Glycolysis and Fermentation

What’s so sweet about Sugar?

Objectives• Discuss ATP and where the ‘energy’ is• Describe what fermentation is and

where the ‘energy’ is • Design an experiment to ‘test’

fermentation• Weigh the merits of fermentation vs.

respiration• Recognize/explain what happens in a RedOx

reaction

Thinking it Through• CH4 (methane)

C2H5OH H3C-CH2-OH (ethanol) C8H18 CH3(CH2)6CH3

(octane)

• H2O CO2

• Similarities in components/structure?

• Differences in behavior?

• Differences in structure?

So where are ‘calories’?

Energy (heat) needed to raise 1g water, 1oC

Saturated Fat

Why are there more calories?

RedOx Reactions

OIL RIG

OIL = Oxidation Is Loss

RIG = Reduction Is Gainof electrons

of electrons

O

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

NAD+

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

NAD+

H H H

Oxidized Form Reduced Form

Oxidized Form Reduced Form

NAD+ NADH

“ATP- molecule used to store and transfer energy”

“ATP- molecule used to store and transfer energy”

“ATP- molecule used to store and transfer energy”

Phosphate Groups

“ATP- molecule used to store and transfer energy”

• Why not just separate?

• What does this mean in terms of ‘energy’?

How does breaking a bond ‘release’ energy?

Same thing shown with a bit more detail…

http://course1.winona.edu/sberg/ChemStructures/Atphydrl.gif

Metabolic Pathways

Metabolic Pathways

Metabolic Pathways

Metabolic Pathways

Glycolysis• Glyco – glucose/sugar

• Lysis – “to loosen”, take apart

Glucose(6 Carbons)

Glycolysis

Glucose(6 Carbons)

2 ATP

2 ADP

Glycolysis

Glucose(6 Carbons)

2 ATP

2 ADP2 NAD+

Glycolysis

Glucose(6 Carbons)

2 ATP

2 ADP

2 NADH

2 NAD+

Glycolysis

Glucose(6 Carbons)

2 ATP

2 ADP

2 NADH

2 NAD+

Glycolysis

NAD+ is reduced to “NADH”

Glucose(6 Carbons)

2 ATP

2 ADP

2 NADH

2 NAD+

Glycolysis

*Addition of 2 inorganic

phosphates

Glucose(6 Carbons)

2 ATP

2 ADP

2 ATP 2 ATP2 ADP 2 ADP

2 NADH

2 NAD+

Glycolysis

Glucose(6 Carbons)

2 ATP

2 ADP

Pyruvate3 Carbons

Pyruvate3 Carbons

Pyruvate3 Carbons

2 ATP 2 ATP2 ADP 2 ADP

2 NADH

2 NAD+

Glycolysis

Glucose(6 Carbons)

2 ATP

2 ADP

Pyruvate3 Carbons

Pyruvate3 Carbons

Pyruvate3 Carbons

2 ATP 2 ATP2 ADP 2 ADP

2 NADH

2 NAD+

Glycolysis

Pyruvate3 Carbons

Net production of 2 ATP

GlycolysisGlucose(6 Carbons)

2 ATP

2 ADP

Pyruvate3 Carbons

Pyruvate3 Carbons

2 ATP 2 ATP2 ADP 2 ADP

2 NADH

2 NAD+

How do you Keep Glycolysis Going?

How do you Keep Glycolysis Going?

Glucose(6 Carbons)

2 ATP

2 ADP

Pyruvate3 Carbons

Pyruvate3 Carbons

2 ATP 2 ATP2 ADP 2 ADP

2 NADH

2 NAD+

How do you Keep Glycolysis Going?

Glucose(6 Carbons)

2 ATP

2 ADP

Pyruvate3 Carbons

Pyruvate3 Carbons

2 ATP 2 ATP2 ADP 2 ADP

2 NADH

2 NAD+

Fermentation(Lactic Acid)

Lactic Acid3 Carbons

Pyruvate3 Carbons

2 NAD+2 NADH

NADH is oxidized into NAD+

Pyruvate is reduced and forms Lactic Acid

Fermentation(Alcoholic)

Ethanol2 Carbons

Pyruvate3 Carbons

2 NAD+2 NADH

NADH is oxidized into NAD+

Pyruvate is reduced and forms Ethanol

CO2CO2

Fermentation• Keep Glycolysis going - oxidizes

NADH into NAD+ • Glycolysis – 2 ATP

• “NO” O2 present

• Lactic Acid• Alcoholic

– Ethanol- CO2

Here’s the claim:Glycolysis –

Glucose + 2ATP Pyruvate + 4ATP

Fermentation (no O2 present)

Pyruvate + NADH ethanol + CO2 + NAD+

What can you test?

Conditions needed?

How?

Rank in terms of: feasibility, safety, ‘fun’

Optimizations• We’ve proposed testing for components

• Are all tests best done under same conditions?

• Concept: limiting components. How do you max your yield (or sensitivity) for:– Glucose

– CO2

– ETOH

More?

• What will your solution look like?– “murky”?

• How do you speed it up?

• What conditions do we WANT?

Time to get to know each other better…

Okay, that’s FermentationHow does it ‘usually’

happen?

So?• WHY do you breath O2?

• Where does the CO2 come from?

• Where does ‘body heat’ come from?

• What is the relationship between sugars, and fats?

What do ‘conclusive’ results tell you?

• Smoking, etc.– ‘consistent’ with