GLoSSArY IntroductIon - bbresources.s3.amazonaws.com€¦ · firefighters /'cOLcOWLh/ bombeiros/as ... Sit down and open your books. /gBW XPm DmX 'NULm qG VHYg/ Sentade e abride os

IntroductIonabove /L'VJd/� encima, enriba deApril /'CBUpLo/� abrilarm /El/� brazoAugust /'GZLgW/� agostobathroom /'VEepIl/� cuarto de bañobed /VCX/� cama, leitobedroom /'VCXpIl/� dormitorio, cuartobehind /VB'kOmX/� detrás debetween /VB'WrAm/� entrebrother /'VpJfL/� irmáncarpet /�'YEUBW/� alfombra, moquetachair /aS/� cadeirachild /WiOoX/� neno/a; fillo/achildren /'WiBoXpLm/� nenos/as fillos/ascupboard /'YJVLX/� armariodaughter /'XGWL/� fillaDecember /XB'gClVL/� decembrodesk /XCgY/� escritorio, mesa de traballodining room /'XOmBn�pIl/� comedorear /R/� orellaeyes /'Oh/� ollosfather /'cEfL/� paiFebruary /'cCVpILpi/� febreirofeet /cAW/� pésfish /cBi/� peixe/peixes, pescadofoot /cHW/� péFriday /'cpOXM/� venres, sexta feiragarage /'ZDpEj/� garaxegarden /'ZEXm/� xardíngrandfather /'ZpDmcEfL/� avógrandmother /'ZpDmlJfL/� avoagrandparents /'ZpDmUSpLmWg/� avóshair /kCL/� pelo, cabelohand /kæmX/� manhead /kCX/� cabezain /Bm/� dentro dein front of /Bm�'cpJmW�Ld/� diante deJanuary /'bDmqHLpi/� xaneiroJuly /bI'oO/� xulloJune /XjIm/� xuñokitchen /'YBWiBm/� cociñalamp /oDlU/� lámpadaleg /oCZ/� perna

living room /'oBdBn�pIl/� sala / cuarto de estar, salón

man /lDm/� homeMarch /lEa/� marzoMay /lM/� maiomen /lCm/� homesmice /lOg/� ratosMonday /'lJmXM/� luns, segunda feiramother /'lJfL/� naimouse /lPg/� ratomouth /lPe/� bocanext to /'mCYgW�WL/� a carón de, xunto anose /mNh/� narizNovember /mLH'dClVL/� novembroOctober /FY'WNVL/� outubroon /Fm/� enriba/encima deopposite /'FULhBW/� fronte a, enfronte (de)parents /'UCLpLmWg/� paispeople /'UAUo/� persoas; xenteperson /'UKgm/� persoaSaturday /'gDWLXM/� sábadoSeptember /gCU'WClVL/� setembroshelves /iCodh/� andeis; estantes, baldassister /'gBgWL/� irmásofa /'gLHcL/� sofáson /gJm/� filloSunday /'gJmXM/� domingotable /'WMVo/� mesateeth /WAe/� dentesThursday /'eKhXM/� xoves, quinta feiratooth /WIe/� dienteTuesday /'WqIhXM/� martes, terceira feiraunder /'JmXL/� debaixo (de) Wednesday /'rCmhXM/� mércores, cuarta feira woman /'rHlLm/� mullerwomen /'rBlBm/� mulleres

unIt 1ancient /'MmiLmW/� antigo/aart /EW/� arte, debuxoatlas /'DWoLg/� atlascalculator /'YDoYqHoMWL/� calculadoracave /YMd/� covacave painting /'YMd�UCBmWBn/� pintura rupestre

GLoSSArY

1Build up 2 Galician © B Burlington Books

clay /YoCB/� arxila, barrocompass /'YJlULg/� compáscomputer technology /YLl'UqIWL�WCYmFoLbi/�

informáticacookbook /'YHYVHY/� libro de cociñadrama /'XpElL/� teatro edible /'CXLVo/� comestíbelelectronic dictionary /BoCYWpFmBY�'XBYiLmpi/� dicionario electrónico

English /'BnZoBi/� inglésflood /coJX/� asolagamento, inundación French /cpCma/� francésgeography /bi'FZpLci/� xeografíahistory /'kBgWpi/� historialaptop computer /'oDUWFU�YLlUqIWL/� ordenador portátil

lesson /'oCgm/� claselibrary /'oOVpLpi/� bibliotecamaths /lDeg/� matemáticasmeal /lAo/� comidamicroscope /'lOYpLgYNU/� microscopiomultimedia projector /lJoWi'lAXiL�UpLXjCYWL/� proxector multimedia

music /'lqIhBY/� músicaoften /'Fcm/� a miúdopaints /UCBmWg/� pinturaspapyrus /UL'UOpLg/� papiroparchment /UEalCmW/� pergamiño, pergameo recipe /'pCgLUi/� receitaschoolyard /'gYIoqEX/� patio do colexioscience /gOLmg/� ciencia(s)sport /gUGW/� deporte, educación físicatextbook /WCsWVHY/� libro de texto

unIt 2angry /'DnZpi/� enfadado/a, amolado/aback /VDY/� costas, lombobody language /'VFXi�oDnZrBb/� linguaxe corporal

building /'VBoXBn/� edificiocartoon /YE'WIm/� debuxo animadocharacter /'YæpLYWL/� personaxecry /YpO/� chorarenjoy /Bm'bQ/� gozar de, gustarface /cMg/� cara, face, faciana

feel /cAo/� sentir(se)feeling /'cAoBn/� sentimentofingers /'cBnZLh/� dedosfriendly /'cpCmXoi/� simpático/a, amábelfunny /'cJmi/� divertido/a, gracioso/afur /cK/� pelo, peluxe (de animal)ground /ZpPmX/� chan, solohit /kBW/� golpearhold /kNoX/� suxeitar, coller, termar de, agarrarhug /kJZ/� abrazar, apertarkiss /YBg/� bicar, beixarknow /mN/� saber, coñecerlick /oBY/� lamberneck /mCY/� pescozonet /mCW/� redepaws /UGh/� patas, poutas, gadoupaspet /UCW/� mascotashout /iPW/� berrarshow /iLH/� ensinar, amosarsing /gBn/� cantarsmile /glOo/� sorrirstomach /'gWJlLY/� estómagosurprised /gL'UpOhX/� sorprendido/atail /WMo/� cola, rabothink /eBnY/� pensar, coidartoes /WNh/� dedastongue /WJn/� linguatouch /WJWi/� tocartoy /WQ/� xogueteworried /'rJpiX/� preocupado/aworry /'rJpi/� preocuparse

unIt 3amusement park /L'lqIhlLmW�UEY/� parque de atraccións

classical /'YoDgBYo/� (música) clásicacolourful /'YJoLco/� cheo/a de cor, de cores vivascontrol group /YLm'WpNo�ZpIU/� grupo testemuña / de control

crowded /'YpPXBX/� ateigado/a, cheo/a (de xente)

dangerous /'XMmbLpLg/� perigoso/adelicious /XB'oBiLg/� gorentoso/a, riquísimo/adrums /XpJlh/� batería, tambores

2

glossary

Build up 2 Galician © B Burlington Books

electric guitar /BoCYWpBY�ZB'WE/� guitarra eléctricaexciting /BY'gOWBn/� emocionanteexpensive /BY'gUCmgBd/� caro/afamous /'cCBlLg/� famoso/a, de sonagarage /'ZDpEj/� (música) garagehard rock /kEX�'pFY/� rock durohip-hop /'kBUkFU/� hip hopindie /'BmXi/� (música) indiejazz /bDh/� jazzkeyboard /'YAVGX/� tecladoLatin /'oDWBm/� (música) latinaloud /oPX/� alto, forte (volume)magic show /lDbBY�'iLH/� espectáculo de maxiamaze /lMh/� labirintomusician /lqI'hBim/� músico/anoisy /'mQhi/� ruidoso/aoutdoor /'PWXG/� fóra; ao aire libreperform /UL'cGl/� actuar, tocarpiano /Ui'DmN/� pianopop /UFU/� poppopular /'UFUqLoL/� popular, de modaR & B /p�'LmX�V/� R & B (Rhythm and Blues)reggae /'pCZM/� reggaeride /pOX/� atracción (de feira)rock /pFY/� rocksaxophone /'gDYgLcNm/� saxofónstrange /gWpMmb/� estraño/a, raro/aticket /'WBYBW/� entradaunderage /'JmXLpMb/� (para) menor(es) de idadevenue /'dCmqI/� local, lugar de reunión / xuntanza

violin /dOL'oBm/� violín

unIt 4adventure /LX'dCmWiL/� de aventurasanimated /'DmBlMWBX/� de animación / debuxos animados

armour /'ElL/� armadurabath /VEe/� bañeirabiographical /VOL'ZpDcBYo/� biográfico/acastle /'YEgo/� castelocomedy /'YFlLXi/� comediacrime /YpOl/� policíaco/acurtains /'YKWBmh/� cortinas

dirty /'XKWi/� sucio/adocumentary /XFYqH'lCmWpi/� documentaldrama /'XpElL/� dramafantasy /'cæmWLgi/� de fantasíafireplace /'cOLUoMg/� chemineafloor /coG/� chanfridge /cpBb/� frigorífico, neveira, refrixeradorhill /kBo/� outeiro, cotarelohistorical /kB'gWFpBYo/� histórico/ahorror /'kFpL/� de terror / medojournal /'bKmo/� diarioking /YBn/� reiknight /mOW/� cabaleirolady /'oMXi/� señora, dona, damalord /oGX/� señormicrowave /'lOYpLrMd/� microondasmusical /'lqIhBYo/� musicalrobber /'pFVL/� ladrón/oaromance /pN'læmg/� romántico/ascience fiction /gOLmg�'cBYim/� de ficción científica

sink /gBnY/� vertedoiro, pía; lavabosquire /'gYrOL/� escudeirostone /gWNm/� pedrasword /gGX/� espadathriller /'epBoL/� de suspense / misteriowall /rGo/� paredewashing machine /'rFiBn�lLiAm/� lavadorawestern /'rCgWLm/�do oeste

unIt 5accident /'DYgBXLmW/� accidenteambulance /'DlVqLoLmg/� ambulanciaautumn /'GWLl/� outonoblood /VoJX/� sangueburn /VKm/� queimarcloud /YoPX/� nubecloudy /'YoPXi/� nubrado/a, cuberto/acold /YNoX/� frío/acool /YIo/� fresco/acut /YJW/� corte, ferida; cortardrop /XpFU/� gota, pingadry /XpO/� seco/a, árido/a

3

glossary


electrical appliance /BoCYWpBYo�L'UoOLmg/� electrodoméstico

fall off /'cGo�Fc/� caer (dunha bicicleta, un cabalo, etc.)

firefighters /'cOLcOWLh/� bombeiros/asfoggy /'cFZi/� neboento, con brétemaforecast /'cGYEgW/� prognóstico, previsiónhot /kFW/� caloroso/a, cálido/ainjury /'BmbLpi/� ferida, mancadura lightning /'oOWmBn/� raio, lóstregoparamedics /UDpL'lCXBYg/� paramédicos/aspolice /UL'oAg/� policíarainy /'pMmi/� chuvioso/a, de chuviaslayer /goML/� asasino/asnowy /gmNi/� nevado/a, de neve spring /gUpBn/� primaverastormy /'gWGli/� treboento/a, de treboadasummer /'gJlL/� veránsunny /'gJmi/� asollado/awarm /rGl/� cálido/a, temperado/awet /rCW/� húmido/awindy /'rBmXi/� ventoso/a, de ventowinter /�'rBmWL/� inverno

unIt 6bake /VMY/��facer no forno, enfornarbaking powder /'VMYBn�UPXL/��lévedo / fermento en pó

beans /VAmh/��feixós, fabasbowl /VLHo/��cunca grande, cuncocake pan /'YMY�UDm/� molde para biscoitocandles /'YæmXoh/��candeascoconut milk /'YNYLmJW�lBoY/��leite de cococup /YJU/� copa, cuncaelbow /'CoVLH/��cóbadoflour /'coPL/��fariñafork /cGY/��garfofruit /cpIW/��froitaglass /ZoEg/��vaso, copaham /kDl/��xamónhoney /'kJmi/��mel kite /YOW/��papaventosknife /mOc/��coitelo

lamb /oDl/��añoLent /oCmW/��Coresmamanners /'læmLh/��modaisMuslim /'lHhoBl/� musulmán/mánapkin /'mDUYBm/��pano de mesanoisily /'mQhoi/� ruidosamente, facendo ruídonoodles /'mIXoh/� fideos, tallarínsoil /Qo/��aceiteplate /UoMW/� pratopour /UG/��verter, botarpudding /'UHXBn/��pudinrude /pIX/��maleducado/a, groseiro/asalt /gGoW/��salseafood /'gAcIX/� mariscosoup /gIU/��sopaspoon /gUIm/��cullertablecloth /'WMVoYoFe/� mantel teaspoon /'WAgUIm/� culleriñatomato sauce /WL'lEWN�gGg/� salsa / prebe / mollo de tomate

vegetables /'dCbWLVoh/� verdurasyoghurt /'qFZLW/� iogur

unIt 7collector /YL'oCYWL/� coleccionistacow /YP/� vacadeer /XBL/� cervodisease /XB'hAh/� enfermidade, doenzaendangered /Bm'XMmbLX/� en perigo de extinciónfast /cEgW/� rápido/afly /coO/� moscafrightening /'cpOWmBn/� arrepiante, espantoso/ahatch /kDWi/� saír do ovoheavy /'kCdi/� pesado/ahuge /kqIb/� enormeintelligent /Bm'WCoBbLmW/� intelixentejellyfish /'bCoicBi/� augamar, medusalay /oM/� poñer, pór, colocarlight /oOW/� lixeiro/a, livián/álizard /'oBhLX/� lagarto; lagartamosquito /lL'gYAWLH/� mosquitoocean floor /'Nim�coG/� solo mariño

4

glossary


octopus /'FYWLULg/� polboold /NoX/� vello/a, antigo/apig /UBZ/� porcopretty /'UpBWi/� bonito/a, guapo/a, fermoso/arabbit /'pDVBW/� coellosand /gDmX/� areashark /iEY/� quenllaslow /goLH/� vagaroso/asnake /gmMY/� serpestrong /gWpFn/� forte; firme, intenso/astupid /'gWqIUBX/� estúpido/a, parvo/asurvive /gL'dOd/� sobrevivir tiny /'WOmi/� diminuto/a, minúsculo/atrainer /'WpMmL/� preparador/a, domador/a, adestrador/a

turtle /'WKWo/� tartaruga, sapoconchougly /'JZoi/� feo/aweak /rAY/� débil, febleweigh /rM/� pesarwolf /rHoc/� loboyoung /qJn/� mozo/a, pequeno/a

unIt 8clothes /YoNfh/� roupacomputer game /YLl'UqIWL�ZMl/� xogo de ordenador

feed /cAX/� dar de comer (a), alimentarflash drive /'coæi�XpOd/� unidade rápida de almacenamento masivo, chave USB

flip-flops /'coBUcoFUg/� chancletashairbrush /'kCLVpJi/� cepillo (para o pelo)inch /Bma/� polgadainstant messaging /BmgWLmW�'lCgBbBn/� mensaxería instantánea

joystick /'bQgWBY/� joystick, mandokeyboard /'YAVGX/� tecladolocation /oN'YMim/� lugarmap /lDU/� mapa, planomouse pad /'lPg�UDX/� alfombriña para o ratoneighbourhood /'mMVLkHX/� barrio, veciñanzaprinter /'UpBmWL/� impresorascanner /'gYDmL/� escánerscreen /gYpAm/� pantalla

sunglasses /'gJmZoEgBh/� lentes de soltoothbrush /'WIeVpJi/� cepillo de dentestoothpaste /'WIeUCBgW/� pasta de dentes, dentífricotowel /'WPLo/� toallatravel guide /'Wpædo�ZOX/� guía de viaxetrip /WpBU/� viaxe, excursiónumbrella /Jl'VpCoL/� paraugasvirtual reality /dKaHLo�pA'DoLWi/� realidade virtualwatch /rFa/� reloxo (de pulso)webcam /'rCVYDl/� cámara webwebsite /'rCVgOW/� páxina web

unIt 9accountant /L'YPmWLmW/� contableactor /'DYWL/� actoradventurous /LX'dCmWiLpLg/� aventureiro/aartist /'EWBgW/� artistaastronaut /'DgWpLmGW/� astronautaathlete /'DeoAW/� atletabrave /VpMd/� valente, afouto/acareful /'YCLco/� coidadoso/a, meticuloso/achef /iCc/� cociñeiro/a, chefclean up /YoAm�'JU/� limparclever /'YoCdL/� intelixente, listo/a, espelido/acoach /YNWi/� adestrador/acollect /YL'oCYW/� reunir, xuntar; recollerdoctor /'XFYWL/� médico/a, doutor/aengineer /CmbB'mBL/� enxeñeiro/afashion /'cæim/� modafashion designer /'cæim�XBhOmL/� deseñador/a de moda

graphic artist /ZpDcBY�'EWBgW/� artista gráfico/ahairdresser /'kCLXpCgL/� perruqueiro/ahard-working /kEX'rKYBn/� (moi) traballador/akind /YOmX/� amábel, atento/a, bo/aland /oDmX/� aterrar (un avión)lazy /'oCBhi/� lacazán/ana, preguiceiro/amessy /'lCgi/� desordenado/aneat /mAW/� pulcro/a, ordenado/anewspaper reporter /'mqIhUMUL�pBUGWL/� reporteiro/a / xornalista de periódico

nursery school teacher /mKgpi�gYIo�'WAaL/� profesor/a de (educación) infantil / preescolar

5

glossary


powerful /'UPLco/� poderoso/a; fortepull out /UHo�'PW/� sacar, tirarscientist /'gOLmWBgW/� científico/ashelter /'iCoWL/� refuxio singer /'gBnL/� cantantespace /gUMg/� espazospaceship /'gUMgiBU/�nave espacial�technology /WCY'mFoLbi/�tecnoloxíavet /dCW/� veterinario/awriter /'pOWL/� escritor/a

6

glossary


IntroductIon unIt

Greetings and introductions

Hi, I’m (Dan). /kO�Ol�('XDm)/��Ola, son (Dan).

This is my friend (Lisa). /fBg�Bh�lO�cpCmX�('oAgL)/� Esta é a miña amiga (Lisa).

We’re from (Liverpool). /rR�cpLl�('oBdLUIo)/� Somos de (Liverpool).

Nice to meet you. /mOg�WL�'lAW�qI/� Encantado/a de coñecerte.

We’re in Year (9). /rR�Bm�qR�('mOm)/� Estamos en (2º de ESO).

I’m (fourteen) years old. /Ol�('cGWAm)�qRh�NoX/� Teño (catorce) anos.

Classroom language

Read the text. /pAX�fL�'WCsW/� Le o texto.

Answer the questions. /EmgL�fL�'YrCgWiLmh/� Contesta as preguntas.

Please be quiet. /UoAh�VA�'YrOLW/� Calade, por favor.

Listen and repeat. /'oBgm�DmX�pBUAW/� Escoita e repite.

Practise the dialogue with your partner. /UpæYWBg�fL�'XOLoFZ�rBf�qG�UEWmL/� Practica o diálogo co teu compañeiro.

Sit down and open your books. /gBW�XPm�DmX�'NULm�qG�VHYg/� Sentade e abride os libros.

Write the words in your own language. /pOW�fL�rKXh�Bm�qG�Nm�'oDnZrBb/� Escribe as palabras na túa lingua materna.

Complete the sentences with the correct verb. /YLlUoAW�fL�'gCmWLmgBh�rBf�fL�YLpCYW�dKV/� Completa as frases co verbo axeitado.

Please write the answers on the board. /UoAh�pOW�fL�'EmgLh�Fm�fL�VGX/� Por favor, escribe as respostas no encerado.

Ask and answer questions about the picture. /EgY�DmX�EmgL�'YrCgWiLmh�LVPW�fL�UBYaL/� Fai preguntas sobre a imaxe e respóndeas.

What does the word (computer) mean? /rFW�XJh�fL�rKX�(YLl'UqIWL)�lAm/� Que significa a palabra (computer)?

Do you understand the homework? /XI�qI�JmXLgWDmX�fL�'kNlrKY/� Entendes os deberes?

What’s this in English? /rFWg�fBg�Bm�'BnZoBi/� Como se di isto en inglés?

What page are we on? /rFW�'UCBb�E�ri�Fm/� En que páxina estamos?

How do you spell (schoolbag)? /kP�XI�qI�gUCo�('gYIoVDZ)/� Como se escribe / soletrea (schoolbag)?

unIt 1Expressing preferences

I like (art). It’s (fun). /O�oOY�('EW)�BWg�('cJm)/� Gústame (o debuxo). É (divertido).

I prefer (maths). /O�UpBcK�('lDeg)/� Prefiro (as matemáticas).

I love (history). It’s (interesting). /O�oJd�('kBgWpi)�BWg�('BmWpLgWBn)/� Encántame (a historia). É (interesante).

I hate (geography). It’s (boring). /O�kMW�(bi'FZpLci)�BWg�('VGpBn)/� Odio (a xeografía). É (aborrecida).

My favourite school subject is (science). /lO�'cCBdLpBW�gYIo�gJVbBYW�Bh�(gOLmg)/� A miña materia favorita é (ciencias).

Describing routines

He gets up at (half past seven). /kA�ZCWg�JU�LW�(kEc�UEgW�'gCdm)/� Érguese ás (sete e media).

I never get up at (six o’clock). /O�'mCdL�ZCW�JU�LW�(gBYg�LYoFY)/� Nunca me ergo ás (seis).

I sometimes (have a shower in the afternoon). /O�'gJlWOlh�(kLd�L�iPL�Bm�fL�EcWLmIm)/� Ás veces (dúchome pola tarde).


SPEAKInG GuIdE

unIt 2

Describing actions

What is he doing right now? /rFW�Bh�kA�'XIBn�pOW�mP/� Que está a facer agora mesmo?

He’s (sleeping). /kAh�('goAUBn)/� Está (a durmir).

Are (they running)? /E�(fM�'pJmBn)/� Están (a correr)?

Guessing the person

She looks (happy). /iA�oHYg�('kæUi)/� Parece / Semella (leda).

unIt 3

Buying a CD

Can I help you? /Yæm�O�'kCoU�qI/� Podo axudarte?

Can you recommend anything? /Yæm�qI�pCYL'lCmX�CmieBn/� Pódesme recomendar algunha cousa?

Where are the (CDs)? /rCL�E�fL�(gA'XAh)/� Onde están os (CD)?

What type of music does she like? /rFW�WOU�Ld�'lqIhBY�XJh�iA�oOY/� Que tipo de música lle gusta?

Talking about the past

There were (people at the beach). /fCL�rL�('UAUo�LW�fL�VAWi)/� Había (xente na praia).

It was (very crowded). /BW�rLh�(dCpi 'YpPXBX)/� Estaba (moi cheo / ateigado).

I went with (my friend). /O�rCmW�rBf�(lO�'cpCmX)/� Fun con (o meu amigo).

We ate (ice cream). /ri�MW�('Og�YpAl)/� Tomamos / Comemos (xeado).

unIt 4

Expressing opinions

How was it? /kP�'rLh�BW/� Como foi?

It was (funny)! /BW�rLh�('cJmi)/� Foi (graciosa)!

Comparing past and present

In the past, people (washed their clothes in the river). /Bm�fL�'UEgW�UAUo�(rFiW�fS�YoNfh�Bm�fL�pBdL)/� No pasado, a xente (lavaba a roupa no río).

They didn’t (wash their clothes in washing machines). /fM�'XBXmW�(rFi�fS�YoNfh�Bm�rFiBn�lLiAmh)/� Non (lavaba a roupa na lavadora).

Today, people (wash their clothes in washing machines). /WL'XM�UAUo�(rFi�fS�YoNfh�Bm�rFiBn�lLiAmh)/� Hoxe en día a xente (lava a roupa na lavadora).

unIt 5

Describing the weather

What was the weather yesterday? /rFW�rLh�fL�'rCfL�qCgWLXM/� Que tempo foi onte?

What was the temperature yesterday? /rFW�rLh�fL�'WClUpLaL�qCgWLXM/� Que temperatura foi onte?

What’s today’s forecast? /rFWg�WL'XMh�cGYEgW/� Cal é o prognóstico para hoxe?

It was (rainy and cold). /BW�rLh�('pMmi�DmX�YNoX)/� Estaba (chuvioso e ía frío).

Describing a picture

What do you see in the picture? /rFW�XI�qI�gA�Bm�fL�'UBYaL/� Que ves na imaxe?

There are (two ambulances). /fCL�E�(WI�'DlVqLoLmgBh)/� Hai (dúas ambulancias).


speaking guide

unIt 6Asking permissionCan I have some (soup)? /Yæm�O�kLd�gLl�('gIU)/� Podo tomar un pouco de (sopa)?Sure. /iHL/� Claro / Abofé que si.That’s a good idea. /fDWg�L�ZHX�O'XBL/� É unha boa idea.I’m afraid not. /Ol�L'cpCBX�mFW/� Sospeito que non.No problem. /mN�'UpFVoLl/� Non hai problema.

Sorry, there isn’t any (pudding). /'gFpi�fCL�BhmW�Cmi (UHXBn)/� Síntoo, non hai (pudin).

Planning a partyWe should (buy some balloons). /ri�iLX�(VO�gLl�VL'oImh)/� Deberiamos (mercar globos).Let’s (order pizza). /oCWg�(GXL�'UAWgL)/� (Imos pedir / Pidamos pizza).

How about (making a cake)? /'kP�LVPW�(lCBYBn�L�YMY)/� Que tal se (facemos unha torta)?

unIt 7Describing animalsLook at the (shark)! /oHY�LW�fL�('iEY)/� Mira a (quenlla)!It’s very (frightening). /BWg�dCpi�('cpOWmBn)/� (Dá / Mete moito medo).It’s (two) metres tall. /BWg�('WI)�lAWLh�WGo/� Mide (dous) metros de altura.It’s (five) metres long. /BWg�('cOd)�lAWLh�oFn/� Mide (cinco) metros de longo.Making comparisons

It’s (smaller) than a (cow). /BWg�('glGoL)�fLm�L�(YP)/� É (máis pequeno) ca unha (vaca).

unIt 8Making suggestionsLet’s (go to China). /oCWg�(ZLH�WL�'WiOmL)/� (Imos / Vaiamos a China).How about (going to Alaska)? /'kP�LVPW�(ZLHBn�WL�LoDgYL)/� Que tal se (imos a Alasca)?Why don’t we (fly to England)? /rO�XLHmW�rA�(coO�WL�BnZoLmX)/� Por que non (voamos a Inglaterra)?

Maybe we (can land in Peru). /'lMVi�rA�(Yæm�oDmX�Bm�ULpI)/� Talvez / Se cadra (poidamos aterrar en Perú).

Discussing plansI’m going to go to (the beach). /Ol�'ZLHBn�WL�ZLH�WL�(fL�VAWi)/� Vou ir a (a praia).What are you going to do there? /rFW�E�qI�ZLHBn�WL�'XI�fCL/� Que vas facer alí?I’m taking (a sweater). /Ol�WMYBn�(L�'grCWL)/� Vou coller (un xersei).

What are you taking? /rFW�E�qI�'WMYBn/� Que vas coller?

unIt 9Making predictions

I like (singing). /O�oOY�('gBnBn)/� Gústame (cantar).I am good with (animals). /O�Ll�ZHX�rBf�('DmBloh)/� Dánseme ben (os animais).

Maybe I’ll be (an athlete). /'lMVi�Oo�VA�(Dm�DeoAW)/� Talvez / Se cadra serei (atleta).

Making recommendationsI think you should (volunteer). /O�eBnY�qI�iLX�(dFoLm'WBL)/� Coido que deberías (ofrecerte como / facer de voluntario).

If you get this job, you’ll (play with children). /Bc�qI�ZCW�fBg�bFV�qIo�(UoM�rBf�'WiBoXpLm)/� Se aceptas / consegues este traballo (xogarás con nenos).

You’ll like (helping there) because (you’re kind). /qIo�oOY�(kCoUBn�fCL)�VBYFh�(qHL�'YOmX)/� Gustarache (axudar alí) porque (es bo).


speaking guide


Grammar appendix

introduction

O verbo have got significa “ter” e expresa o que posuímos ou os trazos de alguén ou algo cando o describimos. Empregamos have to con I, you, we e they, mais has got con he, she e it. We have got two bathrooms. (Temos dous cuartos de baño.)Harry has got a small house. (Harry ten unha casa pequena.)

En negativa engadimos not a have e has, pero úsanse máis as formas contraídas haven’t e hasn’t. Jim hasn’t got a brother. (Jim non ten un irmán.)

En interrogativa poñemos have ou has + o suxeito + got. Nas respostas curtas empregamos só os pronomes suxeito e have / haven’t ou has / hasn’t, sen got.Has Tom got any sisters? Yes, he has. / No, he hasn’t. (Tom ten irmás? Ten. Si. / Non.)

have got

Empregamos o verbo to be para describir cousas, expresar feitos xerais e indicar a idade. Lembra que, ao falar, am, is e are contraen co pronome suxeito.I am her sister. (Son a súa irmá.) It’s Monday today. (Hoxe é luns.)The mice are under the bed. (Os ratos están debaixo da cama.)

En negativa engadimos a partícula not, que con is e are contrae en isn’t e aren’t.She isn’t my friend. (Ela non é a miña amiga.)

Para preguntar invértese a orde do suxeito e o verbo. As respostas curtas levan só os pronomes suxeito e o verbo to be sen contraer en afirmativa, ou contraído en negativa.Are the children in the garden? Yes, they are. / No, they aren’t. (Os nenos están no xardín? Están. Si. / Non.)

to be

1 �Complete�the�sentences�with�the�correct��form�of�the�verb�to be.

1. Theboys atschool.

2. I (not)angry.

3. youathome?

4. Fred short.

5. Jenny (not)myfriend.

6. DonnafromEngland?

2 �Complete�the�sentences�with�the�correct�form�of�have got�or�has got.

1. Jill twobrothers.

2. Jane ablueschoolbag?

3. Tom (not)acomputer.

4. I anewfriend.

5. They (not)adog.

6. you browneyes?

has gotare

Check Yourself!Circle�the�correct�answers.

1. Tomam/is/areinmyclass.

2. PamandAndyhavegot/hasgotwhiteshirts.

3. Mikehavegot/hasgottwosisters.

4. Theboysamnot/isn’t/aren’tatschool.

Answers, see page 30

5. Have/Hastheygotapetcat?

6. Am/Is/AreyouinYear8?

7. Thecaramnot/isn’t/aren’tred.

8. Mymotherhaven’tgot/hasn’tgotacar.

11

GRAMMAR APPENDIX


Hai substantivos de plural irregular porque non engaden -s nin -es ao singular:

• uns non cambian: fish ➝ fish

• outros cambian un pouco: man ➝ men child ➝ children

• e outros cambian moito: person ➝ people

O plural irregular

There is e there are significan “hai”. There is indica que hai unha cousa. Vai seguido dun substantivo contábel singular ou dun non contábel. There are indica que hai dúas cousas ou máis. Só se emprega con substantivos en plural.There is a cupboard in the kitchen. (Hai unha lacena na cociña.)There’s some fruit on the table. (Hai froita enriba da mesa.)There are some apples. (Hai algunhas mazás.)

A negativa fórmase engadindo not ou a contracción n’t a is e are.There isn’t a lamp next to the sofa. (Non hai unha lámpada xunto ao sofá.)There isn’t any fish. (Non hai [nada de] peixe.)There aren’t any chairs. (Non hai cadeiras.)

Para preguntar, comézase con is ou are. Nas respostas curtas vólvese á orde normal e, de seren negativas, empréganse as formas contraídas. Is there a computer in the classroom? Yes, there is. (Hai un ordenador na clase? Hai. Si.)Is there any water? No, there isn’t. (Hai auga? Non.)Are there any oranges? No, there aren’t. (Hai laranxas? Non.)

There is / There are

4 �Complete�the�sentences�with�the�plural��form�of�the�words�in�brackets.

1. I’vegottwowhite (mouse).

2. Those (woman)aretall.

3. Hasthebabygottwonew (tooth)?

4. He’sgotlong (foot).

5. Thereareten (person)intheroom.

3Circle�the�correct�answers.

1. Thereis/Therearesomefishinthislake.

2. Thereisn’t/Therearen’tabookonthetable.

3. Isthere/Arethereanychildreninthelibrary?

4. Thereare/Therearen’tanymeninthisshop.

5. Thereis/Thereareacatonthetable.

6. Isthere/ArethereatraintoLondon?

Check Yourself!Complete�the�sentence�with�the�correct�form�of�There is�or�There are.

1. amouseunderthechair.

2. peopleinthelibrary.

3. anynewstudentsintheclass?

4. (not)anynotebooksonthefloor.


5. acarinthegarage?

6. (not)asofainourlivingroom.

7. 31daysinAugust.

8. twosweatersonthebed?

mice

12

GRAMMAR APPENDIX


O Present Simple emprégase para expresar hábitos e verdades xerais, e para falar de gustos, oponións e horarios. A forma afirmativa é a mesma que a forma base do verbo, agás na 3ª persoa do singular, á que engadimos un s.He reads books. (El le libros.)

Porén, aos seguintes verbos engádeselles -es:

• Os rematados en ss, sh, ch e x: pass ➝ passes wash ➝ washes catch ➝ catches fix ➝ fixes

• Os rematados en o: do ➝ does

• Os rematados en consoante + y. Neste caso cambia o y por un i: study ➝ studies

A negativa fórmase poñendo don’t / doesn’t diante do verbo.I don’t eat at school. (Non como no colexio.)Jack does not often listen to the radio. (Jack non escoita a radio a miúdo.)

Para preguntar ponse do ou does + o suxeito + o verbo. Lembra que as respostas curtas só levan o pronome suxeito + do / does o don’t / doesn’t, segundo corresponda.Does your father cook every day? Yes, he does. (Teu pai cociña todos os días? Cociña. Si.)Does your mother study English? No, she doesn’t.(Túa nai estuda inglés? Non.)Repara nas expresións de tempo e nos adverbios de frecuencia que máis se empregan co Present Simple: always, never, sometimes, on Fridays, in the morning …

O Present Simple

unit 1

1 �Complete�the�sentences�with�the�verbs�in�brackets.��Use�the�Present�Simple�affirmative�or�negative.

1. Jenny (study)Englisheveryday.

2. Myfriends (notspeak)French.

3. Mymotherandfatheroften (work)athome.

4. Thebaby (notsleep)intheafternoon.

5. Joealways (catch)theball.

6. We (notgo)tothesportscentreeverySaturday.

2 �Write�questions�with�the�words�below.�Use�the�Present�Simple.

1. thechildren/study/art/atschool

2. yourmother/cookdinner/everynight

3. you/eat/meat

4. Dave/work/atthelibrary

5. yourbrothers/like/pizza

Check Yourself!Complete�the�sentences�with�the�verbs�in�brackets.�Use�the�correct�form�of�the�Present�Simple.

1. Ourmusiclesson (finish)attwoo’clock.

2. Theboys (notwash)thedisheseverymorning.

3. yourgrandmother(visit)youevery

weekend?

4. Ioften (listen)tomusicintheafternoon.

5. youalways(have)dinnerwith

yourparents?

6. Tommyusually (carry)hisbookstoschool.

7. Donna (notdance)threetimesaweek.

8. Myfriendsnever (buy)thingsontheInternet.

studies

Do the children study art at school?


13

GRAMMAR APPENDIX


Check Yourself!Complete�the�sentences�with�the�verbs�in�brackets.�Use�the�correct�form�of�the�Present�Simple.

1. Ourmusiclesson (finish)attwoo’clock.

2. Theboys (notwash)thedisheseverymorning.

3. yourgrandmother(visit)youevery

weekend?

4. Ioften (listen)tomusicintheafternoon.

5. youalways(have)dinnerwith

yourparents?

6. Tommyusually (carry)hisbookstoschool.

7. Donna (notdance)threetimesaweek.

8. Myfriendsnever (buy)thingsontheInternet.

3Match�the�questions�in�A�to�the�answers�in�B.

A B

1. Whendothechildrenplaytennis? a. Larry.

2. Whoknowstheanswer? b. InEngland.

3.Howoftendoyougotothelibrary? c. Mybooksandmypencils.

4. Wheredoesyourgrandmotherlive? d. Becauseherhouseisneartheschool.

5. Whatdoyoucarryinyourschoolbag? e. EveryFriday.

6. WhydoesJodiwalktoschool? f. Onceaweek.

As partículas interrogativas aparecen só en preguntas que non poden se contestar cun “si” ou cun “non”:

Who? = Quen?

What? = Que? Cal?

Where? = Onde?

Repara en canto se asemellan ás preguntas que se responden cun “si” ou “non” en Present Simple que viches na páxina anterior.

Has your brother got a lesson now? (O teu irmán ten algunha clase agora?)Where has your brother got his lesson? (Onde ten o teu irmán a súa clase?)Do you have cereal for breakfast? (Tomas cereais para almorzar?)What do you have for breakfast? (Que tomas para almorzar?)

As partículas interrogativas

When? = Cando?

Why? = Por que?

How often? = Con que frecuencia?

1

Check Yourself!Complete�the�questions�according�to�the�answers.�

1. doyoulive?InParis.

2. doyoustudymaths?Fourtimesaweek.

3. doesTinahaveartlessons?OnWednesdays.

4. eatssaladeveryday?Barbara.

5. doyoudoafterschool?Playfootball.

6. doesyourmotherusuallycookfordinner?Chickenandrice.

7. dotheybuytheirclothes?Atthebigshoppingcentre.

8. doesPetedohomeworkinthelibrary?Becausehehasn’tgotacomputerathome.


14

GRAMMAR APPENDIX


unit 2

O Present Continuous expresa o que está a ocorrer mentres falamos ou no período de tempo presente. Por iso adoita ir coas expresións now (agora), right now (agora mesmo, arestora), at the moment (neste intre) e today (hoxe).

Fórmase con to be en presente + un verbo rematado en -ing.The children are crying. (Os nenos están a chorar.)

En negativa engádese not ás formas am, is, are ou a contración n’t a is e are.Dad isn’t sleeping now. (Papá non está a durmir agora.)

En interrogativa ponse o verbo to be + o suxeito + o verbo rematado en -ing. Nas respostas curtas afirmativas ponse o pronome suxeito seguido de am, is ou are en afirmativa ou seguido das formas contraídas en negativa. Are you doing your homework? Yes, I am./No, I’m not. (Estás a facer os deberes? Estou. Si. / Non.)

Para engadir -ing a un verbo cómpre reparar nestas regras ortográficas:

• Se remata en e mudo, perde esa letra: ride {riding drive { driving come { coming

• Se é de 1 sílaba e remata en 1 vogal + 1 consoante, dóbrase a consoante: get { getting run { running sit { sitting

O Present Continuous

1 �Complete�the�sentences�with�the�verbs�below.��Use�the�Present�Continuous.

teach•write•read•sit•play

1. Thegirls tennisatthemoment.

2. Myfriend afunnybook.

3. WendyandDave ontheirchairsrightnow.

4. MyEnglishteacher usthePresentContinuous.

5. I withapencil.

2 �Change�the�words�in�bold�to�make�negative�sentences.�Use�the�words�in�brackets.

1. Heisfeedingthecat.(dog)

2. Thechildrenareeatingcake.(salad)

3. Myfatheriswatchingabasketballgame.(football)

4. DanandBenaredoingEnglishhomework.(geography)

5. IamtalkingtoKate.(Claudia)

are playing

He isn’t feeding the dog.

3 �Write�questions�with�the�words�below.�Use�the�Present�Continuous.

1. you/use/youratlas/atthemoment

2. yourfriends/ride/theirbikes/now

3. yourmother/do/laundry/rightnow

4. yoursister/cry/rightnow

5. yourbrothers/sing/atthemoment

Are you using your atlas at the moment?

15

GRAMMAR APPENDIX


extra!

Contraste entre o Present Simple e o Present Continuous

O Present Simple fala de accións habituais, mentres que o Present Continuous sinala o que está a ocorrer no momento en que se está a falar.

She usually walks to school, but today she is going by bus.(Polo xeral vai andando ao colexio, mais hoxe vai en autobús.)

Lembra que as expresións temporais axudan a distinguir un tempo verbal do outro.

Check Yourself!


Complete�the�sentences�with�the�verbs�in�brackets.�Use�the�correct�form�of�the�Present�Continuous.

1. We (notlisten)tomusicnow.

2. Myfather (drive)metoschoolrightnow.

3. you (run)becauseyouarelate?

4. I (nothit)mybrother!

5. Bob (win)thematch?

6. Laura (chat)onthephonewithherfriend.

7. KyleandDean (make)theirbedsatthemoment.

8. thechildren (do)theirhomework?

Write�sentences�with�the�words�below.�Use�the�Present�Continuous�or�the�Present�Simple.

1. SamandPaul/play/computergames/everyday/.

2. theteacher/shout/atthestudents/rightnow/.

3. you/like/mynewjacket/?

4. Jodi/notwant/anypizza/rightnow/.

5. yourfriends/hold/theirbooks/atthemoment/?

Sam and Paul play computer games every day.

16

GRAMMAR APPENDIX


unit 3

Son as formas de pasado de there is e there are polo tanto, significan “había / houbo”, aínda que en inglés haxa unha forma para o singular e outra para o plural.

There was vai seguido dun substantivo contábel en singular ou un non contábel.There were vai seguido dun substantivo contábel en plural.There was a mosquito in my bedroom.(Había un mosquito no meu cuarto.)There was some milk in the fridge.(Había un pouco de leite na neveira.)There were a lot of kites.(Había moitos papaventos.)

En negativa engádese not ou a contracción n’t a was / were. There wasn’t a party at my school.(Non houbo ningunha festa no meu colexio.)There weren’t any tomatoes.(Non había tomates.)

Para preguntar comézase con was ou were. Nas respostas curtas vólvese á orde normal e, de seren negativas, empréganse as formas contraídas. Was there also a restaurant?Yes, there was. (Había un restaurante tamén? Había. Si.)Were there any jazz CDs in the music shop? No, there weren’t.(Había algún CD de jazz na tenda de música? Non.)

There was / There were


Check Yourself!Circle�the�correct�words.

1. Therewas/Therewerehundredsofpeopleattheconcert.

2. Therewasn’t/Thereweren’tanywatertodrink.

3. Therewere/Thereweren’tsomepicturesintheclassroom.

4. Wasthere/Werethereanygirlsattheparty?

5. Therewasn’t/Thereweren’tmanythingstodo.

6. Wasthere/Weretheretwoanswerstothequestion?

7. Therewere/Thereweren’tanycinemasinthattown.

8. Therewas/Therewereadeskinhisroom.

1 �Complete�the�sentences�with�there was,�there were,�there wasn’t�or�there weren’t.

1. AtJill’spartylastnight, (not)anyboys.

2. amouseinourclassroomyesterday.

3. (not)acakeonthetable.

4. acalculatoronmydesk.Whereisit?

5. twoteachersonthebusthismorning.

2Complete�the�questions�with�Was there�or�Were there.

1. anysaxophonesintheband?

2. twosofasinthelivingroom?

3. abookonthetable?

4. asciencemuseuminthecity?

5. anypencilsinhispencilcase?

there weren’t

Were there

17

GRAMMAR APPENDIX


O Past Simple emprégase para expresar accións ocorridas nun momento concreto do pasado e para contar historias en pasado. Last night, I stayed at home and watched TV.(Esta noite quedei na casa e vin a tele.)Lisa went to the disco and danced with her friends.(Lisa foi á discoteca e bailou cos seus amigos.)

Adoita empregarse con expresións temporais que sinalan cando ocorreu a acción.Yesterday, we went to a concert.(Onte fomos a un concerto.)

O Past Simple dos verbos regulares fórmase engadindo -ed á forma base do verbo. Para iso cómpre reparar nestas regras ortográficas:

• Se remata en e mudo, engadimos só o d: like { liked save {saved

• Se é monosílabo e remata en 1 vogal + 1 consoante, dobra esa consoante: plan { planned stop { stopped

• Se remata en consoante + y, cambia o y por un i: cry { cried study { studied

Os verbos irregulares non engaden -ed e, polo tanto, cómpre que os saibas de memoria. Podes atopar a listaxe nas páxinas 31-32.

O Past Simple en afirmativa

3 �Complete�the�sentences�with�the�verbs�in�brackets.�Use�the�Past�Simple�affirmative.

1. Thebaby (cry)fortwohourslastnight.

2. TomandGina (play)basketballyesterday.

3. Myparents (work)inourgardenlastweek.

4. Jill (dance)intheschoolshow.

5. We (enjoy)theparty.

6. Pamela (love)yournewdress.

4 �Complete�the�sentences�with�the�verbs�below.��Use�the�Past�Simple�affirmative.

give•eat•wear•win•see

1. Ron aredjacketatthepartylastnight.

2. Lisa thetennismatchlastweek.

3. We twopizzasyesterday.

4. They theirteacheratthesportscentre.

5. I youthatbookamonthago.


Check Yourself!Complete�the�sentences�with�the�verbs�in�brackets.�Use�the�Past�Simple�affirmative.

1. We (listen)tomynewCDthreetimesyesterday.

2. I (study)forthehistorytestlastnight.

3. MrsJones (hug)herdaughter.

4. Ourteacher (buy)newshoes.

5. Myfriends (make)apartyformybirthday.

6. Myfather (stop)thecar.

7. BrianandI (run)twokilometreslastweek.

8. Theband (sing)theirnewsongattheconcert.

cried

wore

18

GRAMMAR APPENDIX


A negativa do Past Simple fórmase poñendo didn’t diante do verbo e é igual en todas as persoas.

I didn’t know the answer.(Non sabía a resposta.)He didn’t study geography. (Non estudou xeografía.)

Para preguntar ponse did diante do suxeito e o verbo. Lembra que nas respostas curtas só levan o pronome suxeito e did ou didn’t, segundo corresponda.

Did you go to the cinema? Yes, I did. / No, I didn’t. (Fuches ao cinema? Fun. Si. / Non.)

O Past Simple en negativa e interrogativa

unit 4

1Change�the�words�in�bold�to�make�negative�sentences.�Use�the�words�in�brackets.

1. Danwalkedtoschool.(home)

2. JackieandPeteplayedcomputergames.(football)

3. Mymotherboughtmeanewsweater.(T-shirt)

4. Isawahorrorfilm.(romance)

5. Thechildrenlistenedtorockmusic.(classical)

6. Wereadafantasystory.(biographical)

2Complete�the�sentences�with�the�verbs�below.�Use�the�Past�Simple�affirmative�or�negative.

nottake•buy•notstudy•go•notdo•speak

1.I tothecinemalastweek.

2.Myfather geographywhenhewasyoung.

3.Mymother onthephonewithmyteacheryesterday.

4.We anysandwicheswithus.

5.She thelaundryyesterday.

6.He somejeansattheshoppingcentre.

Dan didn’t walk home.

went

19

GRAMMAR APPENDIX



Check Yourself!Complete�the�sentences�with�the�verbs�in�brackets.�Use�the�correct��form�of�the�Past�Simple.

1. you (speak)toTomlastnight?

2. We (notlike)thatadventurefilm.

3. Thecat (sleep)nexttothefireplace.

4. yourbrothers (wash)thedishes?

5. When he (write)thisbook?

6. Thestudents (study)forthetestyesterday.

7. Mysister (nottake)thetrainlastweek.

8. Where you (put)themilk?

3Write�questions�with�the�words�below.�Use�the�Past�Simple.

1.Greg/read/thebook/forschool

2. yourparents/give/you/thatelectronicdictionary

3. Keith/sing/intheconcert/lastweek

4. you/watch/thesciencefictionfilm/onTV/lastnight

5. LornaandRichard/visit/thehistorymuseum/inNewYork

6. Sandra/put/thefood/inthemicrowave

4Complete�the�questions�with�the�words�in�brackets.�Use�the�Past�Simple.

1. Where yourparents (go)lastnight?

2. When you (buy)thatT-shirt?

3. Why he (walk)toschoolthismorning?

4. When they (eat)thecake?

5. Where yourfriends (play)footballyesterday?

Did Greg read the book for school?

did go

20

GRAMMAR APPENDIX


Emprégase para dicir o que estaba a ocorrer nun momento concreto do pasado.

Fórmase con was / were + o verbo principal rematado en -ing. As regras para engadir esa terminación víchelas na unidade 2.It was snowing last night.(Esta noite estivo a nevar.)

En negativa engádese not (ou n’t) a was e were.Ian wasn’t talking to Sam.(Ian non estaba a falar com Sam.)

En interrogativa ponse was ou were + o suxeito + o verbo rematado en -ing. Nas respostas curtas empréganse os pronomes suxeitos e was / were ou wasn’t / weren’t.Were you walking on the beach? Yes, I was. / No, I wasn’t. (Estabas a camiñar pola praia? Estaba. Si. / Non.)

As preguntas con partículas interrogativas fórmanse do mesmo xeito; só hai que poñelas ao comezo.What were you looking at?(Que estabas a mirar?)

Co Past Continuous empréganse expresións temporais como at + unha hora, yesterday afternoon, this morning, e as que levan last e ago.

O Past Continuous

unit 5

1� Complete�the�sentences�with�the�correct�form�of�the�verbs�below.�Use�the�Past�Continuous.

rain•study•listen•swim•play•watch

1. We aromancefilmatteno’clocklastnight.

2. Theboys intheoceanateighto’clockthismorning.

3. I thepianoatfouro’clockyesterdayafternoon.

4. It allnight.

5. Myparents toclassicalmusicateleveno’clocklastnight.

6. Tom foratestalllastweek.

2� Complete�the�sentences�with�the�verbs�in�brackets.�Use�the�Past�Continuous�negative.

At8.00pmlastnight:

1. Thegirls (do)theirhomework.

2. Sarah (ride)herbike.

3. It (snow).

4. We (run).

5. Thedog (eat)itsfood.

6. Ourteacher (teach).

were watching

weren’t doing

21

GRAMMAR APPENDIX


extra!

O Past Simple emprégase para indicar que a acción ocorreu e rematou no tempo especificado na frase, mentres que o Past Continuous sinala o que estaba a ocorrer nun momento concreto do pasado.

Os dous empréganse xuntos para sinalar que en medio dunha acción longa ocorreu algunha cousa. A acción máis curta leva when (cando) e o verbo en Past Simple, e a acción longa leva as conxuncións while ou as (mentres) e o verbo en Past Continuous.I was walking home when she called me. (Ía andando cara á casa cando me chamou.)She called me while I was walking home. (Chamoume mentres ía andando cara á casa.)

Se as dúas accións son longas e simultáneas, tamén empregamos while.While I was playing with my new dog, my mum was watching a film. (Mentres eu xogaba co meu novo can, miña nai estaba a ver unha película.)

Contraste entre o Past Simple e o Past Continuous

3� Write�questions�with�the�words�below.�Use�the�Past�Continuous.

1. you/write/ane-mail/anhourago

2. yourmother/watch/TV/ateighto’clockthismorning

3. yourfriends/play/football/yesterday

4. Andy/eat/icecream/fiveminutesago

5. thedogs/run/inthepark/afewminutesago

Check Yourself!


Complete�the�sentences�with�the�verbs�in�brackets.�Use�the�correct�form�of�the�Past�Continuous.

1. Therabbit (jump)inthegardenyesterdayafternoon.

2. We (notride)ourbikesatseveno’clockinthemorning.

3. they (read)theirhistorytextbooks?

4. I (have)ashoweratteno’clocklastnight.

5. it (rain)ateighto’clockintheevening?

6. Mygrandmother (notcook)dinneratfouro’clockintheafternoon.

7. We (sit)intheclassroomallmorning.

8. Lynn (cry)?

Were you writing an e-mail an hour ago?

Choose�the�correct�answers.

1. Wedrove/weredrivingtotheshoppingcentrewhenthecarstopped.

2. MyfriendwaseatingicecreamwhenIsaw/wasseeinghim.

3. MyparentscalledwhileIslept/wassleeping.

4. Deandidn’tswim/wasn’tswimmingwhenwearrivedatthesportscentre.

5. Thestudentsweretalking/talkedwhentheteacherwalkedintotheclassroom.

22

GRAMMAR APPENDIX


Can, could, must y should son modais. Estes verbos:

- sempre van seguidos dun verbo na forma base: I can sing.

- non engaden -s na 3ª persoa do singular: He must clean up.

- forman a negativa só con not ou a contracción n’t: They shouldn’t come.

- forman a interrogativa poñendo o suxeito detrás do modal: Could you help me, please?

Can significa “saber, ser quen de, dar + participio” cando expresa habilidade ou capacidade para facer algo e “poder” cando expresa posibilidade. En interrogativa emprégase para pedir permiso ou un favor. A forma negativa máis común é can’t, aínda que ás veces se emprega cannot.

Our teacher can dance very well. (O noso profesor sabe bailar moi ben.)I’m sorry, I can’t go with you. (Síntoo, non podo ir contigo.)

Could é o pasado de can, de xeito que expresa habilidade e posibilidade no pasado. A forma negativa é couldn’t e en interrogativa tamén serve para pedir permiso, pero de xeito máis educado ca con can.I couldn’t wash the dishes.(Non puiden lavar os pratos.)Could I borrow your pencil?(Poderías emprestarme o teu lapis?)

Must significa “deber” e expresa a necesidade, conveniencia ou obriga de facer algo. En negativa, mustn’t expresa o que non debemos facer porque non está ben ou porque está prohibido.

We must finish our exam right now.(Debemos rematar o exame agora mesmo.)We mustn’t eat noisily.(Non debemos xantar facendo ruído.)

Should é o modal co que damos consellos e significa “deber / ter que”. A forma negativa é shouldn’t e significa “non deber / ter que”.

You should eat more vegetables. (Deberías comer máis verduras.)You shouldn’t drink a lot of coffee. (Non deberías beber moito café.)

unit 6

Os modais

1� Circle�the�correct�answers.

1. Babiescan/can’ttalk.

2. JacquesisfromFrance.Hecan/can’tspeakFrench.

3. Donnacan/couldplaytheviolinwhenshewasfiveyearsold.

4. Myfriendscan/couldtakebeautifulphotos.Lookatthese.

5. Theycould/couldn’tgoonapicnicyesterdaybecauseitwasraining.

2� Write�questions�with�the�words�below.�Use�can�or�could.

1.I/have/someicecream

2.you/rideabike/fiveyearsago

3.yourparents/speak/English

4.myfriends/sleep/atourhouse/tonight

5.yourfather/driveacar/twentyyearsago

Can I have some ice cream?

23

GRAMMAR APPENDIX


3� Complete�the�sentences�with�must�or�mustn’t.�

1. You takeatestbeforeyoucandrive.

2. I finishthisproject.Myteacherwantsittomorrow.

3. You takethatcup.Itisn’tyours.

4. We listentoourparents.

5. We shout.Weareinthelibrary.

6. They comeafternineo’clock.Theirlessonbeginsatnineo’clock.

4� Complete�the�sentences�with�should�or�shouldn’t.

1. You goswimmingafterabigmeal.

2. He takeajacket.It’scoldoutside.

3. I cleanthehouse,butI’mverytired.

4. We eatalotofchocolate.Itisn’tgoodforus.

5. You playtennis.It’sagreatsport.

6.Wendy hurry.Theyarewaitingforher.

7. You pushtheotherchildren.

Check Yourself!


Circle�the�correct�answers.

1. Should/MustIbuythatshirt?It’sbeautifulbutit’sveryexpensive.

2.Thefilmisstarting.Youcan/mustbequiet.

3.Stevecan’t/couldn’tgotothepartyyesterday.

4.Youmustn’t/can’twriteinthisbook.Itisn’tyours.

5.Dogscan/shouldbegreatpets.

6.Alancan’t/couldn’tswim.He’sonlytwoyearsold.

7.Can/MustIhaveasandwich?I’mhungry.

8.Youshouldn’t/can’ttalkwithfoodinyourmouth.

must

shouldn’t

24

GRAMMAR APPENDIX


Para formar o comparativo cómpre reparar en se o adxectivo é curto ou longo. Son curtos os monosílabos (tall, short, fast, nice ...) os bisílabos rematados en -y (happy, pretty, busy); e longos, os de dúas ou máis sílabas (famous, popular, interesting, expensive ...). Todos os adxectivos comparativos van seguidos de than.

• Un adxectivo curto en grao comparativo fórmase deste xeito: adxectivo + -er + than. Lions are faster than snakes. (Os leóns son máis rápidos ca as serpes.) Gorillas are stronger than cats. (Os gorilas son máis fortes ca os gatos.)

Para engadir a terminación -er cómpre seguir estas regras ortográficas:

- Se remata en e mudo, só engade r: wide { wider

- Se remata en 1 vogal + 1 consoante, dóbrase a consoante: thin { thinner

- Se remata en consoante + y, cámbiase o y por un i: pretty { prettier

• Os adxectivos longos quedan igual, mais levan diante more e detrás than. Japanese is more difficult than English. (O xaponés é máis difícil ca o inglés.)

• Os adxectivos irregulares non seguen regra ningunha ao formaren o comparativo e o superlativo e cómpre aprendelos de memoria, o mesmo que pasa en galego:

good – better (bo - mellor) bad – worse (malo – peor), etc.

unit 7

O comparativo

Check Yourself!


Complete�the�sentences�with�the�adjectives�in�brackets.�Use�the�comparative�form.�

1. Yesterday,itwas (warm)itistoday.

2. Jillis (short)hermother.

3. Thebookis (exciting)thefilm.

4. MyEnglishis (good)myfriend’s.

5. Josieis (pretty)hersister.

6. Giraffesare (tall)gorillas.

7. Forsomestudents,mathsis (difficult)science.

8. Tigersare (frightening)elephants.

Adjective Comparative1. happy happier than2. short3. intelligent4. thin5. big6. exciting7. good8. bad

1Complete�the�chart. 2� �Complete�the�sentences�with�the�adjectives��below.�Use�the�comparative�form.

colourful•nice•old•bad•dangerous

1. Amarkof60is amarkof85.

2. Butterfliesare frogs.

3. Yourgrandparentsare yourparents.

4. Sharksare dolphins.

5. IlikeLisa.Sheis Sue.

worse than

25

GRAMMAR APPENDIX


Lembra que a / an se emprega con substantivos contábeis en singular, e some e any con contábeis en plural e non contábeis; some só en oracións afirmativas e any en negativa e interrogativas.She has got a computer. (Ela ten un ordenador.)John is buying some toys. (John está a mercar algúns xoguetes.)I need some water. (Preciso [un pouco de] auga.)They haven’t got any CDs. (Non teñen ningún CD.)Have you got any soup? (Tes [algo de] sopa?)

Empregamos the diante de substantivos contábeis e non contábeis cando falamos de algo concreto ou que se nomeou antes, mais nunca cando falamos das cousas en xeral, sexan contábeis ou non.

The teacher is speaking. (concreto) (A profesora está a falar.)Don’t shout! The baby is sleeping. (concreto) (Non berres! O bebé está a durmir.)Dogs are great pets. (xeral) (Os cans son unhas mascotas estupendas.) Time is money. (xeral) (O tempo é ouro.)

How much? (Canto/a?) vai seguido de substantivos non contábeis e How many? (Cantos/as?) de substantivos contábeis en plural.How much sugar is there? (Canta azucre hai?)How many sports do you do? (Cantos deportes fas?)

How much emprégase co verbo to be para preguntar canto custa algo:How much is the ticket? (Canto custa o billete?)

Artigos e cuantificadores

Check Yourself!


Circle�the�correct�answers.

1. Howmany/Howmuchwaterdoyoudrinkeveryday?

2. Mymotherdoesn’twantsome/anysugarinhercoffee.

3. CanIhavea/anapple,please?

4. Thereweren’tmuch/manypeopleattheconcert.

5. Ihaven’tgotmuch/manytimetotalktoyou.

6. Let’shavesome/anyfruit!

7. Howmany/Howmuchsubjectsdoyoustudy?

8. Haveyougota/ancanaryinyourhouse?

3� �Complete�the�sentences�with�a,�an,�some,��any�or�the.

1. Bobbyhasn’tgot shoesonhisfeet.

2. Thereis bluecarinfrontofyourhouse.

3. CanIhave orangejuice,please?

4. Iput onioninthesalad.

5. houseisclean.Didyoucleanit?

any much

4� �Complete�the�sentences�with�many,�much,�How many�or�How much.

1. Thereisn’t milkinthehouse.

2. CDshaveyougot?

3. Thereare butterfliesinthegarden.

4. Myparentshavegot friends.

5. breaddoyoueat?

26

GRAMMAR APPENDIX


En afirmativa fórmase co presente de to be + going to e un verbo na forma base, e significa “ir ” + infinitivo. Como expresa os nosos plans e intencións, adoita levar algunha expresión de futuro que indique cando faremos a acción (soon, two days from now, etc.).We’re going to visit Rome next summer. (Imos visitar Roma o vindeiro verán.)

En negativa engadimos not ou n’t ao verbo to be.I’m not going to travel by plane. (Eu non vou viaxar en avión.)

As preguntas comezan con am, is ou are, e nas respostas curtas só repetimos estas formas de to be, sen contraer en afirmativa e contraídas en negativa.Is Helen going to speak? Yes, she is. / No, she isn’t. (Vai falar Helen? Vai. Si. / Non.)

unit 8

be going to

1� �Complete�the�sentences�with�the�verbs�in�brackets.�Use�be going to.

1. Rita (have)apartytomorrow.

2. We (notwatch)TVlater.

3. Thebabies (sleep)thisafternoon.

4. I (go)tothesupermarketintenminutes.

5. Annie (notmeet)herfriendsattheweekend.

6. I (notbuy)thisshirt.It’sveryexpensive.

Check Yourself!


Complete�the�sentences�with�the�verbs�in�brackets.�Use�be going to.

1. I (sing)anewsongforyou.

2. we (study)Frenchnextyear?

3. He (play)footballtomorrow.

4. she (watch)TVtonight?

5. We (notgo)swimmingafterschool.

6. you (do)thelaundry?

7. They (eat)seafoodfordinnertonight.

8. She (notuse)theprinter.

2� Write�questions�with�the�words�below.�Use�be going to.�

1. thechildren/play/inthepark/later

2. Danny/meet/Lynn/thisafternoon

3. Pam/clean/herroom/thisweekend

4. you/havedinner/atthatrestaurant

5. BenandSteve/study/fortheexamtogether

Are the children going to play in the park later?is going to have

27

GRAMMAR APPENDIX


Anuncia un acontecemento que ocorrerá no futuro vindeiro porque así se fixou de antemán. Para que esa idea de futuro estea clara cómpre dicir cando ocorrerá a acción. I am visiting my grandmother this afternoon. (Vou visitar á miña avoa esta tarde. [xa o teño planeado])Dad is taking me home later. (Papá levarame á casa máis tarde.)

Se precisas repasar a negativa, a interrogativa e as respostas curtas, mira na unidade 2.We aren’t going to a disco tonight. (Nós non imos / iremos a unha discoteca esta noite.)Is Peter playing tennis tomorrow? Yes, he is. / No, he isn’t. (Peter xoga / xogará ao tenis mañá? Xoga. / Xogará. Si. / Non.)

Lembra, se é unha intención emprega be going to. Se é algo certo, emprega o Present Continuous.

O Present Continuous con valor de futuro

Check Yourself!


Complete�the�sentences�with�the�verbs�in�brackets.�Use�the�Present�Continuous�with�future�meaning.

1. you (go)tothelibrarylater?

2. JakeandAdam (make)dinnertomorrowevening.

3. Mymother (notwork)atthehospitalnextmonth.

4. theboys (play)basketballthisweekend?

5. We (notbuy)anewTVthisyear.

6. Myfather (take)ataxitoworktomorrow.

7. Dan (wash)thedishestomorrow?

8. LindaandNancy (dance)intheshownextmonth.

3Write�sentences�with�the�words�below.�Use�the�Present�Continuous�with�future�meaning.

1. Fran/meet/you/attheshoppingcentre/later/?

2. Greg/notgo/thecinema/onFriday/.

3. I/get/anewphone/tomorrow/.

4. They/notvisit/theirfriends/attheweekend/.

5. Karen/sleep/atherfriend’shouse/tomorrownight/?

6. I/nottravel/toItaly/nextyear/.

Is Fran meeting you at the shopping centre later?

28

GRAMMAR APPENDIX


Will emprégase para facer predicións sobre algo que ocorrerá con toda seguranza. Vai diante do verbo e ao falar contrae co suxeito (‘ll) e pronúnciase como un “ele”.It’ll rain tomorrow. (Mañá choverá.)The shop will close in two hours. (A tenda pechará dentro de dúas horas.)

Tamén o empregamos detrás de I hope e I think para dicir o que agardamos ou cremos que ocorrerá.I hope you’ll have fun at the concert. (Agardo que o pases ben no concerto.)I think Tim will be a great teacher one day. (Penso que Tim será un profesor estupendo algún día.)

En negativa engadímoslle a palabra not. Ao falar adóitase empregar a contracción won’t (will + not). He won’t remember my name. (Non se lembrará do meu nome.)

Nas preguntas will vai diante do suxeito e o verbo. Nas respostas curtas repetimos will ou won’t, non o verbo principal.Will you come to my house on Saturday? Yes, I will. (Virás á miña casa sábado? Irei. Si.)Will she go to university next year? No, she won’t. (Irá á universidade o ano que vén? Non.)

Will adoita ir seguido de expresións de futuro como tomorrow, next week / year, one day, etc.

unit 9

O futuro con will

1� �Complete�the�sentences�with�the�verbs�in��brackets.�Use�the�correct�form�of�will.

1. Thepolice (catch)thethief.

2. You (notlike)thatfilm.

3. MaybeDave (be)adoctorinthefuture.

4. Youmuststudyoryou (notget)goodmarks.

5. Mandy (live)inParisoneday.

6. Myparentsprobably (notbuy)methesejeansbecausethey’reexpensive.

2� �Write�questions�with�the�words�below.��Use�will.

1. ourclass/win/thecompetition

2. girls/wear/longskirts/intenyears

3. teens/listen/torockmusic/inthefuture

4. DaveandPaul/eat/thesesandwiches

5. ourteacher/give/us/atest/tomorrow

Check Yourself!


Complete�the�sentences�with�the�verbs�in�brackets.�Use�will.

1. MaybeJulie (wear)hernewdresstomorrow.

2. People (notdrive)carsintwentyyears.

3. it (rain)tomorrow?

4. MaybeI (fly)toChinaoneday.

5. Theship (notsail)ontime.

6. yourbrother(feed)thedog?

7. Themaninthatcar(have)

anaccident.

8. Bill (notcatch)theball.

Will our class win the competition?

will catch

29

GRAMMAR APPENDIX


Emprégase para dicir o que ocorrerá de cumprirse a condición sinalada.

A afirmativa fórmase con if + Present Simple na condición, e un verbo con will no resultado.If you give me her address, I’ll try to visit her. (Se me dás o seu enderezo, intentarei visitala.)

Para formar a negativa pódese negar o verbo que vai en presente, o que vai en futuro, ou ambos os dous.

If I don’t read the instructions, I’ll break it. (Se non leo as instrucións, estragareino.)If I read the instructions, I won’t break it. (Se leo as instrucións, non o estragarei.)If I don’t read the instructions, I won’t know how to use it. (Se non leo as instrucións, non saberei utilizalo.)

O primeiro condicional

3� Match�A�to�B�to�make�sentences.

A B

1. Ifyouwalktoschool, a. Iwon’teatit.

2. Ifyoudon’tcallhome, b. youwillalsogetascanner.

3. Ifyouputsaltinthesoup, c. youwillbehungry.

4. Ifyoubuythisprinter, d. myparentswilldriveyouhome.

5. Ifyoudon’thavebreakfast, e. yourmotherwillworry.

4� Complete�the�sentences�with�the�verbs�in�brackets.�Use�the�First�Conditional.

1. Ifitsnows,we (make)asnowman.

2. Ifyou (watch)thenewsciencefictionfilm,youwillenjoyit.

3. Ifhe (clean)hisroom,hewillfindhisMP4player.

4. Ifshegoestobedattwelveo’clock,she (notgetup)intime.

5. Ifyou (sweep)thefloor,Iwillwashthedishes.

will make

1

Check Yourself!


Complete�the�sentences�with�the�verbs�in�brackets.�Use�the�First�Conditional.

1. Ifyouthrowtheball,I (catch)it.

2. Ifthebabycries,hismother (hug)him.

3. Ifthey (notdo)theirhomework,theirteacherwillbeangry.

4. Ifyoumeetmyfriends,you (like)them.

5. Ifyou (smile),Iwilltakeyourphotograph.

6. Ifyourmother (make)spaghetti,Iwilleatatyourhouse.

7. Iftheygoshopping,they (buy)manythings.

8. Ifyouhaven’tgotanatlas,I (give)youone.


cHecK YourSeLF! anSWer KeY

Introduction, page 10, to be / have got

1. is 3. hasgot 5. Have 7. isn’t2. havegot 4. aren’t 6. Are 8. hasn’tgot

Introduction, page 11, There is / There are

1. Thereis 4. Therearen’t 7. Thereare2. Thereare 5. Isthere 8. Arethere3. Arethere 6. Thereisn’t

Unit 1, page 12, O Present Simple

1. finishes 4. listen 7. doesn’tdance2. don’twash 5. Do...have 8. buy3. Does...visit 6. carries

Unit 1, page 13, As partículas interrogativas

1. Where 4. Who 7. Where2. Howoften 5. What 8. Why3. When 6. What

Unit 2, page 15, O Present Continuous

1. aren’tlistening 5. Is...winning2. isdriving 6. ischatting3. Are...running 7. aremaking4. amnothitting 8. Are...doing

Unit 3, page 16, There was / There were

1. Therewere 4. Werethere 7. Thereweren’t2. Therewasn’t 5. Thereweren’t 8. Therewas3. Therewere 6. Werethere

Unit 3, page 17, O Past Simple en afirmativa

1. listened 4. bought 7. ran2. studied 5. made 8. sang3. hugged 6. stopped

Unit 4, page 19, O Past Simple en negativa e interrogativa

1. Did...speak 4. Did...wash 7. didn’ttake2. didn’tlike 5. did...write 8. did...put3. slept 6. studied

Unit 5, page 21, O Past Continuous

1. wasjumping 5. Was...raining2. weren’triding 6. wasn’tcooking3. Were...reading 7. weresitting4. washaving 8. Was...crying

Unit 6, page 23, Os modais

1. Should 5. can2. must 6. can’t3. couldn’t 7. Can4. mustn’t 8. shouldn’t

Unit 7, page 24, O comparativo

1. warmerthan 5. prettierthan2. shorterthan 6. tallerthan3. moreexcitingthan 7. moredifficultthan4. betterthan 8. morefrighteningthan

Unit 7, page 25, Artigos e cuantificadores

1. Howmuch 5. much2. any 6. some3. an 7. Howmany4. many 8. a

Unit 8, page 26, be going to

1. amgoingtosing 5. aren’tgoingtogo2. Are...goingtostudy 6. Are...goingtodo3. isgoingtoplay 7. aregoingtoeat4. Is...goingtowatch 8. isn’tgoingtouse

Unit 8, page 27, O Present Continuous con valor de futuro

1. Are...going 5. aren’tbuying2. aremaking 6. istaking3. isn’tworking 7. Is...washing4. Are...playing 8. aredancing

Unit 9, page 28, O futuro con will

1. willwear 5. won’tsail2. won’tdrive 6. Will...feed3. Will...rain 7. willhave4. willfly 8. won’tcatch

Unit 9, page 29, O primeiro condicional

1. willcatch 5. smile2. willhug 6. makes3. don’tdo 7. willbuy4. willlike 8. willgive


BASE FORM (V1) PAST SIMPLE (V2) PAST PARTICIPLE (V3) GALEGO

be /VA/ was/were /rFh/rK/ been /VAm/ ser, estarbeat /VAW/ beat /VAW/ beaten /'VAWm/ golpear, baterbecome /VB'YJl/ became /VB'YMl/ become /VB'YJl/ chegar a serbegin /VB'ZBm/ began /VB'Zæm/ begun /VB'ZJm/ comezar, empezarbend /VCmX/ bent /VCmW/ bent /VCmW/ dobrar(se)bet /VCW/ bet /VCW/ bet /VCW/ apostarbite /VOW/ bit /VBW/ bitten /'VBWm/ trabarbleed /VoAX/ bled /VoCX/ bled /VoCX/ sangrarblow /VoLH/ blew /VoI/ blown /VoLHm/ soprarbreak /VpMY/ broke /VpLHY/ broken /'VpLHYLm/ crebar, romper, racharbring /VpBn/ brought /VpGW/ brought /VpGW/ traerbuild /VBoX/ built /VBoW/ built /VBoW/ construírburn /VKm/ burnt/burned /VKmW/VKmX/ burnt/burned /VKmW/VKmX/ queimarbuy /VO/ bought /VGW/ bought /VGW/ mercarcatch /Yæa/ caught /YGW/ caught /YGW/ coller, agarrarchoose /aIh/ chose /aLHh/ chosen /'aLHhm/ elixircome /YJl/ came /YMl/ come /YJl/ vircost /YFgW/ cost /YFgW/ cost /YFgW/ custarcut /YJW/ cut /YJW/ cut /YJW/ cortardig /XBZ/ dug /XJZ/ dug /XJZ/ cavar, sachardo /XI/ did /XBX/ done /XJm/ facerdraw /XpG/ drew /XpI/ drawn /XpGm/ debuxardream /XpAl/ dreamt/dreamed /XpClW/XpAlX/ dreamt/dreamed /XpClW/XpAlX/ soñardrink /XpBnY/ drank /XpænY/ drunk /XpJnY/ beberdrive /XpOd/ drove /XpLHd/ driven /'XpBdm/ conducireat /AW/ ate /CBW/ eaten /AWm/ comerfall /cGo/ fell /cCo/ fallen /'cGoLm/ caerfeed /cAX/ fed /cCX/ fed /cCX/ alimentarfeel /cAo/ felt /cCoW/ felt /cCoW/ sentir(se)fight /cOW/ fought /cGW/ fought /cGW/ loitar find /cOmX/ found /cPmX/ found /cPmX/ atoparfly /coO/ flew /coI/ flown /coLHm/ voarforget /cL'ZCW/ forgot /cL'ZFW/ forgotten /cL'ZFWm/ esquecerforgive /cL'ZBd/ forgave /cL'ZMd/ forgiven /cL'ZBdm/ perdoarfreeze /cpAh/ froze /cpLHh/ frozen /'cpLHhm/ conxelar(se)get /ZCW/ got /ZFW/ got /ZFW/ conseguir; chegargive /ZBd/ gave /ZMd/ given /ZBdm/ dargo /ZN/ went /rCmW/ gone /ZFm/ irgrow /ZpN/ grew /ZpI/ grown /ZpNm/ crecer, cultivarhang /kæn/ hanged/hung /kænX/kJn/ hanged/hung /kænX/kJn/ pendurarhave /kæd/ had /kæX/ had /kLX/ terhear /kBL/ heard /kKX/ heard /kKX/ oír, ouvirhide /kOX/ hid /kBX/ hidden /'kBXm/ acocharhit /kBW/ hit /kBW/ hit /kBW/ golpear, bater, pegarhold /kNoX/ held /kCoX/ held /kCoX/ suxeitar, termar dehurt /kKW/ hurt /kKW/ hurt /kKW/ ferir, mancarkeep /YAU/ kept /YCUW/ kept /YCUW/ gardar, manterknow /mN/ knew /mqI/ known /mNm/ saber, coñecerlay /oCB/ laid /oCBX/ laid /oCBX/ poñer, pór, estenderlead /oAX/ led /oCX/ led /oCX/ guiar, conducir

IRREGULAR VERB LIST

32

IRREGULAR VERB LIST


BASE FORM (V1) PAST SIMPLE (V2) PAST PARTICIPLE (V3) GALEGO

learn /oKm/ learnt/learned /oKmW/oKmX/ learnt/learned /oKmW/oKmX/ aprenderleave /oAd/ left /oCcW/ left /oCcW/ deixar; marchar, saírlend /oCmX/ lent /oCmW/ lent /oCmW/ emprestarlet /oCW/ let /oCW/ let /oCW/ permitir, deixarlie /oO/ lay /oCB/ lain /oCBm/ tombarse, deitarselie /oO/(regular verb) lied /oOX/ lied /oOX/ mentirlight /oOW/ lit /oBW/ lit /oBW/ acender, prenderlose /oIh/ lost /oFgW/ lost /oFgW/ perdermake /lCBY/ made /lCBX/ made /lCBX/ facer, fabricarmean /lAm/ meant /lCmW/ meant /lCmW/ significar, querer dicir meet /lAW/ met /lCW/ met /lCW/ coñecer a; reunirse, xuntarse conpay /UM/ paid /UMX/ paid /UMX/ pagarput /UHW/ put /UHW/ put /UHW/ poñer, pórread /pAX/ read /pCX/ read /pCX/ lerride /pOX/ rode /pLHX/ ridden /'pBXm/ montarring /pBn/ rang /pæn/ rung /pJn/ chamar, telefonarrise /pOh/ rose /pLHh/ risen /'pBhm/ elevarse, erguerserun /pJm/ ran /pæm/ run /pJm/ corrersay /gM/ said /gCX/ said /gCX/ dicirsee /gA/ saw /gG/ seen /gAm/ versell /gCo/ sold /gLHoX/ sold /gLHoX/ vendersend /gCmX/ sent /gCmW/ sent /gCmW/ enviarset /gCW/ set /gCW/ set /gCW/ colocarshake /iMY/ shook /iHY/ shaken /'iMYLm/ axitarshine /iOm/ shone /iFm/ shone /iFm/ brillar, escintilarshoot /iIW/ shot /iFW/ shot /iFW/ dispararshow /iLH/ showed /iLHX/ shown /iLHm/ amosarshut /iJW/ shut /iJW/ shut /iJW/ pecharsing /gBn/ sang /gæn/ sung /gJn/ cantarsink /gBnY/ sank /gænY/ sunk /gJnY/ afundirsit /gBW/ sat /gæW/ sat /gæW/ sentarsleep /goAU/ slept /goCUW/ slept /goCUW/ durmirsmell /glCo/ smelt/smelled /glCoW/glCoX/ smelt/smelled /glCoW/glCoX/ ulir, cheirarspeak /gUAY/ spoke /gULHY/ spoken /gULHYLm/ falarspell /gUCo/ spelt/spelled /gUCoW/gUCoX/ spelt/spelled /gUCoW/gUCoX/ soletrearspend /gUCmX/ spent /gUCmW/ spent /gUCmW/ gastar; pasar (tempo)stand /gWæmX/ stood /gWHX/ stood /gWHX/ estar a pésteal /gWAo/ stole /gWLHo/ stolen /'gWLHoLm/ roubarstick /gWBY/ stuck /gWJY/ stuck /gWJY/ pegarsweep /grAU/ swept /grCUW/ swept /grCUW/ varrerswim /grBl/ swam /græl/ swum /grJl/ nadartake /WMY/ took /WHY/ taken /'WMYLm/ coller, levarteach /WAa/ taught /WGW/ taught /WGW/ aprender, ensinartear /WCL/ tore /WG/ torn /WGm/ rachar, esgazartell /WCo/ told /WLHoX/ told /WLHoX/ dicir, contarthink /eBnY/ thought /eGW/ thought /eGW/ coidar, pensarthrow /epN/ threw /epI/ thrown /epNm/ guindar, tirarunderstand /JmXC'gWæmX/ understood /JmXC'gWHX/ understood /JmXC'gWHX/ comprender, entenderwake up /rMY'JU/ woke up /rLHY'JU/ woken up /rLHYLm'JU/ espertarwear /rCL/ wore /rG/ worn /rGm/ levar posto, vestirwin /rBm/ won /rJm/ won /rJm/ gañarwrite /pOW/ wrote /pLHW/ written /'pBWm/ escribir

PLANEA O QUE VAS ESCRIBIR (Planning)

1. Anotatodasasideasquesecheocorranarredordotema,senpreocupartepolagramáticaninpolaortografía.2. Leaseriscaasquepensesquesonirrelevantes.3. Ponasnaordeenquequeiraspresentalas.

AS MAIÚSCULAS (Capital letters)

Escríbenseconmaiúscula:• osnomeseostítulosdaspersoas:Ms Mary Richards, Adam Smith, Dr Lions• osnomesdelugarescomocidades,países,continentes,edificiosconsona,museos,etc.:Rome, France,

Europe, Buckingham Palace, the British Museum• asnacionalidades:Scottish, Chinese, French• osdías:Monday, Wednesday, Friday• osmeses:July, May, December• aprimeirapalabradunhaoración:My name is Andrew.• opronomepersoalI:I am a student.• osidiomas:English, French, German• ostítulosdelibros,películasecancións.Enmaiúsculavanaprimeirapalabra,aderradeiraeaspalabras

importantesquehaxaenmedio. Around the World in 80 Days The Lord of the Rings Hungry Heart

• Opunto(.)vaiaofinaldasoraciónsafirmativasenegativas. I like art. She doesn't like history.• Osinaldeinterrogación(?)ponseaofinaldaspreguntas. Do you like maths? Do you like science?

A PUNtUACIóN (Punctuation)

ESCRIBE UN tEXtO (Writing a paragraph)

Untextodivídeseentrespartes:1. Olimiar ouprimeiraoración(opening

sentence),quepresentaotema.2.Odesenvolvementooucorpodotexto

(body),queamplíaaideaprincipalconinformaciónimportante.

3. Ofinalouderradeiraoración(closingsentence),queresumeotemaerepiteaideaprincipalconoutraspalabras.

Openingsentence: My class had an interesting art lesson

at school today. First, we learned about clothes in the 1800s. Next, we drew some pictures of dresses and hats. Finally, I made a beautiful green hat. I love my art lessons.

Bodyofparagraph:

Closingsentence:

WRItING GUIDE

Build up 2 Galician © B Burlington Books 33

Sonpalabrasqueunendúasoumáisideas.• and(e)unedúasoumáisideassemellantes. I like pop musicandI love reggae music.• but(pero,mais)unedúasideascontraditoriasentresi. I like singingbutI hate dancing.• because(porque)expresaarazónoucausadealgo. I’m buying this CDbecauseI like this song.• so(asíque)uneunhaideacoasúaconsecuencia. I enjoyed the book so I want to see the film.

AS CONXUNCIóNS (Linking words)

• Avírgula(,)úsaseparasepararpalabrasouideas.Poloxeralnonsepondiantedeand. I’ve got English, maths and French today.• Osignodeexclamación(!)ponseaofinaldafraseparaexpresarunhaemociónouunsentimento. Wow! You’ve got a new laptop computer! Amiúdoponseunhaexclamaciónaofinaldasfrasescurtasenimperativo. Listen to this!

Osuxeitodaoraciónponsediantedoverbo.Samisaparamedic. Wearefirefighters. Theyworkeveryday. s v s v s vNaspreguntasconto beoverbovaidiantedosuxeito.IsSamaparamedic? Aretheyfirefighters?v s v sMaisnaspreguntasconverboauxiliarosuxeitovaientreesteeoverboprincipal.Dotheyworkeveryday?vaux s v

A ORDE DAS PALABRAS: SUXEItO – VERBO (Word order: Subject – Verb)

Candocontamosunhaseriedefeitosempregamosestaspalabrasparaamosaraordeenqueocorreron:• first(primeiro,enprimeirolugar)• then(logo,entón)• next(acontinuación,deseguido)• after that(despois)• finally (finalmente,pararematar)Firstsinalaoprimeiroqueocorreuefinallyoúltimo.It was a hot day. First, we went surfing at the beach. Then, we had ice cream and cold drinks. Next, we went swimming. After that, we had a picnic on the beach. Finally, we all had showers and we went home.

OS CONECtORES DE SECUENCIA (Connectors of sequence)


writing guide

Poloxeralvandiantedossubstantivos. fatcatsbeautifulbird adx sb adx sbEtaméndetrásdoverboto be. Thecatsarefat. Thebirdisbeautiful. sb adx sb adx

A ORDE DAS PALABRAS: OS ADXECtIVOS (Word order: Adjectives)

Úsansediferentespreposiciónsdiantedashoraseosperíodosdefesta,osdíaseasdatas,osmeses,osanoseaspartesdodía.Émoiimportantequesaibasempregaracorrectaencadaundoscasos.Préstallesatenciónaestesexemplos: at horas: at nine o'clock festividades: at Christmas on díasdasemana: on Monday datas: on 11th March on Christmas Day in meses: in May estacións: in winter anos: in 2012 partesdodía: in the evening from- intervalosde from 5.00 to 7.00 to tempo: from April toSeptemberAgás: at the weekend at night

AS PREPOSICIóNS DE tEMPO (Prepositions of time)

Empréganseparanonrepetirossubstantivos:Sharon is going to travel to France this summer. She is going to stay with her grandparents.Mike and Kate have got a new computer. They love it!

OS PRONOMES (Pronoun referencing)


writing guide

36 Build up 2 Galician © B Burlington Books

SER ou ESTAR Presente

TO BE Present Simple

SER ou ESTAR Pasado

TO BE Past Simple

eu son / estou

ti es / estás

el, ela é / está

nós somos / estamos

vós sodes / estades

eles, elas son / están

I am

you are

he, she, it is

we are

you are

they are

eu era, fun / estaba, estiven

ti eras, fuches / estabas, estiveches

el, ela era, foi / estaba, estivo

nós eramos, fomos / estabamos, estivemos

vós erades, fostes / estabades, estivestes

eles, elas eran, foron / estaban, estiveron

I was

you were

he, she, it was

we were

you were

they were

Notas

1.- O verbo to be é un verbo auxiliar, polo que para facer a súa negativa abonda con engadirlle not. Para a interrogativa, poñeremos o verbo diante do suxeito.

2.- Traducirémolo por “ser” ou “estar” segundo o contexto. Ademais empregaremos este verbo para dicir a idade dunha persoa: I am twelve years old. (Teño doce anos.)

TER Presente

TO HAVE GOT Present Simple

eu teño

ti tes

el, ela ten

nós temos

vós tedes / tendes

eles, elas teñen

I have got

you have got

he, she, it has got

we have got

you have got

they have got

Notas

1.- O verbo have é un verbo auxiliar, polo que para facer a súa negativa abonda con engadirlle not. Para a interrogativa, poñeremos o verbo have / has / had diante do suxeito, seguido de got.

2.- Nunca se pode utilizar o verbo have got para referírmonos á idade dunha persoa. Para iso, empregaremos o verbo to be.

Cadros resumo das equivalenCias dos tempos verbais entre o inglés e o galego

37 Build up 2 Galician © B Burlington Books

CADROS RESUMO

IH-007-128

TEmPOS VERBAiS TENSES OuTRAS EquiVAlENciASPRESENTE PRESENT SimPlE

eu xogoti xogas

el, ela xoganós xogamosvós xogades

eles, elas xogan

I playyou play

he, she, it playswe playyou playthey play

PERÍFRASE PRESENT cONTiNuOuS FuTuRO: PERÍFRASEeu estou a xogar / xogandoti estás a xogar / xogando

el, ela está a xogar / xogandonós estamos a xogar / xogandovós estades a xogar / xogando

eles, elas están a xogar / xogando

I am playingyou are playing

he, she, it is playingwe are playingyou are playingthey are playing

eu vou xogarti vas xogar

el, ela vai xogarnós imos xogarvós ides xogar

eles, elas van xogar

FuTuRE: BE GOING TOI am going to play

you are going to playhe, she, it is going to play

we are going to playyou are going to playthey are going to play

FuTuRO FuTuRE: wIlleu xogareiti xogarás

el, ela xogaránós xogaremosvós xogaredes

eles, elas xogarán

I will playyou will play

he, she, it will playwe will playyou will playthey will play

PRETÉRiTO imPERFEcTO PAST cONTiNuOuS PERÍFRASE

eu xogabati xogabas

el, ela xogabanós xogabamosvós xogabades

eles, elas xogaban

I was playingyou were playing

he, she, it was playingwe were playingyou were playingthey were playing

eu estaba a xogarti estabas a xogar

el, ela estaba a xogarnós estabamos a xogarvós estabades a xogar

eles, elas estaban a xogar

PAST SimPlE PRETÉRiTO PERFEcTO

I playedyou played

he, she, it playedwe playedyou playedthey played

eu xogueiti xogaches

el, ela xogounós xogamosvós xogastes

eles, elas xogaron

Documents

GLoSSArY IntroductIon - bbresources.s3.amazonaws.com€¦ · firefighters /'cOLcOWLh/ bombeiros/as ... Sit down and open your books. /gBW XPm DmX 'NULm qG VHYg/ Sentade e abride os