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Glacial Glacial Landforms Landforms

Glacial Landforms - Onsite ConsortiumGlacial Landforms and Deposits. ¾. Textures and properties vary depending . on deposit. z. Till – dense, low permeability. z. Outwash – sandy,

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Page 1: Glacial Landforms - Onsite ConsortiumGlacial Landforms and Deposits. ¾. Textures and properties vary depending . on deposit. z. Till – dense, low permeability. z. Outwash – sandy,

Glacial Glacial LandformsLandforms

Page 2: Glacial Landforms - Onsite ConsortiumGlacial Landforms and Deposits. ¾. Textures and properties vary depending . on deposit. z. Till – dense, low permeability. z. Outwash – sandy,

NDWRCDP DisclaimerNDWRCDP DisclaimerThis work was supported by the National Decentralized Water This work was supported by the National Decentralized Water Resources Capacity Development Project (NDWRCDP) with Resources Capacity Development Project (NDWRCDP) with

funding provided by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency funding provided by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency through a Cooperative Agreement (EPA No. CR827881through a Cooperative Agreement (EPA No. CR827881--0101--0) 0) with Washington University in St. Louis. These materials have with Washington University in St. Louis. These materials have

not been reviewed by the U.S. Environmental Protection not been reviewed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. These materials have been reviewed by Agency. These materials have been reviewed by representatives of the NDWRCDP. The contents representatives of the NDWRCDP. The contents

of these materials do not necessarily reflect the views and of these materials do not necessarily reflect the views and policies of the NDWRCDP, Washington University, or the U.S. policies of the NDWRCDP, Washington University, or the U.S.

Environmental Protection Agency, nor does the mention of trade Environmental Protection Agency, nor does the mention of trade names or commercial products constitute their endorsement or names or commercial products constitute their endorsement or

recommendation for use.recommendation for use.

Page 3: Glacial Landforms - Onsite ConsortiumGlacial Landforms and Deposits. ¾. Textures and properties vary depending . on deposit. z. Till – dense, low permeability. z. Outwash – sandy,

CIDWT/University DisclaimerCIDWT/University DisclaimerThese materials are the collective effort of individuals from These materials are the collective effort of individuals from

academic, regulatory, and private sectors of the academic, regulatory, and private sectors of the onsite/decentralized wastewater industry. These materials have onsite/decentralized wastewater industry. These materials have

been peerbeen peer--reviewed and represent the current state of reviewed and represent the current state of knowledge/science in this field. They were developed through a knowledge/science in this field. They were developed through a

series of writing and review meetings with the goal of series of writing and review meetings with the goal of formulating a consensus on the materials presented. These formulating a consensus on the materials presented. These materials do not necessarily reflect the views and policies of materials do not necessarily reflect the views and policies of

North Carolina State University, and/or the Consortium of North Carolina State University, and/or the Consortium of Institutes for Decentralized Wastewater Treatment (CIDWT). Institutes for Decentralized Wastewater Treatment (CIDWT).

The mention of trade names or commercial products does not The mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute an endorsement or recommendation for use from constitute an endorsement or recommendation for use from

these individuals or entities, nor does it constitute criticism these individuals or entities, nor does it constitute criticism for for similar ones not mentioned.similar ones not mentioned.

Page 4: Glacial Landforms - Onsite ConsortiumGlacial Landforms and Deposits. ¾. Textures and properties vary depending . on deposit. z. Till – dense, low permeability. z. Outwash – sandy,

CitationCitation

Stolt, M., D.L. Lindbo, R. Miles, and D. Stolt, M., D.L. Lindbo, R. Miles, and D. Mokma. 2005. 2. Glacial Landforms Mokma. 2005. 2. Glacial Landforms ––Power Point Presentation. Power Point Presentation. inin (D.L. Lindbo (D.L. Lindbo and N. E. Deal eds.) Model Decentralized and N. E. Deal eds.) Model Decentralized Wastewater Practitioner Curriculum. Wastewater Practitioner Curriculum. National Decentralized Water Resources National Decentralized Water Resources Capacity Development Project. North Capacity Development Project. North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC. Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC.

Page 5: Glacial Landforms - Onsite ConsortiumGlacial Landforms and Deposits. ¾. Textures and properties vary depending . on deposit. z. Till – dense, low permeability. z. Outwash – sandy,

Glacial Landforms and DepositsGlacial Landforms and Deposits

Textures and properties vary depending Textures and properties vary depending on depositon deposit

Till Till –– dense, low permeabilitydense, low permeabilityOutwash Outwash –– sandy, high permeabilitysandy, high permeabilityLacustrine Lacustrine –– fine textured, low permeabilityfine textured, low permeability

Properties directly related to suitability for Properties directly related to suitability for decentralized wastewater usedecentralized wastewater use

Page 6: Glacial Landforms - Onsite ConsortiumGlacial Landforms and Deposits. ¾. Textures and properties vary depending . on deposit. z. Till – dense, low permeability. z. Outwash – sandy,

OverviewOverview

Ice DepositedIce DepositedTillTillDrumlinDrumlinMorraineMorraine

ProglacialProglacialOutwash PlainOutwash PlainLacustrine

Ice ContactIce ContactEskerEskerKameKameKame TerraceKame TerraceKettle HoleKettle Hole

Lacustrine

Page 7: Glacial Landforms - Onsite ConsortiumGlacial Landforms and Deposits. ¾. Textures and properties vary depending . on deposit. z. Till – dense, low permeability. z. Outwash – sandy,

Till Till

Unsorted, unstratified materials deposited directly Unsorted, unstratified materials deposited directly from glacial ice. Generally, dense and low from glacial ice. Generally, dense and low

permeabilitypermeability

Page 8: Glacial Landforms - Onsite ConsortiumGlacial Landforms and Deposits. ¾. Textures and properties vary depending . on deposit. z. Till – dense, low permeability. z. Outwash – sandy,
Page 9: Glacial Landforms - Onsite ConsortiumGlacial Landforms and Deposits. ¾. Textures and properties vary depending . on deposit. z. Till – dense, low permeability. z. Outwash – sandy,
Page 10: Glacial Landforms - Onsite ConsortiumGlacial Landforms and Deposits. ¾. Textures and properties vary depending . on deposit. z. Till – dense, low permeability. z. Outwash – sandy,
Page 11: Glacial Landforms - Onsite ConsortiumGlacial Landforms and Deposits. ¾. Textures and properties vary depending . on deposit. z. Till – dense, low permeability. z. Outwash – sandy,
Page 12: Glacial Landforms - Onsite ConsortiumGlacial Landforms and Deposits. ¾. Textures and properties vary depending . on deposit. z. Till – dense, low permeability. z. Outwash – sandy,

Drumlin: Drumlin: CigarCigar--shaped landform with the long axis parallel shaped landform with the long axis parallel

to the direction of the ice flow. Primarily to the direction of the ice flow. Primarily composed of compacted, unsorted materials composed of compacted, unsorted materials

churned at the base of the glacier (basal till). May churned at the base of the glacier (basal till). May contain looser unstratified materials (ablation till) contain looser unstratified materials (ablation till)

above the dense till.above the dense till.

Page 13: Glacial Landforms - Onsite ConsortiumGlacial Landforms and Deposits. ¾. Textures and properties vary depending . on deposit. z. Till – dense, low permeability. z. Outwash – sandy,
Page 14: Glacial Landforms - Onsite ConsortiumGlacial Landforms and Deposits. ¾. Textures and properties vary depending . on deposit. z. Till – dense, low permeability. z. Outwash – sandy,
Page 15: Glacial Landforms - Onsite ConsortiumGlacial Landforms and Deposits. ¾. Textures and properties vary depending . on deposit. z. Till – dense, low permeability. z. Outwash – sandy,
Page 16: Glacial Landforms - Onsite ConsortiumGlacial Landforms and Deposits. ¾. Textures and properties vary depending . on deposit. z. Till – dense, low permeability. z. Outwash – sandy,

Recessional End Recessional End Morraine: Morraine:

Landform built during the retreat of the glacier. Landform built during the retreat of the glacier. Usually a series of ridges composed of Usually a series of ridges composed of

glaciofluvial materials and till.glaciofluvial materials and till.

Page 17: Glacial Landforms - Onsite ConsortiumGlacial Landforms and Deposits. ¾. Textures and properties vary depending . on deposit. z. Till – dense, low permeability. z. Outwash – sandy,
Page 18: Glacial Landforms - Onsite ConsortiumGlacial Landforms and Deposits. ¾. Textures and properties vary depending . on deposit. z. Till – dense, low permeability. z. Outwash – sandy,

Terminal End Morraine:Terminal End Morraine:

Landform built during the retreat of the glacier. Landform built during the retreat of the glacier. Occurs at the furthest extent of the glacial lobe. Occurs at the furthest extent of the glacial lobe. Usually a complex series of ridges composed of Usually a complex series of ridges composed of

glaciofluvial materials and till.glaciofluvial materials and till.

Page 19: Glacial Landforms - Onsite ConsortiumGlacial Landforms and Deposits. ¾. Textures and properties vary depending . on deposit. z. Till – dense, low permeability. z. Outwash – sandy,
Page 20: Glacial Landforms - Onsite ConsortiumGlacial Landforms and Deposits. ¾. Textures and properties vary depending . on deposit. z. Till – dense, low permeability. z. Outwash – sandy,
Page 21: Glacial Landforms - Onsite ConsortiumGlacial Landforms and Deposits. ¾. Textures and properties vary depending . on deposit. z. Till – dense, low permeability. z. Outwash – sandy,

Ground Morraine:Ground Morraine:LowLow--lying landform with some undulation formed lying landform with some undulation formed

of ablation and basal till.of ablation and basal till.

Page 22: Glacial Landforms - Onsite ConsortiumGlacial Landforms and Deposits. ¾. Textures and properties vary depending . on deposit. z. Till – dense, low permeability. z. Outwash – sandy,
Page 23: Glacial Landforms - Onsite ConsortiumGlacial Landforms and Deposits. ¾. Textures and properties vary depending . on deposit. z. Till – dense, low permeability. z. Outwash – sandy,

Esker:Esker:Long, narrow sinuous steepLong, narrow sinuous steep--sided ridge sided ridge

composed of irregularly stratified sand and gravel composed of irregularly stratified sand and gravel that was deposited by a subsurface stream under that was deposited by a subsurface stream under

the glacier (tunnel). Commonly range in length the glacier (tunnel). Commonly range in length from ¼ from ¼ -- 10’s of miles. Range from 10 to 75 ft in 10’s of miles. Range from 10 to 75 ft in

height.height.

Page 24: Glacial Landforms - Onsite ConsortiumGlacial Landforms and Deposits. ¾. Textures and properties vary depending . on deposit. z. Till – dense, low permeability. z. Outwash – sandy,
Page 25: Glacial Landforms - Onsite ConsortiumGlacial Landforms and Deposits. ¾. Textures and properties vary depending . on deposit. z. Till – dense, low permeability. z. Outwash – sandy,

Kame: Kame: A moundA mound--like hill of stratified sand and gravel like hill of stratified sand and gravel

formed from collapse of glaciofluvial sediments formed from collapse of glaciofluvial sediments after the melting of stagnant ice.after the melting of stagnant ice.

Page 26: Glacial Landforms - Onsite ConsortiumGlacial Landforms and Deposits. ¾. Textures and properties vary depending . on deposit. z. Till – dense, low permeability. z. Outwash – sandy,
Page 27: Glacial Landforms - Onsite ConsortiumGlacial Landforms and Deposits. ¾. Textures and properties vary depending . on deposit. z. Till – dense, low permeability. z. Outwash – sandy,
Page 28: Glacial Landforms - Onsite ConsortiumGlacial Landforms and Deposits. ¾. Textures and properties vary depending . on deposit. z. Till – dense, low permeability. z. Outwash – sandy,

Kame Terrace: Kame Terrace: Terrace like feature consisting of stratified sand Terrace like feature consisting of stratified sand

and gravel deposited by a stream flowing and gravel deposited by a stream flowing between the valley wall and the glacier.between the valley wall and the glacier.

Page 29: Glacial Landforms - Onsite ConsortiumGlacial Landforms and Deposits. ¾. Textures and properties vary depending . on deposit. z. Till – dense, low permeability. z. Outwash – sandy,
Page 30: Glacial Landforms - Onsite ConsortiumGlacial Landforms and Deposits. ¾. Textures and properties vary depending . on deposit. z. Till – dense, low permeability. z. Outwash – sandy,
Page 31: Glacial Landforms - Onsite ConsortiumGlacial Landforms and Deposits. ¾. Textures and properties vary depending . on deposit. z. Till – dense, low permeability. z. Outwash – sandy,
Page 32: Glacial Landforms - Onsite ConsortiumGlacial Landforms and Deposits. ¾. Textures and properties vary depending . on deposit. z. Till – dense, low permeability. z. Outwash – sandy,

Kettle Holes:Kettle Holes:Circular depressions formed from the burial of Circular depressions formed from the burial of

isolated blocks of ice and subsequent melting of isolated blocks of ice and subsequent melting of the ice. Kettle holes often are filled with water the ice. Kettle holes often are filled with water

making small regularly shaped ponds. making small regularly shaped ponds.

Page 33: Glacial Landforms - Onsite ConsortiumGlacial Landforms and Deposits. ¾. Textures and properties vary depending . on deposit. z. Till – dense, low permeability. z. Outwash – sandy,
Page 34: Glacial Landforms - Onsite ConsortiumGlacial Landforms and Deposits. ¾. Textures and properties vary depending . on deposit. z. Till – dense, low permeability. z. Outwash – sandy,
Page 35: Glacial Landforms - Onsite ConsortiumGlacial Landforms and Deposits. ¾. Textures and properties vary depending . on deposit. z. Till – dense, low permeability. z. Outwash – sandy,

Outwash Plain:Outwash Plain:Commonly smooth landform of low relief in a Commonly smooth landform of low relief in a

valley floor composed of coarsevalley floor composed of coarse--textured textured glaciofluvial deposit.glaciofluvial deposit.

Page 36: Glacial Landforms - Onsite ConsortiumGlacial Landforms and Deposits. ¾. Textures and properties vary depending . on deposit. z. Till – dense, low permeability. z. Outwash – sandy,
Page 37: Glacial Landforms - Onsite ConsortiumGlacial Landforms and Deposits. ¾. Textures and properties vary depending . on deposit. z. Till – dense, low permeability. z. Outwash – sandy,
Page 38: Glacial Landforms - Onsite ConsortiumGlacial Landforms and Deposits. ¾. Textures and properties vary depending . on deposit. z. Till – dense, low permeability. z. Outwash – sandy,
Page 39: Glacial Landforms - Onsite ConsortiumGlacial Landforms and Deposits. ¾. Textures and properties vary depending . on deposit. z. Till – dense, low permeability. z. Outwash – sandy,
Page 40: Glacial Landforms - Onsite ConsortiumGlacial Landforms and Deposits. ¾. Textures and properties vary depending . on deposit. z. Till – dense, low permeability. z. Outwash – sandy,

Lacustrine Plain:Lacustrine Plain:Commonly a smooth plain with low relief, may be Commonly a smooth plain with low relief, may be

strongly undulating if cover upland landforms. strongly undulating if cover upland landforms. Composed of fine to medium textured sediments Composed of fine to medium textured sediments

deposited in glacial lakes.deposited in glacial lakes.

Page 41: Glacial Landforms - Onsite ConsortiumGlacial Landforms and Deposits. ¾. Textures and properties vary depending . on deposit. z. Till – dense, low permeability. z. Outwash – sandy,

1 ft1 ft

Page 42: Glacial Landforms - Onsite ConsortiumGlacial Landforms and Deposits. ¾. Textures and properties vary depending . on deposit. z. Till – dense, low permeability. z. Outwash – sandy,

DuneDuneAlthough not specifically a glacial Although not specifically a glacial feature, dunes feature, dunes –– wind deposited wind deposited and sculpted ridges and sculpted ridges -- often occur often occur

propro--glacial, on outwash plains and glacial, on outwash plains and associated glacial lakesassociated glacial lakes

Page 43: Glacial Landforms - Onsite ConsortiumGlacial Landforms and Deposits. ¾. Textures and properties vary depending . on deposit. z. Till – dense, low permeability. z. Outwash – sandy,
Page 44: Glacial Landforms - Onsite ConsortiumGlacial Landforms and Deposits. ¾. Textures and properties vary depending . on deposit. z. Till – dense, low permeability. z. Outwash – sandy,

Glacial DeltaGlacial DeltaOutwash deposits from melt water Outwash deposits from melt water

streams in glacial lakes. Often streams in glacial lakes. Often coarse textured, well graded, coarse textured, well graded,

bedded and sortedbedded and sorted

Page 45: Glacial Landforms - Onsite ConsortiumGlacial Landforms and Deposits. ¾. Textures and properties vary depending . on deposit. z. Till – dense, low permeability. z. Outwash – sandy,
Page 46: Glacial Landforms - Onsite ConsortiumGlacial Landforms and Deposits. ¾. Textures and properties vary depending . on deposit. z. Till – dense, low permeability. z. Outwash – sandy,
Page 47: Glacial Landforms - Onsite ConsortiumGlacial Landforms and Deposits. ¾. Textures and properties vary depending . on deposit. z. Till – dense, low permeability. z. Outwash – sandy,
Page 48: Glacial Landforms - Onsite ConsortiumGlacial Landforms and Deposits. ¾. Textures and properties vary depending . on deposit. z. Till – dense, low permeability. z. Outwash – sandy,
Page 49: Glacial Landforms - Onsite ConsortiumGlacial Landforms and Deposits. ¾. Textures and properties vary depending . on deposit. z. Till – dense, low permeability. z. Outwash – sandy,

Glacial LandformsGlacial Landforms

Highly variable in shape and sizeHighly variable in shape and sizeUbiquitous across the northern, glaciated Ubiquitous across the northern, glaciated regions of North Americaregions of North AmericaThe type of landform can be easily related The type of landform can be easily related to properties of importance to septic to properties of importance to septic systemssystems