miixwird eixn`n ly xfeg meqxtl mikqde ,df megza ezti`y lk z` milydl

3G. Scholem, Sabbatai Sevi: The Mystical Messiah 1626-1676 (Bollingen Series XCIII), tr..R. J. Z. Werblowsky, Princeton 1973zipnxble ziztxvl xtqd inebxz .8 dxrd ,oldl e`x ;

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eixwgna ik dcaerd z` dpekpd divxetexta bivdl ick dl` zecaer yibcdl izywiadrepz .ze`zaya zexeywd zeibelp`de zeibeletihd zel`ya mely wqr l enqxetydziy`xy zixehqid zkqn lr zqqaznd ,zihppni` zegztzd ixtk eiazka zbven efdizexewnn dzwipie ,ztva dlawd ly dzegztzda dkynd ,cxtq yexib xaynaiav izay ly mdizeienca mely d`x miixwir minxeb .zicedid zeigiynd ly miakxendmdxa` oebk ,mixg` mi`zay zerc ibed ly mdizeienca dzegt dcinae ,izfrd ozp lyely qwecxtd oiay ef id dax dnvera mely bivdy zixwird dibelp`d .efecxw l`kinze`zayd dyniy zllek zibeletih dpigan .alvp giyn ly qwecxtl giynd zxnd

zizcd dieeda qwecxtd ly ezeifkxn ly zirnynÎcg dpbtd mely iciaz`f hia ed :.xtqd y`xa ehenk rawy iizlic ly mqxetnd hhiva6

oexg`d sirqd z` ixvepd mlera zi`zayd drepzl rwxd zl`yl yicwd mely.'iav izay' extq ly oey`xd wxta7miihtilwet`d zeceqid z` df sirqa xweq ed

dnler lr 'opgei oefg' ly ezrtyd z` ,dziy`xn zexvpa miverp eidy miigiyndeoial zcqennd zilezwd diiqpkd oia cebipd ly ezegztzd z`e ,zexvpd ly ipgexdziniipia inid zeigiynd iabl .eyi ly diipyd ez`ial diitivd z` zeyibcnd zenbndly ezpyne ezenc z` zhxetn dwqta x`zne ,'mf`ilik' byena ynzyn mely ,zexvpa¦

n mik`eiqenqewd ly dixehqidd zqitzl xzeia mixtnd zeceqid z` gipdy ,ixeit.igvpd oeilbpee`d ly ezrted mr ,mipyd sl` zklnn l` dkilend8zeiegztzdl ,cala micenr dyely eycwed dpnfae ze`zayd zrted iptl zexvpa9xekf` millekd

divnxetxd ly mipey`xd zexeca zehlead zeihq`ilikd zertezdn dnk ly xvwdziid zeigiynd ik ezxkdl iehia mely ly ef dxiwqa yi .dilbp`a ziphixetd drepzaeze`zayd oia ixyt` xyw iabl .ze`zayd dritedy dtewza zexvpa lirte qqez gek

mely xne` dl` zertezl:

miihq`ilik zepeirx ly mzrtyda ,l`xyi ixwegn dnk ebdpy jxck ,mifbdl oi`

6zn`d ipniqn ed qkec`x`td'ly rwyn zpigaa l` zn`d seba dpi` mlerl "zillk dnkqd" ;exiizypy wxad l` zixtbd ic` qgik zn`d l` eqgiy rwyn ,zellkdl zytzpd ,dvgnlÎdpad

.'epnn7oldl) f"hyz aia`Îlz ,eiig inia zi`zayd drepzde iav izay ,mely 'b.82-74 'nr ,(iav izay :8d`na milaewnd oial eikiynne mik`ei ly mzxez oia jxry iz`eeydd gezipl o`k eixac eeyde

dlawd ziy`x lr exwgna ,('dpenzd xtq' - okn xg`le) zehinyd zxez ilra ,dxyr yelyd:G. Scholem, The Origins of the Kabbalah, ed. and tr. R. I. Z. Werblowski, Princeton 1987,

pp. 463-465Îu"y 'x zkixra ,ditrlea` mdxa` lye dpenzd xtq ly dlawd ,mely 'b ;e`x ,df yepa ely oey`x oeic .a"kyz milyexi ,xniidpte`milyexi ,dlawd ziy`x ,mely 'b :

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,epi`xy itk ,dpefip ef drepz .dnvr zi`zayd drepzd ly dzevxtzd lr dl`oze`a ayi l`xyi mr ly c`n hren wlg wxy gekyl oi` llkae ,mipt inxebnixeaiv gekl oda ektd zeihq`ilikd zerepzdy ,zeihphqhext zevx`a mipydmixyt`nd mi`pz miniiw cpledae zipetvd dipnxba wx .xzei e` zegt ,xkipepi` oecpela miqep` ipa ly xirfd unewd ixdy ,z`fk zixeaiv drtyd llkazepeirxl did zeaald zpkday oniq lk oi` .`edd xeca ipivx mxebk aygidl lekiuxb ly mzxrydy dgked lk mb oi`e .ynn ly mewn miixvepd miihq`ilikdzrtyda igiynd epefgl xirvd iav izay xxerzp ditly ,zqqean mixg`e

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ly dzrtyd zexyt` ,epiidc ,dketdd dl`ya ,mixacd rahn ,o`k wqer eppi` melydrepzd zrtedl rwxd ed df wxt ly epiipr ixdy ,zixvepd zeigiynd lr ze`zayddrepzd lr eipeica dreci dcina mely wqr ze`vezd zl`ya .dize`vez le ,zi`zayddziid zixwird eziihp ik xacd xexa .dax zexidfae mevnva o`k mb j` ,zihqiwp`xtdmialeyn mixacd oky ,ze`zayd ly dzegztzda miihppni`d zeceqid zybcdeygy dyeade drizxd zngn xy` ,'l`xyi znkg' iyp` cbpk ely cinznd qenleta

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mdy drya mitexi`d epizinr z` ynyn eppi` 'zeigiyn' byendy xaca lt oi`zecdid oia lcada uerp xacd yxey .ycgd onfae miipiad inia zeizc zertez mixwegexewne ,zezcd izyl ixnbl szeyn byen ,oaenk ,edf .'giyn' byena yeniya zexvplgiynd byenl mirayd mebxz ed 'qehqixk' - wtqa lhen eppi` i`xwnd icedideli`e ,xara dritedy zinrtÎcge zcgein zencl ef dlin dxeny zexvpa mle` .i`xwndminbxzn m` .weica xcben eppi` dtevxty zicizr drtezl iepik id ef dlin zecdiae` 'dibelehqixk' `id d`vezd ,zitexi` oeyll 'zeigiyn' ixard byend z`

‘Christianity’xg` geqipa .ixnbl zxg` zernyn el yiy byen ,zepeylay xg`n :df yxeyn byen dl` zepeyla oi` ,ixnbl midf 'zeigiyn'e 'zexvp' mibyend dtexi`

.'zFigiyn' mya zixara zepeknd zertezl qgiizndmibyen ly ztreqne zakxen zkxrna ynzyn dtexi`a zezcd xwg ,df byen mewna:,mda veike ditehe` ,difExR ,dwihtilwet` ,dibelehkq` ,mfix`iplin e` mf`ilik¨¦¨,xg` cvne ,'zeigiyn' ixard byendn miwiecne minvnevn ,cg` cvn ,mleky mibyen

zle`bl mb zynynd ,dibelehkq` oebk ,df byen ly eizeleabn zbxeg mzlegzytpdÎ) 'dle`b' ixvepd byend mb jkl dneca .zixehqid zxbqna ly hxtd lyredemption(

zle`bl qgiiznzigiynd dle`bdn ixnbl dpey dxeva zil`eciaicpi`d zixvepd ytpdÎmr 'ditehe`' byend z` ixvep xweg xywi l llk jxca ,z`f znerl .zicedi zxbqnazkxrna xeyw df byen - wcva ,il d`xpe - zecdiay cera ,mixg`d dle`bd ibyen

.(ef dxiwqa oldl bdpp jke) zigiynd mibyenddxdad myle zllekd ,xzei dagxd ezernyna 'zEigiyn' byena o`k ynzyn ip` :

zelirt ze`han od j` ,(i"x`d zlaw ,oebk) giyn ly ziyi` zenc ofkxna oi`y zertezzipgexdf byeny it lr s` .dle`bd z`adle ze`ivnd ly dipt iepiyl zpeEknd zizcÎ

- oldl d`xpy itk - dwcvd yi ,zicedid zizcd dieega zihpze` dxeva ahid uerp.odipia mixywd ztiygle ozpadl riiqn ede ,zeixvep zertez iabl ea ynzydl

b

zigiynd drtezdjynd deedn ,1620 zpy ly sxega mvern iehial dribdy ,zixvepd dxyr yngd d`nd ly diipyd zivgna dlgdy zihilete zizc ,zipeirx dqiqzl sivxcg` id zixvepd dlawd ly dzrted .dvpxita xwira ,miwlhi`d mihqipnedd ibega

,ef dqiqzl miiehiad11laben xyw - minieqn miixar zexewnl drtezd oia xywde

11gtqpk dpexg`l dnqxtzp zixvepd dlawd xwg lr xzeia zpkcernde dtiwnd ditxbeilaiade`x .'dlawd znkg lr' ,oilkiex qpdei ly extq ly ziwlhi`d dxecdnl :J. Reuchlin, L’Arte

Cabbalistica, G. Busi and M.S. Campanini (eds.), Florence 1995

9[giynd jlne sxegd jln

]31[

iepiyd ed ef dqiqz ly ixwird oiit`nd .dizeclez lk jyna epira xzep - bieqnelye miipiad ini ly zelibxd zenkqend znerl zcd ly dnlera dcnrne oeyld zqitza

.qpqpxd ztewz12iazk ly rcepd mbxznde seqelitd ,epi'vit eiliqxn ly eyxcn ziaa dycg dyibl ceqid gped ,zipihll zipeein qFhqibnqixh qnxde qepihelt ,oehlt`¤elbzpy miihnxdd mihqwhd on dax dcina dwpi dycgd dqitzd .oeyll zipktdne,('x`etnd') i'vicn dc evpxel jiqpd ly ezeqga dvpxita df yxcn ziaa enbxeze13

z` gqpl ozip .ef zipktdn dqitzl iehia dl` mihqwha axd oiiprd did dcin dze`aerawy ,epi'vit ly wdaend ecinlz ,dlecpxin dlc ewit ipae'b ofexd ly ezxn`a mixacddhlada z`aen ef dxn` .oaend ici lr xy`n xzei ,oaen ld ici lr zraen zn`d ikoihxn mqxty dpya ,1517Îa xe`l viy ,'dlawd znkg lr' oilkiex qpdei ly extqa mbzpyn xeitit`d ly dleaa cgi enxged mdipye) ely zefzd ynge miryz z` xzel

.(152014

zeipeyl zeqitz ly akxen lelkna diehia z` d`vn oaend lr oaen ld ztcrddze`ay) miixvnd mitilbexiidd ly blten yeciwl ,lyn jxc ,e`iady ,zei`ci`e,(epevxk m`xewl zerc dbed lk did leki jk meyne ,m`xewl yi` oaenk rci l dtewz,dilnqe dilil` ,dnecwd mixvn zvxrda ealzyd mixacd .miabyp zeceq miliknkzextqd dl dqgeiy ,ef zenc .qFhqibnqixh qnxd ly zicb`d ezencl xyw jezn mizrl§¤diiqpkd zea` zextqa micg` zenewna zxkfp ,zipihll dzr dnbxzipy zihnxddmlerd ly diteqelitle rcnl oeilr iehiake epax dyn ly exec zak dqtzpe ,mipey`xdzextqay minecw miipglete miib`n ,miibelexhq` zeceqi ly zaexrzd z` .wizrdz` d`han ef zextq - mixvna dwizrd zrd idlya d`xpd lkk dxagzdy ,zihnxddmiihqepb zeceqi mb zlleke ,dnecwd zixvnd zeaxzd ly oca`de dcixid zyegzzexvpd ,zecdid ly dipirxb z` dkeza zcg`nk eikiynne epi'vit eyxit - minieqn

12`vn l iwlhi`d qpqpxd zecleza xzeia ycgd xwgnd s`y zegkeeida dafk` ly zxkip dcin yizenbnd ly mlerd zeqitzl zizyz deednd ipeyld ceqid z` die`xd dxeva hiladl oekpl oiicreile'b ly mixn`nd e`x .znieqn dfefz zxkip zixvepd dlawd iabl weec .qpqpxa mipeyd minxfde

ilye iqea :J. Dan, ‘The Kabbalah of Johannes Reuchlin and its Historical Significance’,in: idem (ed.), The Christian Kabbalah: Jewish Mystical Books and Their ChristianInterpreters, Cambridge, MA 1997, pp. 55-95; G. Busi, ‘Francesco Zorzi: A Methodical

Dreamer’, ibid., pp. 97-12513,oeihpfian mihilt mixifp dilhi`l e`iad ile`y) miihnxdd mihqwhd elbzd xy`k ,xteqnd itl

iazk mebxz lr ezcear z` wiqtdl epi'vitn i'vicn dc yxc ,(xakn l df mikxezd icia dyakpy.dyr oke ,elld mihqwhd ly myexitle mnebxzl zeptle oehlt`

14e`xjeza ,'zixehqidd dzernyne oilkiex qpdei ly dlawd zxez' ,oc 'i :inexn ,(jxer) iwviax '` :milyexilmilyexi ,(ci ,l`xyi zaygna milyexi ixwgn) dhipenxq jexa sqeil oexkif xtq :

.9 dxrde 458 'nr ,my e`x ,mxgd oiiprl .486-457 'nr ,g"pyz

oc sqei]10

]32[

.zg` dywnl zipeeid diteqelitde15xarndÎxepivk qxebzit weec qtzp oeei inkg oian zihqi`zepend zizcd zn`d z` handixvnd rcnd mr dze` cg`ne zigvpd zixvepdÎ

ilrae ,ihpze` aeliy zixvepd dlawd dalzyd o`k .zipeeid diteqelitd mre ipeeidezelbzda d`vene dzencw xaca zixard dlawd ly dzprh z` evni` zixvepd dlawdzextqay dl` od mii`xwnd dl` od ,miicedid miyecwd zenyd .ipiq xd lr dynlz` dilrn dcinrne dwihpnqd z` zlleyd zkqna ze`pd mnewn z` e`vn ,dlawd

g mipniqd zekxrn,ef dlekq` ipa ly mzrcl ,zefnexd ,ziaihwipenewd zernynd ixqybtnd z` ep` mi`ven o`k .zixvepd zn`d mb idy dpeilrd zn`l ,onfl xarny zn`lihqihxwpiqd oe`zpta zepey zeienc mr ddefy ,rx l`d ,ynyd ly ixvnd xeivd oia©dpeilr dyecw liknk qtzpy ,d"ied my ly ixard xeivd oial ,zihqipldd dtewzd ly

,qpqpxl daxd encwy miifkxn miixvep zexewna16dax dagxda egzity oeirx .mixvepd milaewnd17ly xzeia wdaend oniql dxyr rayd d`na did df sexiv

iyingd jixcixt ly yecwd beeifd lr gxf ef d"iedÎyny ly dxe`e ,zEip`iqExwifFxd.hx`eihq zafil` mr18ik aeygle zerhl oi`e ,zwdaen zixvep dziid ef zertez zkqn

sexiva miipeeide miixvnd ,miipbtd - dkeza miixvep ld zeceqid ly zeihppinecd.ixvepd daygnd mlera lnd daeliy llkn dze` miriwtn - miicedid zeceqidlk jk meyne ,zeigvpd zeidel`d zezn`d lelknk dl` mibed ici lr dqtzp zexvpd¦zexg`de zeilawd ,zeib`nd zefzd z` oiadl ozip jk wx .zixvep gxkda id idy zn`

.zexvpd ly dzezn`l dgkedk ,ewit ly extq z` ze`lnndzexxerzdd iabl od zipihpxeltd dlekq`d iabl od ,oeyld zqitza mipeicds`e ,ibelehkq`d ceqid z` xwir lk eyibcd l ,zeakxend dizegelye zip`iqExwifFxddziid dxyr rayd d`na dzrtydy ,zycegnd dqitza melbd ,wdaend igiynd

15bdep ebdpnk mlerlye dlawd ly oxewn id 'xey`' elv`y l` ,dletxt ly exn`n eeyd :xg` aeyg xac lk lye mfi`zepend ly ,zipeeid diteqelitd :S. Parpola, ‘The Assyrian Tree

of Life: Tracing the History of Jewish Monotheism and Greek Philosophy’, JNES, 32(1993), pp. 161-208zexewnd oia zedfl mipreh dletxt 'text ly xzei mixge`n mineqxt .

e`x .zixvepd dxeyad oial miilawde miixey`ddyecwd lr ,oc 'i :zecdia dwihqine xqen ,zc :zexg` zezcae2.50 dxrd 257 'nr ,g"pyz milyexi ,

16e`x ,zixvepd daygna d"ied my zeclez lr463 'nra my zpievnd zextqde ,(14 dxrd lirl) oc :eiazk ,iqpetl` qexhtl ewlga ycwend ,ditrlea`Îxitq dp` ly dxwgn cgeina aeyg .21 dxrd

.d"ied mya ixvepd yeliyd xewn iabl FcF` lr zeknzqdd oke ,eizexewneA. Sapir-Abulafia, Christians and Jews in the Twelfth-Century Renaissance, London and New York

1995, pp. 96-9717 ,df myl ycwed df megza oilkiex ly oey`xd extqDe verbo mirificolfaa dpey`xl xe`l viy ,

e`x .1494 zpya.my 39 dxrde 471 'nr ,my ,oc :18.(34 dxrd oldl) qhii ly dxtqa (56 'nr cil) 13 dtelb e`x

11[giynd jlne sxegd jln

]33[

gqep ,mipzenn miiehiaa eynzyd md ,jkl mixwegd ewwfpy dcina .ce`n zkl zwigxnzertezl wx l mirbep mixacd oky ,riztn xacd .dl`d zeqitza dfepbd zeix`iplind,dtexi` zecleza mirixkn miixehqid mirexi` zpadl miipeig md l` ,zeifkxn zeipgexÎiax mipiit`nd cg` .dilbp`a ziphixetd dktdnde dpyd miyely zngln xwiraeÎmiihtilwet`d zepeirxd ly mziigz did ef zertez zkxrn ly zernynd

.dxyr yelyd d`na ,ixeitn mik`ei ly eyxcn zian miihqil`ehixitq19

oeyld zqitz megza zencewd zenkqend zexrxrzdl dnxby id zeihphqhextdzezikd .zipeyld dieedd jeza oenhd igiyn haid ly ezeyabzdl xryd z` dgzte.diiqpkd ici lr (zipeeid ,oitiwrae) zipihld yeciw z` odilr elaiw l zeihphqhextdyeniyde ,xzel icia zipnxbl dpey`xae y`xae ,xeaicd zepeyll `xwnd mebxzoeyld ly dzedn zl`ya zycegn zeppeazd eyxc ,ineineid izcd ogleta dl` zepeylazebiizqdd z` dpifd dwihqlekql dai`d .zidel`d zn`dee zivx`d zn`d l` dqgiezeqitza ahid dxkip xaky zebiizqd ,zilhehqix`d oeyld zqitzn zklede zxaebdziy`xae dxyr yyd d`nd seqa ep` mi`ven jk .dilhi`a mihqipnedd egzity oeyldiiehia ,zEip`iqExwifFxd dgnv mday miipeirx mingzn mze`a ,dxyr rayd d`nd`hal dleki znkqen oeyl ik dpen`d .ziaihwipenewd oeyld zqitza miwdaen leflf

dabyp zidel` zn`zipihld oeyld ly dyeciwy dryn dneiw zekf z` dcai` zxzqpe dyxcp linn .mtwez z` ecai` izxeqnd ogletd mbe zilezwd ziziiqpkd dieedd iciaipya dpey`xae y`xa - oeyld zqitz ly miizcd dizeceqia zycegn zeppeazdlr zqqeand oeyl zxezl zrpnp izla zizyz mieednd ziy`xa xtqay mixetiq

zi`xwnd zxeqnd.laa lcbn dyrne ,oey`xd mc` icia zenyd z`ixw :mixevid ly miizn`d mdizeny z` oey`xd mc` rci cvikibed ly mzrc itl ,wtq oi` ? ¦

miphixetde ,d`ixcp` oihple qpdei ,ic oe'b ly mdibeg - mda miwqer ep`y zercd.mixevid ly ziniptd mzedna miverp eid dl` zenyy - dilbp`a20ogipy in ,rnyn

z` seygl mnvr mixaca zeppeazdd ici lr leki ,jkl dyexcd dpeazae dpgadd xyeka

19e`x jk lr174-133 'nr ,q"yz aia`Îlz ,eiykre f` dqtilwet` ,oc 'i : ;B. McGinn, TheCalabrian Abbot: Joachim of Fiore in the History of Western Thought, New York 1985,

wxtd cegiiae‘The Trinity in History’eeyd .203-161 'nr , :idem, Visions of the End:Appocalyptic Traditions in the Middle Ages2, New York 1998, pp. 259-283; idem,Antichrist: Two Thousand Years of the Human Fascination with Evil, New York 1994,

pp. 173-23020e`x ,hexita jk lr :H. Ormsby-Lennon, ‘Rosicr ucian Linguistics: Twilight of a

Renaissance Tradition’, in: I. Merkel and A.G. Debus (eds.), Hermeticism and theRenaissance: Intellectual History and the Occult in Early Modern Europe, London 1988,

pp. 311-341

oc sqei]12

]34[

itl ,raw l`d .mzedn zraep epnne e`xap egekny ixewnd iehiad z` ,ipeyld myxeyz` zrcle 'rahd xtqa exwl' mixyt`nd ,mixzqp ,micgein mipniq d`ixad jeza ,dfly mzqitz itl ,xy` mc`d ipa ly zinkqdd oeyld dppi` ef oeyl .d`ixad ly dpeyl,dze` zevn`n diiqpkde dwihqlekqde dze` zbviin ehqix` zxez ,dl` zerc ibedirceil dlbzn dzvwny ,zidel` mixzq oeyl ef l` ,(zipeeide) zipihld oeyld ,epiidmdl epwdy ,miizek`lnd ,miipevigd mdiiepik le mixacd ly mzedn oeyl ide ,o"g

.mc`d ipaoeirxd .micg` minegz ipt lr zerxzyn ode ,zebiltn eid ef dqitz ly dize`vez

,zinqewd dipenxdd zxez ed dpnn zeraepd zeifkxn zertez xtqn gixand21zraewd zexewnn od dwpiy ,ef dqitz .zidel`de zinqewd dieedl zivx`d dieedd oia xzqp xywdkfy ixard hqwhd edy ,'dxivi xtq'n xwirae - miixar zexewnn od miipehlt`Îe`p

'zixvepd dlawd' iexwy dn zxbqna xzeia dlecbd drtydle dvetzl22dxviy id - zeny oebk ,ze`ivna zwdaend zernynd ixqg mipniqd zekxrny jkl dwnpdd z`dinikl`d ly dibelepinxhde mipniqd zekxrn ,miitilbexiidd mipniqd ,ycewddipenxda zepezpd ,zexzqpd zepeilrd zezn`d z` mitwynd md md ,dibelexhq`de¦

zipeylzecg`d xaca 'dxivi xtq' ly eizeriaw .zeivx`d zekxrnd mr ziheinqÎ'ytp ,dpy ,mler') mc`de ,(dixehqidd=) onfd ,qenqewd ly ziniptd23z`haznd ,(

ziaihwipenew ziheinq oeyl ly miaikxnk zeqtzp od oi`y dryn ,ziaÎsl`d zeize`aeyxtzp ,ze`ivnd ly mipeyd minegzd oia xywd z` mi`hand miiheinq mipniqk l`wlg .dxyr rayde dxyr yyd ze`na zercd ibed ici lr xzeia miagxp miyexit

21 xtqd ed ef gexa zinqewd dipenxdl ycwend ixvep laewn ly oey`xd xeaigdDe harmoniamundi totius cantica tria, ly Francesco Zorzi (Giorgio)`ede ,1525 zpya divpeea qtcpy ,

xtqa ifkxn yepDe occulta philosophia ly Aggrippa von Nettesheimzpya olwa qtcpy ,c`lt hxaex ly lecbd extqa ozip ef dqitz ly zip`iqExwifFxd ziptzl wdaend iehiad .1533:

R. Fludd, De praeternaturali utriusque mundi historia, Frankfurt 1621 22e`x ,'dxivi xtq' ly ezqtcd zeclez lr,` ,mely myxb ziixtq belhw ,(mikxer) qail '`e oc 'i :

hqwhd .1552 zpya qixta qtcp lhqet meib ly ipihld enebxz .91-87 'nr ,h"pyz milyexi.1562 zpya daehpna qtcp (c"a`xl qgeind 'dxivi xtq' yexit oke) ipihl mebxz mr ixard

23einegz zyely oia zizecg`d dipenxdd lr qqean 'dxivi xtq' ly qenqewd dpan- 'mler' :minyd inxb ,qenqewdpy zper ,mei ,reay ,yceg ,dpy - 'onf' ;,me`eciaicpi`k mc`d - 'ytp' ;

- y` ,min ,xiee` - zeceqid zyely miliawn dl` zyelyl .zibeleifit dpigan xwira qtzpdmzpigan miqtzpd ,dxenze rxe aeh ,dawpe xkf - mitqep micnn mdl yie ,y"n` zeize`a e`xapyÎqenqewexwind zqitz z` llek 'dxivi xtq' ,rnyn .oeyld ipan ly mipiit`nk ziwecwcd,xzei daxd ztreqne zakxen zkxrn jeza hxt zpiga ,ze`ivnl mc`d oia dipenxdd ,qenqewexwn,ziwecwc zeiweg ly zpekzna zekexrd ziaÎsl`d zeize` zervn`a mlerd z`ixa lr zqqaznd

e`x .zirahd zeiwegd mb idyditxbeilaia mye ,268-234 'nr ,(15 dxrd lirl) dyecwd lr ,oc :.zhxetn

13[giynd jlne sxegd jln

]35[

eyniy mixg` eli`e ,zeib`n zexhnl eyniy mixg` ,ihqin ite` e`yp dl`d miyexitdnzeircn zeriawl qiqaly mdiazka cgi elld mipeeikd zyely eyniy zeaexw mizrl ;

Îd zexez .zerc ibedÎmipwihqinÎmiprcnharmonia mundizcl zipeyl zizyz eraw .dib`nle dwihqinl ,rcnle

od ,zecdia zlaewn id .ibelehkq` ceqi gxkda melb l dnvrl idyk ef dqitzadyrn megzl zrbep id .zigiyn dqitz dpnn aiigzzy ilan ,xzqpa od dlbpadpen`d on icedid hqwhpewa raep xacd mle` .minid zixg` megzl xy`n xzei ziy`xadxezd ,zidel`d dnkgd ,l`d oeyl ,zixard oeyld ly dzeixewnae dzetivxa dwenrd

.d`ixade24dl`yd dcnr mdiptl .mixvepd zercd ibed lv` mixacd ipt eid jk l :`id okid - mi`xapa zeppeazdd jezn oey`xd mc` sygy ef oeyllr ,mihphqhextd ?

miax mda eid .d`epyd ziziiqpkd zipihld mr dzedfl elki l ,mdinxfe mdizezik lk.ycgn dzelbl yiy dcea` oeyl ef ,mewn lkn j` ,zixard mr dze` edify

mc`d ipal dca` zixewnd zidel`d oeyld .laa lcbn xetiqa dievn jkl zknq`dmr cgi ,ocr obn yexibd zrya ,jkl sxhvnd xg` gqepae) laa lcbna m`hg zeawramc` rciy zipeyld zidel`d zn`l mc`d oia dcixtnd 'dxiay'd ef .(oencwd hgddnecwd zn`d l` dxfg zpigaa et` ed ef zxzqp oeyl ly ycegnd dielib .oey`xdl` ,`hg mxha oey`xd mc` lye ocr ob ly dieedd l` ,yperd iptle hgd iptlyditeqelitd mr cgi ,dpeyl z`e diiqpkd z` zedfl dxyt` ef dqitz .dzxdha d`ixad¦diigzd eli`e ,zepeyld zlila ly xaynd mr ,dwihqlekqde zilhehqix`dmc` ly e`hg od - hgd iptly dieedd l` dxfgd ly dziy`x id zihphqhextd,d`ixad ly ziceqd oeyld ly dielib .laa lcbna zeyep`d ly d`hg od ,oey`xddxiayd oewiz oirn et` dyrp ,mixacd ly mzedn z` znlbnd zizn`d oeyldoeyld ztiyg dktd ef jxca .mbtn diiwpd ,dnlyd dieedd ly dziigze ,dnecwddnebtd dieedd ly dzcnyd ,oewizde dle`bd jildz ,igiynd jildzd on wlgl zizn`d

.mixacd ly mzedna dreahd oeyld ,zn`d oeyl ly diigze ,dpeyle diiqpkd lyoeyld zxez oia wenre ihpze` befin mzeidn dax dcina drap mixacd ly mznverzeqitzd .oey`xd mc` ici lr zenyd z`ixw ly i`xwnd xeivd oial zipehlt`doiay ib`nÎibelp`de xzqpd ,iniptd izednd xywd xaca zeipehlt`Îe`pde zeipehlt`d,oinipa xhle ed mixyrd d`na xzeia hlead e`hany xyw) mdizenyl mixacd

24J. Dan, ‘The Name of God, the Name of the Rose and the Concept of Language inJewish Mysticism’, Jewish Mysticism (above note 2), pp. 131–160; G. Scholem, ‘TheName of God and the Linguistic Theory of the Kabbalah’, Diogenes, 79 (Fall 1972), pp.

59-80; ibid., 80 (Winter 1972), pp. 164-194zexigd ly zepeyd dipt' ,xe`il` 'x ;mipeir :.119-9 'nr ,(g"pyz) 15 ,miitl` ,'zicedi dwihqina

oc sqei]14

]36[

oey`xd mc` ly elreta ahid enbced ,(mely myxb ly ezqitza ahid mixkip mixacdely mdibibd oia dwecd zetivx exvi dl` zeqitz .mixevid ly mzenya xwy dryaseqa zipihpxeltd dlekq`d inkg ly dl` oial oecpelae bxalciida mihphqhextdqpdeie dlecpxin dlc ewit xwirae ,dxyr yyd d`nd ziy`xae dxyr yngd d`ndmfihnxdd zexbqn jeza zeipehlt`d zeipeyld zeqitzd z` evni` xy` ,oilkiexigiynd ceqid .dwihqlekqd z`e zeilhehqix`d z` zetixga egce zixvepd dlawdely dzegwlzd iptl dyaeb mzxezy ,dl` mihqipned ly mdiazka wdaen eppi`oe'b ly mbeg ipa .dzyxene diiqpkd itlk dtixgd dai`d on epefip l mde ,divnxetxdmr diiqpkd z` edif xy` ,z`f znerl ,c`lt hxaexe d`ixcp` oihple qpdei ,ic

y dfkxna maivdy iedif ,hqixkihp`dite` zipeyld mzxezl mb epwd ,zigiyn dnxc lly dnxcd mr aleyn zixewnd zidel`d oeyld ly dielib .ilwicx mizrl ,igiynmixzqd zexeagl dyecw dpwnd ede ,ditehe`d ly dzenybzd mr ,minid zixg`

.zxzqpd zn`d dxev` okezayziy`xa ixetiq lye ,zipehlt`d oeyld zxez ly illkd hqwhpewa mixacd zbix``xwnd ixetiq .zecdia ielz izla ite` dqitzl dwiprd ,laa lcbn lre oey`xd mc` lrdxigad zeyabzd iptle mdxa` iptl ,ziy`xa xtql ziyep` llkd dgizta miievn elldzecdil zcgein zeqgiizd dl` zeqitz ilran dyxcp `l jk meyn .l`xyi mra

mixg` zexewn ipyn rap zecdid l` xywd .dlxeble.dlawd zxeze zixard oeyld :,zixarl xy`a .zixvepd dlawd zxeqn lr mipen` eid elld zercd ibed ,dlawl xy`a

zax zipeirx dxiga mdiptl davip o`kdze` ly diedifl zepey zeiexyt` oia zeklydÎ.laa lcbn dyrne ocr obn yexibd mr dxzzqpe oey`xd mc`l drcepy zi`nw oeyl

zeqitz izy dtexi`a zeievn dxyr yyd d`nay jkl enxb mixg`e dl` mikildzly mcegi` ievn cg` cvn .zcd iiga dcnrn lye ziaihwipenewd oeyld ly zecbepn

minxf ipyegeka oin`ne ziqlwd dwixehxd z` qp lr dlrnd ,iqpqpxd mfipnedd ly df :dira lk xeztl dlernd ipeyld geqipd lyxzel ly ipnxbd mebxzd ici lr bveind dfe ;

zervn`a dpeilrd zidel`d zn`d ly divwipenewd zexyt`a oin`nd ,ycewd iazkl,dl` minxf ipy ly mtexivn .dzegpl daygp f` cry xeaicd oeyl elit`e ,oeyldlk dfd meid cr miwpei ,ziyep`e zizc zn` riadl oeyld ly dgek z` exic`dyzeixnegd dizeira z` xeztl ozne ynde oeibidd ,dpeazd ly mgeka mipin`nd

.ipxcend aihxpÎ`hnd ly zizyzd ,epiidc ,zeyep`d ly zeipgexde25did df sexiv

25oeyld ly dzvxrd cgeinae ,ipxcend aihxpd ly ezxivia oeyla dpen`d ly dgeka mifbdl dyw.dpxcend ly digqpn ly mdizeala dnrity ,zihpcpvqpxh zn` ly oeilrd ielibk zipnxbd

ibelehkq` cnn mb rcep ef dpen`lzkted znlyen dxeva zezn` riadl oeyld ly ltend dxyek :¦dx`dd ocir z`xwl zklede znvrznd zelbzd ,dpeazd ly dzelbzdl i`lird xiyknl dze`

15[giynd jlne sxegd jln

]37[

zeiegztzdd lr ihppinecd enzeg z` riahdy ede ,gexd iiga hilyd dax dcina.diteqelitd lr cegiiae ,mi`ad zexeca zeizeaxzd

zihnxdd oeyld zqitz ,xg` cvnzixhef` znieqn dcinae dxeft zkxrn deedn zilawÎik dqitzd dcnzda mda znrety ,miiley zerteze zerepz iqiqx ,zenbn ,zezik lyziaihwipenewd oeyll xarn dievn ,zircnde ziyep`d ,zidel`d ,dpeilrd zn`dcg`k mipwihqine rcn iyp` ici lr zgtehn ef dyib .dici lr dradl zpzip dppi`e:zc i`pw ,dfn mi`peyle mitxbe`b ,mi`nikl` ,mibelexhq`e minepexhq` ,mipwib`n¨ilra mihlazn mizrl .dfn zeixwird zeizcd zertezd ileya zeipeviw zezik ixveieslecex xqiwd ly b`xta jk - zizeaxzd diiyrd ly dfkxna miritene dl` zeqitzjixcixt ly bxalciida cgeina jke ,zipzafil`d oecpela jk ,bxeaqad zial ipydz` dbiynd b`da jke ,dilbp` jln oey`xd qnii'b ly eza ,zafil` eziirxe iyingd

.ihphqhextd mlerd ly aeyg ipgex fkxnl zktede micxtqd icin dze`nvrdtexi` z` zeqiqznd zeigiynd zertezd iabl ef zipeyl dinehekic ly dzernyn dn

dxyr rayde dxyr yyd ze`na?oeyldn xzei ihpnqd megzl dhep zigiynd oeyld llk jxca oky ,zakxen diradzywan efy drya ,zizcd dieegd ly ixehqidÎihiletd haidd id zeigiynd .zihqindz` qiibl zywan zeigiynd .ef ly ietvd dvw z`e dixehqidd ly zeinpicd z` bivdl¦yeniy zyxecd ,divwipenew ll ixyt` eppi` df xace ,zixehqid zelirtl mipin`ndcigid oin`nd iptl jxc deezn ,z`f znerl ,dwihqind .oeyld ly ihpnqd caexaipgex mleqa ecal zelrzdle ,zixehqidd zegztzdle zivx`d ze`ivnl sxer zeptdloeyl .dixehqidd ly dizexenze dize`lz lkn abypde oeilrd zedel`d mler l` liaendz` dyigknd oeyl ,zih`tet` zeidl et` dleki zihqind dieegde zihqind jxcd

.dbivn dnvr idy xqnd z` zlleye dnvr26,zebidpnd oexwr aiaq zaaeq zeigiynd .zipeyl divwipenew miyxec mibdpene bidpn iqgie27ly dzrted xexia dperh jk meyn

,oeyld ly zeidel`a dienq dpen`a ef dqitz dxywp mixwn dnka .dgekn zeyep`l ietvd dnlyd.zipnxbd oeyll dpey`xae y`xa dqgeiy

26e`x ,hexita jk lrditxbeilaia mye ,130-108 ,86-31 'nr ,(15 dxrd lirl) dyecwd lr ,oc :.df yepa mipexg` mixwgna oeice

27da dkexk okle ,dcrd l` iapd ly zixehqid zegily dgipnd ,d`eapd mb zkiiy df zertez beqldxardl ozip idel`d xqnd ike ,egilyl l`d oia zihpleeian` izla divwipenew dniew ik dgpddzixewnd dqitzd iabl z`f .dwihqinl d`eap oia dlicand id ef dpekz .oeyld zervn`a xeaivl,dzryl zn`k le zigvp zn`k d`eapd ixac eyxtzpy dryn .zi`xwnd dqitzd ,d`eapd lyziaihwipenewd zernynd z` elhia hrnky ,miyexit ly iteqpi` xtqnl mixryd egztp`xwnde) d`eapd ixacl dycg ziaihwipenew zeiaihnxep dxvep ,z`f znerl ,zexvpa .zipey`xd

(llkaiielib ly divxebitÎdxte d`eap ,ezxeze elxeb ,eyi ly ezrted ofkxnay ze`eap dl` :eqtzpy miweqtd .`xwnd zpad iabl zexvpl zecdid oia dwenrd dpadÎi`d o`kn .dycgd zixad

oc sqei]16

]38[

dgek z` ellyy mibega weec dxyr rayde dxyr yyd ze`na dtixgd zeihq`ilikd.zxaecnd oeyld ly iaihwipenewd

c

ly ezxnd zeawra ,i`zayd xaynl zibelp` jxca d`eeydÎxa il d`xpy rxe`ndsexiv did df .1620 xanaepa 8Îa ,b`xt cil ,oald xdd lr 'did ly axwd' ed ,giynd

zeipgexe zeine`l ,zeihilet zeaiqp ly ce`n xicp`l rxe`n ici lr rxkedy ,zeizcÎzebidpnd ciwtzl xgapy yi`d ly xrxrne riztn ,xfen dyrn ,xaqen le ietvici lr hexita exwgp mixacd .hpihltdn iyingd jixcixt ed ,dpeilrd zigiyndalya ,dtexi` ly dizecleza zeaiygÎax rxe`na xaecn oky ,mitexi`d mipeixehqidd

.dpyd miyely zngln ly oey`xd28ly ef zcgein ze`x zcewpn mixacd zbvd oldl xzei miwenr mitzeyn zeceqi eid m` wecap okn xg`le ,zi`zayd drtezl dibelp`d

.df rxe`na ecwnzdy zeixvepde zeicedid zeipqxdd zertezd oiad`nd ly miigiynd miaikxnde miaizpd etxhvp eay ,ixehqidde i`ci`d znevdzeigiynd ly dzegztzd lr dritydy zifkxnd drtezd z` cgi exvie dxyr yydz` jetdl ixehqidd oeiqipd did ,dxyr rayd d`nd ly dpey`xd zivgna zitexi`dcqenl ,okl mcew dpy ze`n dpeny lecbd lxw ly eceqiin ,dyecwd zinexd zexqiwdzexqiwd .okl mcew dpy d`n lgdy ycgd ocird ly epegvip z` hal jkae ,ihphqhextdti`y dziid l .yeaikl ozipk did d`xpy cigid ine`lpiad ilezwd cqend dziid`le dzxkdle dcnydl crepy ,hqixkihp`d ly efern ,owizeed z` yeakl zihphqhext§ly mlyd dpegvip z` han xacd did zihphqhext zexqiwd dzyrp eli` .dtlgdl

zinexd zexqiwd yeaikl liawnd rxe`n ,dtexi`a dycgd drepzdd`na zexvpd ici lr dit lry dqitzd idy ,zcd z` raewd ed ux`a hilyd ditl xy` dqitzd .ziriaxddrepzd ly dziy`x f`n mipyd d`na zeihphqhextl zeilezwd oia dtexi` dwlegd`iad ,(ef dqitzl iehia md ecvl xqiwd z` jeynl xzel ly mipype mixfegd eizepeiqip)cakpde wizeed ipehlyd cqend y`xa ihphqhext xqiw ly ezcnrd miax ipiray jklzelra ,zeycgd zerepzde xikad dcnrnn dcxi zeilezwdy dzernyn dtexi`a xzeia

miixwir micax ipy mi`hank zexvpa eqtzp ,zeiernyn seqÎoi` miliknk zecdiaicind caexd :.miiaihwipenew mdipy ,iaihxebitÎdxtd caexde

28lynl e`x .ce`n cr dagx df yepa zextqd :N. M. Sutherland, ‘The Origins of the ThirtyYears War and the Str ucture of European Politics’, The English Historical Review, 107

(1992), pp. 587-630ik'vd xwegd ly extqa ahid bven drwxe dnglnd ly ixehqid mekiq . :J. V.Polisensky, The Thirty Years War, Berkeley and Los Angeles 1971

17[giynd jlne sxegd jln

]39[

dziid ef dqitz .dllka dtexi`a zipgexd ze`ivnd z` zeraewd od od ,igiynd ite`dzexyt ll dnglnd o`kne ,milezwd lr mb l` mihphqhextd lr wx l zlaewndcaerd .dfd oeiqipd cbpk ,ztxve cxtq oy`xae ,zeilezwd zenvrnd efixkdydnbt l ,mincew zexecay efn dzegt dzrtyde ,ax onf df dcixia d`vnp zexqiwdymegzl wx jiiy eppi` oecpd rxe`nd jk meyn .df oirn byid ly izpbtdde ilnqd jxrazeybpzdd .ef dtewza xzeia aeygd ihtilwet`d cnnd lra rexi`d ed l` ,ihiletdÎihp`d minxebl miigiynd minxebd oia lecbd axwd et` id 'sxegd jln' aiaqyyd d`na eyabzdy miigiynd zeceqid lk iehia icil e`a df axwa .dtexi`a miigiynrayd d`na zeihq`ilikd zerepzd ly ozegztzd jyndl miqetcd erawpe ,dxyr

.dxyrd`nd ziy`x ly ihiletd lrtnd ,zexqiwd itlk xzel ly dielbd zeipicnl cebipazezike miihilet zegek ly xyw zpigaa ,i`yga lecbd ewlga ldpzd dxyr raydzigiyn oirnd zencd .oexg`d rbxd cr mznifn z` xizqdl eqip ea mitzzyndy zeizcly dhily ,hpihltd on iyingd jixcixt jiqpd xen`k did xywd mwxp daiaqy.xqiwk ezfxkd z`xwl crvk b`xta dindea zekln qkl cnrenk avedy ,bxalciid29

dlrna oey`x izeaxz fkxn xeza ,dtewz dze`a ipgexd megza bxalciid ly dzeifkxnezecnrenl rixknd mxebd dziid ,zexzqpe zeielb zeigiyn zezik ly zelirtd cwenedklnd - ezy` did jixcixt ly ixwird ihiletd qkpd mle` .df ciwtzl jixcixt ly

,zafil`30zicb`d dklnd ly dny z` d`ypy ,oey`xd qnii'b ,dilbp` jln ly eza dxaby ef ,zixwird zihphqhextd dnvrnd dziid dilbp` .dpey`xd zafil` ,hrnkzafil` ly zeklnd xvg .zeilezwd fern ,cxtq lr jk lk zihnxc dxeva zncewd d`na

,zigiyn zipgex zelirt ly cwen dziid dpey`xd31ly ef dziid da zhlead zencdy

29zextq dxyr rayd d`nd f`n ciled dindeaa jelnl ely ltpd oeiqipe hpihltd xver ly ezenclynl e`x .cere xeiv ,zxetiq ,dnxc ,dxiy zeaxl ,dxiyr :E. A. Beller, Caricatures of the

Winter King of Bohemia, London 1928; G. P. R. James, Heidelberg: A Romance, New York1946e`x ,dkeza iyingd jixcixt ly ecnrne ef dyxt ly miixehqidd minekiqd oia . :G. Lorenz

(ed.), Quellen zur Vorgeschichte und zu den Anfangen des Dreissigjahrigen Krieges¨ ¨(Ausgewahlte Quellen zur deutchen Geschichte der Neuzeit, 19), Darmstadt 1991¨

30e`x ,ef dniyxn zenc ly diig lr zeixwird zeitxbepend oia :C. Oman, Elizabeth of Bohemia,London 1938; J. Gorst-Williams, Elizabeth: The Winter Queen, London 1978; M.Lemberg, Eine Konigin ohne Reich: Das Leben der Winterkanigin Elizabeth Stuart,¨ ¨Marburg 1996; J. Rose, The Winter Queen: The Story of Elizabeth Stuart, New York 1979;Mary A. E. Green, Elizabeth, Electress Palatine and Queen of Bohemia, London 1909.

e`x ,zncewd d`na mikxk ipya xe`l e`vi dindean zafil` ly dizepexkife dipnei :E. Benger,Memoirs of Elizabeth Stuart, Queen of Bohemia, London 1825

31zxeqnd ly diyxey oial dpey`xd zafil` ly dxvg oia xeyiwd ed ef dqiqzl miiehiad cg`

oc sqei]18

]40[

d`nd ly diipyd zivgna xzeia lebcd i`wihnznde i`nikl`d ,belexhq`d ,ic oe'bon enler zqitz z` a`y ic oe'b .zeigiynd eizepen` lr xq`pe scxp s`y ,dxyr yydyngd d`nd seqa dvpxit zlekq` ly miilawde miihnxdd ,miipehlt`d zexewndizan mihqipnedd ly mzpyn zxarda miixwird minxebd cg` ea ze`xl ozipe ,dxyrday ,dipnxbae dilbp`a ihphqhextd megzl dlecpxin dlc ewite epi'vit ly yxcnditly) dlezad dklnd ly dxvga zigiynd dqiqzd jeza alzyd ed .miax zerqn jxr

zexivia mb mixkip dizeawr ,mixweg zrcedfgna cegiiae ,xitqwiiy m`ilie ly eiyniy ic oe'b .(o`k mipecpd mirexi`d ly mzevxtzdl jenq azkpy ,'dxrqd' ,oexg`dibed l` dlawde mfihnxdd mr miigiyn zeceqi zealynd mlerd zeqitz zxardl xepivly dixvei ly oey`xd xeca .dtexi` ly dfkxna - mi`wihiletde - zercdz` ezxeza bfiny ,c`lt hxaex ilbp`d ly ezenc cgeina zhlea zEip`iqExwifFxd

.dtexi`a drepzd dqqazd odilry zeipnxbd dl` mr zeilbp`d zexeqnd32

zizc zeplaeq ly fkxn dxyr yyd d`nd seqa dyniy ipyd slecex ly b`xtzeaxl ,zixhef`d daygnde rcnd inegza zeycg zenbn ly ozgixt z` dxyt`y¦,dinepexhq`d xwga jxc zevixt da eid ,mipkeze rcn iyp` da efkxzd .igiynd oeeikdxvga ax ceakl ekfy mil`ehwlhpi`de ,dinikl`e dib`n ,mixtq itqe`e zeixtq.dipnxba oaenk cgeinae ,dtexi` iwlg xzia mdixag mr miwenr mixyw exyw zeklndzeplaeqd zxiee`a mialzyn mixacde ,daxd azkp slecex mr l"xdn ly eiqgi lrdxivil ixwird qiqad did b`xt-bxalciid-oecpel xivd ik xnel ozip .b`xta dxxyyezernyn lry) oexh`zd ,mfihnxdd ,dlawd ,rcnd ,dib`nd ly mialeynd minegza

qhii qqpxt dagxda dcnr df xywda zcgeind33dibelexhq`d ,dinepexhq`d ,(

xitqwiiy m`ilie ly eizefgna mb ,mixweg dnk zrcl ,`hazdy xeyiw ,zip`iqExwifFxdlynl e`x .dtewzd ipa ly zeizextqde zeipeird mdizexiviae :W. F. C. Wingston, Bacon,

Shakespeare and the Rosicrucians, London 1888qxhpewd eeyd .:- Secret ShakespeareanSeals: Revelations of Rosicrucian Arcana, Discoveries in the Shakespearean Plays... byFratres Roseae Cr ucis, Nottinghan 1916; M. Bennel, Shakespeare’s Flowering of the

Spirit, edited and completed by I. Wyatt, East Grinstead, Sussex 1971elld mixacd aex .ly eizefgna dzlib (33 dxrda ,oldl oievnd dxtqa) qhii qqpxt mb mle` ,dcb` ixac md

.miigiyne miip`iqExwifFx zeceqi xitqwiiy32 ed ,zeixar zexeqn lr zeqqazd mb liknd ,c`lt ly ixwird extqPhilosophia Moysaica;e`xe :

Mosaical Philosophy: Grounded upon the Essential Truth of Eternal Sapience, written first inLatin and afterwards thus rendered into English by Robert Fludd, London 1659epiir jk lr .:

J. Godwin, Robert Fludd: Hermetic Philosopher and Surveyor of Two Worlds, Boulder andNew York 1979; J. B. Craven, Doctor Robert Fludd: The English Rosicrucian: Life and

Writings, Kirkwall 190233F. A. Yates, The Art of Memory, New York 1970

19[giynd jlne sxegd jln

]41[

dpwn epi'vit gqep zeipehlt`de ,olek y`xa znieqn dcina dwihnznde ,dinikl`dedktde ,micwz zxqg dgixtl ditehe`d dzkf dl` zeaiaqa .mixacl ziteqelit zxbqn

.zeigiynd zeitivd ly ixwir iehia ilklcg` ifkxn ipeirx mxeba dverp ,zigiynd dzernyn gezipe ,ef drtez ly dzpadl` il`ehwlhpi`de ipgexd megzd on oixwne cgi zepeyd zepiltivqicd z` cklnd

ihiletd megzd.qenqewexwnde qenqewexwind zecg` ,zinqewd dipenxdd zqitz :,dkenp dnvera ik m` ,dvted ide ,dvpxit zlekq`a ewvep dizeceqiy ,ef dxezdxyr yyd d`nd jyna xzeia zvxnp zegztzdl dzkf ,oilkiex ly eiazka dipnxba,mfihnxd ly aeliy dxyt`y id ef dxez .dxyr rayd d`na d`iyl dribd dzrtyde¦ocegi`l dnxbe ,mircnd xzie dinik ,dibelexhq` ,dinepexhq` mr cgi ,dib`ne dlawly dzedne dpicnd ly dzedn ,egexe mc`d ly ezedn zpad mr dl` zepiltivqic ly

.zcdicaex lke ze`ivnd icaex lk z` ze`xl xyt`y mxebd id id zinqewd dipenxdd¦dribnd ,zg` dywn zpiga ,dycgde dpyid zrcd lke mc`d gex ly mihaidd lk ,rcid

mpi` dihxt lky ,dxfen dxeva .dzpad ievin llkl - igiynd ocira - dzrmixeegnj` ,d`xap le dziid ly okziiy mixzq zk mr ef zinqew zecg` dzdef ,meik epl

ip`iqExwifFxd - ce`n dax dziid cg`k miihiletde miipgexd mirexi`d lr dzrtyd,zE34

,ic oe'b ly ezpyn ,(mixvn oca` lr dpiwd) mfihnxd ly wecde izn` aeliy deedndalynd zpeekne zrcen zeixhef` mr cgi ,rcnde zeipehlt`d ,'dxivi xtq'e dlawdz

dcb`d .zihilet dnifne ,zib`n zleki ,zil`ehwlhpi` zilir ly dzexzzqd dkezadycg dwixhef` dax dnvera ztwyn mi`xpÎizlaÎmi`ex mip`iqExwifFxd zeid xacaz` lvipe ,1620Îa micxtqde miztxvd ici lr b`xt yeaika liigk szzydy ,hxwc) .ef

34jilndl oeiqipl zEip`iqExwifFxd ly dziy`x oia wecdd xywd zii`xe ,df yepl dycgd dyibdqhii qqpxt ici lr dagxdae zexidaa d`hea ,zexqiwd lre dindea lr iyingd jixcixt z`

mday ixwirdy ,miax mixeaiga :F. A. Yates, The Rosicrucian Enlightenment, London andNew York 1972zitexi`d daygnd zeclez lr dzrtyde zEip`iqExwifFxd lr mixg` mixwgn .

lynl e`x ,dxyr rayd d`nd f`n :Ch. McIntosh, The Rosicrucians: The History, Mythologyand Rituals of an Esoteric Order, York Beach, Maine 1997; idem, The Rose Cross and theAge of Reason: Eighteenth-Century Rosicrucianism in Central Europe and Its Relationshipto the Enlightenment, Leiden 1992; W. E. Peuckert, Die Rosenkreuzer: Zur Geschichte einer

Reformation, Jena 1928(1973 oilxa ,onxniv o`ihqixk z`n ean sexiva dycg dxecdn) ;R. Edighoffer, Rose-Croix et societe ideal selon Johann Valentin Andreae, preface by A.´ ´ ´Faivre, Neuilly s/Seine 1982-1987; M. Roberts, The Fiction of the Brotherhood of the RosyCross, London and New York 1990; P. Villard, Histoires et portraits de rose-croix, notebibliographique – F. Secret, Milano 1987; G. Wehr, Christian Rosenkreuz: Urbild undInspiration neuzeitlicher Esoteric, Freiburg im Breisgau 1980; J. P. Bayard, La symbolique

de la Rose Croix, Paris 1975

oc sqei]20

]42[

zkl zekiizyda qixtl eaey mr cygp ,mipey minegza micenill dtexi` fkxna ezedy.ef dreny yigkdle d`xp ezeid z` oibtdl ,qixt ipilwxh oia aeql ul`p jk meyn .ef35(

`eai dilbp` jln ik dpen`d lre ,dilbp` ly dgek lr xwira jnzqd ihiletd xywddid d`xp .b`xta dkelnd qik lr dlra dlryk dindea lr dklnedy ,eza zxfrlmr zixaa ,dnvr dindea ly ,hpihltd aiaq miax mipnxb mikiqp ly szeyn gekydnwed l mlern .zeilezwd zenvrnd lye zexqiwd ly ogek cbpk cenrl lkei ,dilbp`eelpy zeigiynd zeyegzdy lt oi`e ,dniyxn dk zihphqhext zihilet divil`ew`hazdy ,xywd ly mlyde xidnd oaxegd ,z`f znerl .zkl zewigxn eid dil`dafk` zpiga did ,jixcixt ly ezekln ly micg` miyceg xg`l b`xt ly dyeaikaezxndl zipgex dpigan dliawdl mewn yie ,zixyt` izlak dqtzpy ,dwenr zigiynepnn xcrpy meyn - ze`zaya enk - cegiia ,ce`n cr wenr did refrfd .iav izay ly'myd yeciw' did l .zecdil od zexvpl od jk lk xwid ,ixihxnd ceqid leke leknjixcixt .iav izay ly ezxnda dfk ceqi did ly myk ,iyingd jixcixt ly ezltnadqeazd xg`l zehrn mipy xhtpy hilt ,zexehwixwl `yep ,diefa zencl did,dizeixtqe dizepnx` oca` ,bxalciid lr micxtqd e`iady oaxegde qxdd .dxitgnddxfr dhiyed ly ,dilbp` ly dzciba .ipgexd xeyinae ihiletd xeyina axev oeq` didoi` .dqeazd on zei`exd ly cnn lk drpne ,ce`n cr daxv ,Dkln ly eza ,zafil`ldrtezd dziid ,mixyewd on miax da miiexy eid linny ,zxzgnl dcixidy lt,ze`zaya enk ,mle` .dxndd xg`ly ze`zayl liawna dax dcina ,zywazndmincd ugxn mbe ,dfebp l df igiynÎihilet xywa diehia z` d`vny zipgexd dnverd,miigiynd minxfd z` wipgd l ef dltn zeawra ay ,dpyd miyely zngln ly xepd

.xzqa lertl etiqed mdeÎdklnd dpkzyd eay ,b`da oenx`d ,wtq ila ,did ef zelirt ly micwend cg`dziid dklnd .ze`ad mipyd zexyra ipgex fkxn yniy xy` ,dindean zafil` dhiltd,dpenx`n micg` oilin wgxna .mipn`e mipwixhef` ,miteqelite rcn iyp`l zipexhtxvgd dcnr xwira j` ,my xwia hqilpeivxd hxwc .eizexivi z` xinxe xvi ,htlca.dtewzd ly zeihq`ilikd ly di`yep x`ye mip`iqExwifFxd ,mipwihnxdd ly mpniqa,dtexi` ly dfkxna mikxc znev lr avip b`da dindean zafil` dklnd ly dpenx`

ztewz dyniyy ,htlc mr cgilr dxaby ,zi`exdd ,zihphqhextd cpledl dxia dnÎzeiekiqple cg` cvn oecpell dzaxw .zihphqhextd dtexi` ly daild dzyrpe cxtq

35e`x ,dllka ef dyxtl hxwc ly eqgi lr :T. J. Reiss, ‘Descartes, the Palatinate and theThirty Years War: Political Theory and Political Practice’, Yale French Studies, 80 (1990),

pp. 108-140dide ,diceeye cpled ,dipnxba miyi`e zerc ibed mr mixyw lr xenyl siqed hxwc ..b`da dzelba dindean zafil` dklnd ly dzia i`an

21[giynd jlne sxegd jln

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zgixt .dlrna oey`x ipgex cwenl mewnd z` dktd xg` cvn zeaeygd zeipnxbdynnd ly cnrna dze` daivd cpleda rcnde zepn`dmfipnedd ly zyxeide dki

lr xac epl reci l .(zexec iptln qenqx` ly ezxwei zekfa cegiia) xe`pd iwlhi`dznevd jezn dgnvy xzeia daeygd mixzqd zkl b`d oia ,ef dnecw dtewza ,xyw.miiytegd mipead ,dxyr rayd d`nd ly dpey`xd zivgnd ly ircnde izcde ipeirxddktdnd rwx lr ,1640 zpy aiaq oecpeln ze`a ef zk ly dneiw lr zepey`xd epizericizericid xak mle` ,jinq ltxra dhel ef zk ly dziy`x .leenexw ly zipwilaetxdmre ,zeilawde zeihnxdd zexeqnd mr ,zEip`iqExwifFxd mr dze` zexyew zepey`xddneca .zibelexhq`e zinikl` ,zilawe zib`n dwileaniq ly zaexrza yeniydpen`d zehytzd ,cg`k mii`ne dztn jxrn mixzqd zeceb` exvi o`k mb ,ze`zaylz` dcgi` zinqewd dipenxdd ly dxezde ,xzqpd ly oegxwd dvw l` eppi` dlbpdydxywpy ,zixltnhd mixzqd zk lr dcb`d on zeceqi mb o`k ealzyd .micaxd lk.jlede hytznd ienica eaxrzd miipxzge miipqxd zeceqi mb j` ,miihq`ilik zepeifgazngln xg`l ,dtexi`a miagxp minegz et` eid miievn dxyr rayd d`nd rvn`aly dtixg dxiee`a eigy ,(epizecleza g"z zexfbl onfa liawn dneiqy) dpyd miyelyytege ycg ocir - enre ,ze`ivnd icaex lka xkip mxh ed m` s` ,ribdy igiyn ocir

.ziyep`d gexl ycg

d

zeiernynd izy oia dpgada wiicl yie irnynÎec ed 'dlaw' byend ,o`k oecpd xywdazixard dlawd ly ,ibyende ipeirxd ,ipgexd dnler .drtezd z` migzpny dryazigiynd dqiqza wlg milhepd lk hrnk .ef zkqna xiyi ciwtz mey lnn eppi`mdinebxzn - ipyn ilkn elaiwy miilaw zepeirxe mibyena eynzyd z`fd dtixgdieez z` laiw zixvepd dlawd ly dnler .df yepa mincewd zexecd ipa ly mdipeicnemixeyrd ipyae dxyr yngd d`nd ly mipexg`d mixeyrd ipya ely miixwird xkiddxii`n odei ,c`lt hxaex ,ic oe'b ly mdiazka dlawd .dxyr yyd d`nd ly mipey`xdmr dxiyi dyibt ixt dppi` d`ixcp` oihple qpdei ly miip`iqExwifFxd mihqwhaediipyd zivgna mixvepd mibedl drcepy itk ,zixvepd dlawd eli`e .zixard dlawddlawd on ixnbl dpey drtez id ,dxyr rayd d`nd ziy`xe dxyr yyd d`nd ly`le ,zexvpd ikxev lr miperd mibyen lr dqqazde zepekzna dyabzp ide ,zixard

.zecdiddlekq`d ly zeib`nde zeihnxdd zexeqnd mr wecd aeliy dalzyd zixvepd dlawdyyd ze`nd zvexna dktde ,dxyr yngd d`nd ly diipyd zivgnd ly zipihpxeltd

oc sqei]22

]44[

bedpy zeveawe minxf ,zepeirx ly ztreqnd zkqnd on wlgl dxyr rayde dxyr.dwixhef` mya meik dzepkl36zveaw ici lr cegiia meik mixwgp ef drtez ly dipeit`

o`ehp` dy`xae qixta dfkxny mixweg.xaiit37zixvepd dlawd dcai` ef zealzyda ze`ivnd zqitza mixeywd zeceqid da eybced z`f zgze ,miihqind dipiit`nn miax,zeidel`d zertezd lk z` zcg`nd zxzqpd zn`d zii`xae ,zipenxd zkxrnkditeqelitle dlawl ,dib`nle dwihnxdl ztzeyn zn`k zeinqewde zeiyep`dzexeqne ,miixvnd mitilbexiidde dinikl`d ,dibelexhq`de dwihnznd ,zi`xebzitd

,uiexwpfex o`ihqixkl miqgeind miazkd oebk ,zeycg38mipead ly mil`ehixde .miiytegd39zertezd lk ly oceqia zcnerde dl` lk z` zcg`nd zinqewd dipenxdd

zexeqnn miipteg eln ea`y dixveie ,zitexi`d dwixhef`d ly gixand oeirxl dktd,dl` zeqitz ly miiwlhi`d miyxeya cer ewvep odn zeaxy ,zeilaw eli`k e` zeilaw

,ixwird extqe i'bxe'b ewq'vpxt ly cgeind ipgexd enlera oebkDe harmonia mundi

totius.1525 zpya xe`l viy ,40

36epiir ,ef zealzyd lr :J. Dan , ‘Christian Kabbalah: From Mysticism to Esotericism’, in:A. Faivre and W. J. Hanegraaff (eds.), Western Esotericism and the Science of Religion,

Leuven 1998, pp. 117-13037xwg ly dibelepinxhd lr oeice s`xbip`d ly zipexwr dncwd zncewd dxrda xkfpd uaewa e`x

e`x oke .(10-1 'nr) xaiit z`n dwixhef`d :A. Faivre and K. C. Voss, ‘Western Esotericismand the Science of Religions: Survey Article’, Numen, 42 (1995), pp. 48-77; A. Faivre,Access to Western Esotericism, Albany, NY 1993; W. J. Hanegraaff, ‘Empirical Methodin the Study of Esotericism’, in: Method and Theory in the Study of Religion, New York

and Berlin 1995, pp. 99-12938eazkpy ,zEip`iqExwifFxd ly mipey`xd mihqtipnd zyely ly ilbp` mebxz dqitcd qhii qqpxt

exwgp oexg`d xeca .(34 dxrd y`x lirl) drepzd lr dxtql migtqpk ,d`ixcp` qpdei ici lrlynl e`x .xe` e`x mdly zeircn zexecdn dnke hexita dl` mihqwh :R. van Dulman, Fama

fraternitatis (1614), Confessio fraternitatis (1615), Chymische Hochzeit: ChristianiRosencreutz, Anno 1459, Stuttgart 1973; idem, Rosenkreuzerischer Manifeste,Schafhausen (Switzerland) 1980; S. W. Beeler, The Invisible College: A Study of the Three

Original Rosicrucian Texts, New York 199139miiytegd mipead xcqn ly eziy`x oial zFip`iqExwifFxd zexeqnd oia zernyndÎaxe xiyid xywd

,ixehqidd xwgnde ,elld zezikd izy ly zexeqna ahid ybced df xyw .wtqa cer lhen eppi`e`x .mixacd z` xy`n ,df dxwna :M. P. Hall, An Encyclopedic Outline of Masonic, Hermetic,

Cabbalistic and Rosicrucian Symbolical Philosophy5, San Francisco 1928; H. Reinalter,Aufklarung und Geheimgesellschaften: Freimaurer, Illuminaten und Rosen- kreuzer,¨Bayreuth 1992; F. de Paula Castells, Our Ancient Brethren: The Originators of

Freemasonry: An Introduction to the History of Rosicrucianism, St. Lewis 1932zebvdd zg` .lv` evnl ozip ef dibeq ly zepey`xd zehxetnd :A. Knigge, Uber Jesuiten, Freymaurer und¨

deutsche Rosenerkreutzer, Leipzig 178140lynl e`x ,ezpyn ly miixard miyxeyd lr :D. P. Walker, Spiritual and Demonic Magic from

23[giynd jlne sxegd jln

]45[

hrnk zxcrp zixvepd dlawl qiqa dyniyy zixard dlawd ik yibcdl aeyg eppiiprlo`k dpecpd dtewza miixvep milkl dwvep mxh i"x`d zlaw .miigiyn zeceqi ixnblly diipyd zivgna xwira mixg`e hpenldÎoe ly eiazka - dxcg xy`ke ,(1666 iptl)miircnde miipebenqewd zeceqid zipihld daygnd mlerl exar - dxyr rayd d`nddlawd dwpiy ifkxnd byend ed mevnvd byen .miigiynd zeceqid le ,ef dxez lyzrbep ef dyxt ,xen`k ,mle` .oewizd byen le ,i"x`d zlawn zxge`nd zixvepdzipgexd ze`ivnd ly aikxn deedn id oi`e ,iav izay ly ezxnd xg`ly dtewzl

.o`k zex`eznd zeigiynd zerteza

e

z` dpexg`d zra yibcn dizegely lye ze`zayd ly dizexezae dizecleza xwgndzexigd ik wtq oi` .giynd ziieeg ly iybxd mwxna zernyndÎax ihex`d ceqidly milerp mixry gzt ,ze`zayd eze` dxiivy itk ,igiynd ocird xyiay dycgd

zax zizcd zxeqndy mixac ghyd ipt l` dlrde mixvizezeara mze` dztk zexecdÎzi`zayd zebidpnde izfrd ozp ,envr iav izay lr od milg mixacd .ytpd zeinipta

,dizexecl41.dnpecd zk ly zizcd dxiya oebk ,zei`zayd zezikd lr od 42ceqid lr iieega ihex`dzihppinec mxeb deeid edy wtq oi`e ,daxd azkp zihqiwp`xtd zexigdÎ

awri ly - ezeiyi`ae - ezpyna mb d`xpke ,mipaxd ibega mihqiwp`xtd itlk dai`a.envr wp`xt

ziieeg ik oeayga zgwl epilr dzrtedl encwy zexeca ze`zayl rwxd zwicaaÎze`na dtexi`a ipgexd mlera ifkxn mxeb eid ihex`d megza dizeklyde ef oirn zexig,wdaen ihex` cnn llk zeihphqhextd dgzty ycgd ocird .dxyr rayde dxyr yyddwvende dielbd dcaerd .jxevd ic eyibcdl dhp l zexec dnk jyna xwgndymegza dywepe dtiwz zrnyn miyxecd mipeeika dgztzd dllka zEihphqhextdyzipctwk dqtzp llk jxcae ,dxyr ryzde dxyr dpenyd ze`na cegiia ,ihex`ddielbd dcaerd z` dax dcina dyhyh - zEilezwd on xzei s` df megza zipxnyeod milg mixacd .divnxetxd ly dziy`xa mixacd ipt eid jk ly ,`id s` dwvende

Ficino to Campanella, London 1958, pp. 112-119; G. Busi, ‘Francesco Zorzi: A MethodicalDreamer’, in: J. Dan (ed.), The Christian Kabbalah, Cambridge, MA 1997, pp. 97-125; Ch.Wirszubski, ‘Francesco Giorgio’s Commentary on Giovanni Pico’s Kabbalistic Theses’,

Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes, 37 (1974), pp. 145-15641e`x.a"pyz zixard dhiqxaipe`d ,xehwec zcear ,'izfrd ozp iazka dpen`d ceq' ,miiwl` '` :42lr ,x`yd oia ,qqazne ,dnpecd zk ly dnlera ihex`d ceqid lr hxetn xwgn dzr oikn iy il`

.ef zk ly zegayzde zexiyd uaew ly mqxtzp ly wlgd

oc sqei]24

]46[

fkxn aiaq exvepy zezikd lr od ,ihphqhextd mlera ,mipeznd ,miifkxnd minxfd lr.mihqihtap`d ibega cegiia ,df

,xzel ly ezpyn dbivdy miixwird miyecigd on miipy ly mzeaiyga mifbdl dywzeihphqhextd ly dinxf lk ici lr oixxer ll elawzp xy`emixnk i`eyip zxzd :

cqen z` zeihphqhextd dlhia dl` mr cgi .oi`eyipd on hpnxwq ly cnrnd zrwtdeihex`d ceqid ly ecnrn ly oihelgl dycg dqitz eaiig dl` zeriaw izy .zexifpd`ll oehly oda ehly zeilezwd zeqitzdy mipy sl`n dlrnl xg`l ,mc`d iigamiyp mi`yepd xaryl mixifp maiaq e`x dxyr yyd d`na dtexi`a miigd .mixvncqen zeidl wqt oi`eyipd cqen .miyxbzne mi`yipd xaryl mixnk ,micli micilenedinbilet'k mizrl xcbedy xac - dgeexl gztp oiyexibd gzte miigd lkl reawzyegz z` dxiabd mbe d`hia mb ide ,dlrna dpey`x zipin dktdn dziid ef .'zizxcq`id 'mixeqi` xizn jexa' .ef dtewza dtexi` z` dthyy ,dycgd zexigd ,ycgd ocirdzeqga wnepn yteg eipin`nl dpwd ed .xzel oihxn l` dpeekl did ozip i`ceeay dkxa¦ceqil eaygp xy`e dtexi` lr dztk zeilezwdy xzeia mixengd mixeqi`d on zidel`

.xerxr mdilr oi`y zizxagde zizcd dieedd ly cqendid ozip l - miaxd dipeebn cg` lka - zipxzeld mlerd zqitz ea dhlyy mleraeitl xy` ,ytpe seb ly ipeviwd mfil`ecd on raepd oeilrd l`ci`d z` cer miiwl.ihex`d xvid ly dpey`xae y`xa ,sebd ly eiekica gxkda dkexk ytpd zelrzdjkae ,dxenb zipin zeyixt mr zizcd dlrnd z` zexvpd dzdif mipy sl`n dlrnl,dxyt oirnk eqtzp oi`eyipd .zizcd zenlyl cbepnd ahewa zeipind z` dcinrdmipzip mpi`y miigvp mi`eyip mdy i`pza wxe ,hpnxwqd ly ezeqga wx zxzendz` cinrd xzel ici lr elek df lelkn ly elehia .(hpnxwq ly ezednn raepk) wexitlzxqde iaeig jxrk diiaxe diixtd cecire ,zizcd ze`ivna aeliy ly cnrna dwihex`d,ilezwd mlera avnl cebipa .envr lyn ziaeig zernyn el epwd oiyexib lr xeqi`d¦

cerl dbdp zeihphqhextdzxqdl sqep reiq driiq jkae ,zeyexbe zepnl` i`eyip cmd ,mtebl dl`d mixacd ly mzeaiyg lk mr .oi`eyipd iabl zeinrtÎcgd oexwrwecal ytegle ,dycg zizc dqitzl ,dycg ze`ivnl iehia zpiga zegt l miaeygeribd .xzeia miietke miienq eidy minegza s` ,mipyi zepexwr zilwicx dwica ycgnoi`eyip miiwl dqd zpicn ly jiqpd icia eriiq eiknezn dnke xzely jk icil mixacduegny miipin miqgi lr oi`eyipd cqen ztcrd ,znieqn dcina ,dziid ef) miinbia

.(oi`eyiplon od dpefipy ,`xwnd ly ,zilxhild ,dycgd dqitzl rcep ef zxbqna cakp ciwtz.xzel ly ycgd ipnxbd mebxzd z` dtt`y dlidd on od zilezwd zepyxtl dai`dzeixyt` zeieqgiizd ly ycg oeebn ebivd ,mheytk epaedy dryn ,`xwnd ixetiq

25[giynd jlne sxegd jln

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eywiay drya mda riizqdl did ozipy miycg miienice zeienc oke ,ihex`d megzlavnd did dpey eay cnn oeayga zgwl yi ,z`f znerl .ihex`d megza ilwicx yecig

zecdia avnd on ihphqhextd ixvepd mlerazkxrn :megza xqende wegd ly dtik`dÎixvepd mlera .l`xyi zelidwa dinyiin iciae dkldd icia dlek dpezp zecdia ihex`dici lr mitkpe miwwgpd ,miipelig ,miigxf` miweg mb ihex`d megza miwegd ziaxn eidmiiepiyde ,zililt dxar mb mixwnd ziaxna dziid zixqen dxar .dizeieyxe dpicnd¥¥icia driiq ef dcaer .ililtde izxagd megzl ihnehe` ote`a exared l izcd megzaipxny ite` dl zepwdl j` ,df megza dycg zkxrn xevil ifkxnd ihphqhextd cqnnd

.divnxetxd iptl didyn xingne dywepl mipyd zeaxa jtdy ,oqexnezeihphqhexta miipeviw minxf ,jk lk zkl zwigxn dktdn ly dnevira ik lt oi`egeex ,cg` cvn .zeipxzeld ly ifkxnd cqnnd envrl xizdyn zkl md mb ewigxdly 'zivx`'d dqitzd on ,dxnegd cvl ,ehqy zeizEyixte zeihwq` zenbn mdipiacvn .zyxcpde zlaewnd cinz dxzep zizgtynd zxbqnd ik m` ,xzel rawy zeipind.zibele`z dwnpd zwnepnd zeipihxail ick cr eribdy zeipxizn zenbn mb egeex ,xg`,zitehe`d zxbqnd id ,df oeic ly epiiprl zrbepd ,jkl zixwird zi`ci`d zxbqndzeizcd zeqitzd it lr zil`ci` dxag xiivl oeincl yteg ozip xy`k .dyrnle dkldl,dpicna e` xira dyrnl dkld ditehe`d z` miwdl zepeiqip eyrp xy`ke ,zeycgd

.ipeirxe izxag utp xneg zxizr zixehqid drtez eyrpe dl` miiee`n evxtzdehlyy drya xhqpin xira dinbiletd zxzd id ef drtezl zencwend ze`nbecd zg`did (zipin zepxizn le) dgtynd ly df ycgn aevir .mihqihtap`d micxend dadznwdn wlg eid mixacde ,micxend oia dgeexy yekx iabl zilpenewd dqitza aleynzixg` zxez ik xnel ozip ,'miihqiwp`xt' mibyena .zenc` ilr zitehe` dxag lyixcb .zeipihxail ly l j` ,zagxen dgtyn ly dqitz dllk dl` micxen ly minidmiypd ly oavn z` owzl ef dxez d`a dreci dcina ik mipiivn mixweg .evxtp l zeixr.zizgtyn zxbqna oze` lelkl jxevde ,xira zeievn eidy zeaxd zepnl`de zeccead

aw ly dzxeza mixacd ipt md dreci dcina mipeydiexwd ef ,zxg` zihqihtap` dvemiiexw md .mixki` xwira dil` ekiizyde miphw mixtk unewa did dqiqay ,'minlegd'zinipt zexxerzda eiehia z` vene miny icia xfbp beeif ik epin`dy meyn df myaxg`n .melg ly dxev mizrl zyaeld zexxerzd ,znieqn dyi` itlk epeeknd mc`aymixacde ,dgtyn iaexwa xaecn did mixwnd aexa ,zexebqe zephw zexaga xaecndy

.znvnevn zizgtyn dxaga miyp itelig ly ite` e`yp43ef zk ipay eil`n oaen .iyep`d xvid zexxerzdl idel` ieeiv oia oigadl ozip cvik xiaqdl eywzd

43e`x ,zexg` zenec zertez lre jk lr :L. Roper, Oedipus and the Devil: Witchcraft, Sexuality

oc sqei]26

]48[

ly dizelgzdl jenqe divnxetxd ly oey`xd xeca enqxtzdy ,dl` ze`nbec izymegza miaixi ebdp ,miax zexec jyna ,jli`e f`ny jkl enxz ,zihqihtap`d drepzdmr izcd aixid iedify dcaerd mb dtxhvd jkl .zipin zevixta df z` df miy`dl izcd,cinz dzdef dl` ly mzence ,dtewz dze`a dxby ly dyrn did ohyde hqixkihp`ddnkqd dziid ik xnel ozip .mixevrn xqg ipin xvi mr ,zepecpd zetewza cgeina j`ely ezqitz z` ddif mxf lky l` ,ycg ipin xqen enre ycg ocir ly ezvixt xaca.hqixkihp`de ohyd ly dl` mr eiaixi ly mdizeqitz z`e ,itehe`dÎigiynd ieeivd mrdyegz exicgd mdipin`ne ,dycg zeipin exyia cg`k ohyde giynd ,jk oiae jk oiadxnega e` miycg mixzida eiehia z` vny ,ze`ivnd ikkeza wenr iepiy ly dwenr

.ipind megza dycgzilezwd dtexi`a llezydy zetyknd civ rwx lr mb df yep ze`xl ed oicely zcnznd ezegkep .dfa df englp dl` zepgn ipyy dtewza cg`k zihphqhextdellk dzdwd l ,epin`dy itk ,dpeky lkae xtk lka ,szeynd aie`d dxe`kl ,ohydly dtixgd zihex`d zizyzd xe`iza jix`dl jxev oi` .mdipia dai`d ly dvwer z`

ohyde zetyknd zlerta dpen`d,xetq oi` mixwna ceqi eyniy ipin rwx lr zeny`d :dxic` dibxe` ly xeiv l` did l 'zetyknd zay' xaca itexi`d mireeird rezrzeixteq .eyi ly ezenc aiaq ixvepd qwhd ly dicext zpiga ,ohyd ly ezenc aiaqmityknd ly dvextd mzebdpzd z` xzeia zixeiv dxeva x`zl eaxd dtewzdzewihwxta oin icar zpiga ohyd iptl myeniy z`e ,'zay'd qwha zetyknde,mibele`z ly mpeinc ixt did ef 'zay' oiipr lky jka wtq meik oi`y dnec .zexrekn

odk e`xdy itk ,ze`ivna ceqi lk ll ,mixehifieewpi`e mixteq44xtexÎxeexhe 45zxeya ) iix`n hxbxn ly dzqitza ecxny mixwgnM. A. Murrayepeiqip .d`nd ziy`xn (

eay miycg mixwege ,xac dlrd l dpyid dqitzd z` zeigdl bxeavpib elxw lyyi ,oeincd ixt ef 'zay' ly dzeid llba weec j` .mixaca zn` uny oi` ik egikede`l yi`y jkl e`iade ,elld zexeca egeexy miiee`ne miienic ly mvern iehia meyn da

and Religion in Early Modern Europe, London and New York 1994, pp. 82-86 et passim44N. R. C. Cohn, The Pursuit of the Millenium, London 195745H. R. Trevor Roper, The European Witch-Craze of the 16th and 17th Centuries, London

1969dziidy dqitzd cbpk qenlet ed exwir .miax micdl dkfe zeax minrt f`n qtcp xtqd .cixy seyikd zeid xaca ,iix`n hxbxn ly dixtq zeawra ,d`nd ly dpey`xd zivgna dxixyzecerza x`eznd seyikd ly eipiit`n ik giked xtexÎxeexh .miwizr mipglet ly iniipia inizinnr zc dziid l 'ohyd zc' ike ,jetida miwdaen miixvep md dxyr yyde dxyr yngd ze`ndnenwy it lr s` .mdly mzc jetidk dzenc z` eaviry mixvep mibele`z ly mz`vnd ixt l`rawy ceqid zegpd z` dax dcina miwfgn oexg`d xeyrd on miycg mixwgn ,ef dqitz lr mixxer

.xtexÎxeexh

27[giynd jlne sxegd jln

]49[

mitykn lr etk mihteye ,mixacd ly mzezn`a wtwtmihxt zecal mipern zetykne ¦.xqeind mpeinca dl` mixe`iza mitqep

f

jezn erapy miibelehkq`d miiee`nd enxf eay ,zeklyde zernyn ax ,cgein wit`zkxrndl`d minxfd oia hlea lcad ievn jkae ,itehe`d wit`d `ed ef daygnÎ

miiehiad cg` ditehe`d megza dxivid dzyrp dxyr yngd d`nd f`n .ze`zaylly micgein mipiit`n .zexvpd ly dnlera miibelehkq`d zepeifgd ly miwdaenddnegzn dxwrp ditehe`dy jkl enxb zepexg`d mipyd miyinge d`na itexi`d xwgndzecleza cegiiae ,dxagd ircna spr dyrp dxwgne ,ibelehkq`Îizcd ,ixewndzegztzd' exeaiga xy` ,qwxn ly exag ,qlbp` jixcixt cgeina jkl mxz .mfil`iveqdly odizeclez megza erawe izcd exywdn df yep riwtd 'rcnl ditehe`n mfil`iveqddwfig ef dtewza dxagd ircn ly zvxnpd zegztzdd .dxage dlklk ,lynn zehiyzwigc jez miitehe`d zepeifgay izxagde ihiletd cvd z` ze`xl dnbnd z`

.mfil`iveqd ixyann cg` qexen qnez dyrp jk .miileyl dibelehkq`d46dzgixt mle` yyd ze`nd ly zeibelehkq`d zeiexxerzdl ax xexiaa ztpeqn zitehe`d dxivid lydlc ewit ly eivixrnn did ,ziqlwd 'ditehe`' xagn ,qexen qnez .dxyr rayde dxyrdqtcpy ,ef ditxbeia .zilbp`a ,ipihpxeltd zercd dbed ly ditxbeia azke ,dlecpxind`nd ziy`xa ynn epiidc ,okl mcew mipy yng d`xpk dazkp ,1510 zpya dpey`xl

.ewit ly ezen xg`l mipy xeyr wxe ,dxyr yyd47dnqxtzd qexen ly 'ditehe`' ly zefzd meqxtle - oilkiexl 'dlawd znkg lr' xeaigd ly ezrtedl jenq ,1516Îaqpqpxa il`ehixitqd oewizd zxeqn oia ,iyi`e ipiipr ,inipt xyw did ievn .xzel,zwgexnd dilbp`a qexen ly 'ditehe`' azkp eay ipgexd hqwhpewd oial dvpxitaly mzpen`a ze`xl drivd qhii qqpxt .okn xg`l zeihphqhextd z` un`l dcizrdeyxcn ziaa dx`ez idy itk ,zihqihnxd dpen` ,mzexvpzd iptl ,ditehe` i`d ipa

46ixtq zxbqna milret zixtqa xe`l vie zixarl ,'ditehe`' ,qexen ly exeaig mbxez lynl jke`x .mfil`iveqd zecleza ceqizexrde ze`ean ,mebxz ,ditehe` ,qexen qnez :,il`eny mixt` :

milina zgzet dncwdd .1946 diagxnmfil`iveqd zea` ia` ,qexen qnez ly ditehe`d' :e`x ,d`eeyd myl .'ipxcendxtqd z` yicwd xaea .f"yz aia`Îlz ,ditehe`a zeaizp ,xaea 'n :

dwenr ziztn` zeqgiizd eixaca yie ,rcepd ihqil`iveqd zercd dbed ,x`e`cpl ahqeb ly exkfl.mincew miitehe` zepeiqipa enbty ze`ibyn zrpnp xy` ziveaiwd drepzl

47The English Works of Sir Thomas More, vol. I: The Life of John Picus, Earl of Mirandula,.W. E. Campbell, A. W. Reed, R. W. Chambers et al. (eds.), London 1931, p. 331e`xe .

hexita :R. W. Chambers, Thomas More, London 1935, pp. 93-94

oc sqei]28

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dziid dkezl ewvep mipey`xd miip`iqExwifFxd mihqtipndy zxbqnd .epi'vit lyi`d ly ziqlwd zpekzna ,wgexn i`a dlbzp uiexwpfex ly exawe ,ditehe`d zxbqnmilnq miwewg eaiaqe eilre ,dwenr dxrna vnp xawd .qexen qnez rawy ditehe`

.mipey mibeqn miixezqn mipniqe miihnznd`ixcp` oihple qpdei ly mihqtipnl sxhvn oewiia qiqpxt ly 'dycgd qihplh`'

.qhii qqpxt dpigady itk ,zip`iqExwifFx ditehe`l wdaen iehiak48qtcpy ,xeaigd mcew zeax mipy d`xpk xagzd ,1627Îa ,oewiia ly ezen xg`l dpy dxenb l dxivikezxbqnay xetiqd .miip`iqExwifFxd mihqtipnd ly mneqxt zrtydae jenqa ,okldtexh dpitq ly milevipa dyrn ed dycgd qihplh` ly zitehe`d dxagd zx`ezn

zyaidÎi`d l` eribdygxe` zniiwnd zixvep dxag my elibe ,eneiw lr rci l yi`y dzrtyd ll ,epiidc) mipey`xd mixvepd migilyd ly mz`xydn oixyina ae`yd miigrci ,rcid zagxdl dnvr z` dyicwnd dxag miniiwn md .(zilezwd diiqpkd lyaeyiid ly efkxna qqepznd ycwnd .zi`lir zipgex dx`d zpiga mdici lr qtzpdd"ied my .jlnd dnly ly micea`d eiazk ,x`yd oia ,mi`vnp eae ,'dnly zia' xwpqihplh` .ef dxag micgiind mipnnqd on md mda miqegd lr mippebnd miaexkd xeivejlnl eycwedy ,miipeird eiazka okl mcew raedy oewiia ly epefg z` dniybn dycgdzpkda szzyd s` oewiia .dindea zkln zafil` ly dia`e dilbp` jln oey`xd qnii'bzeceqie ,miax miihnxd zeceqi .hpihltd on iyingd jixcixtl zafil` oia dpezgd,zixvepd dlawd icqiine dvpxit ly mihqipnedd ly myxcn zian miilawÎmiib`nipeiqip rcnl dthd xwira da ze`xl did bedpy) oewiia ly zipeird ezxeza miievn

.mipexg` mixwgna gkedy itk ,(ipxcend oaena49qiqpxt ly ezthdy jka wtwtl dyw Îdxag xevil ezyixc oke ,dpeilr dx`d zkiynl jxck iyep`d rcid zagxdl oewiiaz`xwl zizxag dpigane zipgex dpigan zeyep`d z` encwiy rcn iyp` ly dxeagdrepzd cg` cvn dfkxnay zihq`ilik zexxerzd dze`n wlg od ,diiee`n znybdz` yxeid ,ip`iqExwifFxd oixezqnd xg` cvne ,iyingd jixcixta dknzy zihiletd

.qpqpxd ztewz ly ilawÎihnxdd oixezqndi`d on miienq migily ly mxe`iz ed zexivid izy ly oiiprdÎiax mipiit`nd cg`zxzqp zebivp mdl yi - rnyn ,zeycge zerici mitqe`e dtexi`a miaaeqd wegxd

.dtexi` ikkeza50z` miyael ,oewiia ly exe`iz itl ,zr lka dyely ,dl` mibivp

48 .150-118 'nr ,(34 dxrd lirl) qhii49xwira e`x :P. Rossi, Francis Bacon: From Magic to Science, London 1968ly eand e`xe .

.11-8 'nr ,e"nyz aia`Îlz ,odk l`xyi mbxz ,dycgd qihplh` ,oewiia 'tl yit mgpn50mihayd zxyr ixe`iz id df dxivi beql xzeia daexwd zixard dliawndy ze`xl ozip o`kn

cec ly ezegily cre ipcd ccl` ini f`n exiev mdy itk ,mdly zcde htynd ,dxagd ixcqe

29[giynd jlne sxegd jln

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Împi`eÎmi`ex mze` dyerd dxeva mibdpzne mixacne mzegily mewna mibedpd micbadoia .zEip`iqExwifFxd inkgl dneca ,cizrd oefg z` z`yepd mixzq zxeag ,mi`xp,xky ll mileg txl mieevn mipyeyd alv inkg mbe dycgd qihplh` ipa mb ,x`ydmix`eznd minkgd ,mii`zay migpena .df megza ze`ltp iyer ly mixzk mdl exywpedxez' znrtn malay cera ,'d`ixac dxez' iciqgk mi`xp oewiia ici lre d`ixcp` ici lr

.mzepn`p dpezp dle 'zeliv`czpy ly otecd z`vei dieegd mr oixyina dxeywd ,df beqn ditehe` mr ztqep dyibtzexivid zg`l zaygpd ,'mlerd ly zpixiald' ,qeipnew odei ly ezxivia dievn ,1620¥

.dxyr rayd d`nd ly dtexi`a xzeia zelernd zeizextqd51

g

tl xinxe htlcÎoe (qpdei) o`i ly epiipr dneef dyxon`d oia xyw lk oi`y ce`n okzii ?eini aex z` ig xinxe .icedid giynd jlnle ihphqhextd 'sxegd jln'l melrde repvdxcednd diixird zia l` swyp epelgyk ,htlc dphwd dxiira (1675-1632) mixvwdzepiite`nd ,drixid lcebae xtqna zephwd eizepenz .xird xkik ly dfkxna avipymiiz`n jyna ixnbl hrnk egkyp ,dradd jxcae xeivd i`yepa zblten zeripv ici lroiipr micg` mixweg exxer dxyr ryzd d`nd ly diipyd zivgna wxe ,ze`ad mipyddievn f`ny dnec .itexi`d xeivd zecleza ifkxn mewn dqtze dkld ezxivie ,ea ycegngxf` zeidl jixv jpi` epinia .meik mb zkynpd ,zcnzn diilr oniqa xinxel dkxrddmle`e ,mipnfd lka mixiivd lecb ed xinxe ik gehae jenq zeidl ick weec icpledaygp ,'dpipt libr mr dxrp' ,o`k oecpd xeivd .df oeghia la icplxcp zeidl xyt`Îi`oia wgxndy xeivl zxg` dnbec xikn ippi` .xzeia znlyend ezxivil miax ipira,b`da repvd oenx`a dpenza opeaznd .jk lk lecb xzeia zeaehd zeivwecextxl xewnd

.dpenzd ly diwzrd lr ed oen` m` s` mrtpe d`zyn avip ,meik dievn id eayezia l` b`da dindean zafil` dklnd ly dpenx` yniyy ziadn ribdl ozip meikef oiicr j` ,onf xzei jkl yxcp dxyr rayd d`na .dry rax ly driqpa xinxe ly,on`d ly ipgexd enler lre eiig lr zehxetn zerici epicia oi` hrnk .daexw zepky

e`x .oiihytr mdxa` icia evaew ccl` ly miitehe`d mixe`izd .ipae`xd,` ,oiihytr '` iazk :ditehe`a hren ,zixard mixe`izd zkqna ybcend ,i`avd ceqid .htw-` 'nr ,`"iyz milyexizicb`d dklnnd xe`iza - zixvepd ditehe`d ly xg` wit`a xzei ybcen i`avd ceqid .zixvepd

.qpdei xhiaqxtd ly51e`x :J. Comenius, The Labyrinth of the World and the Paradise of the Heart, translation and

introducion: H. Louthan and A. Sterk, New York 1997cegiia ,my e`x mip`iqExwifFxd lr ..118-114 'nr

oc sqei]30

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,dlebd dklnd ly dzia i`an didy okziiy micirnd micg` mifnx miievn mle`52dide ,ycg mler ly ezelbzdl diitivde zipgexd dqiqzd ly zcgeind dxiee`a dxern

.dlrzl xarn aexwd okyd ,dilbp` jln ly eza aiaq dcwnzdy,miigiynd gexd ikld it lr xinxe ly ezxivia zeax zedinz yxtl zeqpl iyew lk oi`ixweg axwa .dpecpd dtewza mdifkxnn cg` dziid b`dy miilawde miip`iqExwifFxdmiiywde ,mixacd ly zi`ci`d zepyxta zexzeqe zepey zeyib zeniiw xinxe ly eixeivipeica zifkxn zg` dcewp bivdl ie`x mle` .`edy beq lkn zepexzt rivdl mixyt`n

.df oeic ly eneiqa xinxe ly eizepenz lr mixwegd,mqxetnd xeiva dxrpd zyaely xfend qiayd ly eaih zxaqdl erved zepey zervddnk cr ,mdipian yi` .'ikxezd y`xd ieqik' mya eze` epiky in mixwegd oia yieexiiv weica izn - df xeiva dxeywd diipyd dcigd mr z`f xyiw l ,zrbn izriciy

.on`d53ieqik lleg day dpyd ,1666 zpya d`xpd lkk dxiev ef dpenz ,wtqd zexnl .dtexi` zyai ly ,igxfnd ,cbepnd dvwa dlecb dxenz xg` ikxez y`x

52e`x ,dindean zafil` ly zepexg`d dizepy lr :K. Hauck, Elisabeth, Konigin von Bohmen,¨ ¨Kurfurstin von der Pfaltz in ihren letzten Lebensjahren, Heidelberg 1905¨

53ly ezxivia oiiprd ly zycegnd zexxerzdd mr ,dpexg`d dtewza xe` e`xy miaxd mixwgnd oiami`ad mixtqd z` oiivl yi ,xinxe :E. A. Snow, A Study of Vermeer, Berkeley, Los Angeles

and London 1979; A. K. Wheelock Jr. (ed.), Johannes Vermeer, New Haven and London1995; J. M. Montias, Vermeer and His Milieu, Princeton 1991; Ch. Hertel, Johannes

Vermeer, Cambridge 1996