GLYCOLYSIS AND OTHER PATHWAYS

EMP PATHWAY— ANOTHER NAME FOR GLYCOLYSIS

GLYCOLYSIS A UNIVERSAL

PATHWAY YIELDS 2ATPS [NET] THROUGH

SUBSTRATE LEVEL PHOSPHORYLATION

OCCURS IN CYTOSOL ANAEROBIC

GLUCOSE + ATP IN THE PRESCENCE OF GLUCOKINASE=

GLUCOSE-6 PHOSPHATE

FRUCTOSE-6 PHOSPHATE +ATP=

FRUCTOSE 1,6 DIPHOSPATE

2 PGAL- - ->2 PEP- 2 PYRUVIC ACID

MOLECULES

FATE OF PYRUVIC ACID UNDER

ANAEROBIC CONDITIONS IT IS FERMENTED

IN HUMANS IT BECOMES LACTIC ACID

IN YEAST IT BECOMES ETOH + CO2

TRANSITION REACTIONAN AEROBIC REACTION

CO ENZYME A [CO A] PUTS ONE CARBON ON TO O2 TO FORM CO2, PICKS UP 2 CARBONS FROM PYRUVIC ACID AND BECOMES ACETYL-CO ENZYME A [ACETYL CO A] WHICH CARRIES THE CARBONS WITH THE H AND ELECTRONS ATTACHED INTO THE MITOCHONDRIA INTO THE KREB’S CYCLE

NAD NAD—NICOTINAMIDE ADENINE

DINUCLEOTIDE—A COENZYME-A CARRIER COMPOUND WHICH PICKS UP H+ AND ELECTRONS AND CARRIES THEM INTO THE ELECTRON TRANSPORT SYSTEM WHERE 3 ATP MOLECULES WILL BE FORMED

NIACIN – a “B VITAMIN” THAT IS NECESSARY FOR NAD TO FUNCTION and FORM

FAD FAD—FLAVINE ADENINE DINUCLEOTIDE

— A COENZYME A CARRIER COMPOUND WHICH CARRIES H+ AND ELECTRONS INTO THE ELECTRON TRANSPORT SYSTEM YIELDING 2 ATP MOLECULES

RIBOFLAVIN-A “B VITAMIN” WHICH MUST BE PRESENT FOR FAD TO FUNCTION and FORM

KREB’S CYCLEAN AEROBIC REACTION TRICARBOXYLIC ACID CYCLE AND

CITRIC ACID CYCLE [OTHER NAMES] OCCURS IN THE MATRIX OF THE

MITOCHONDRION 3 IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS

CITRIC ACID [6 C] ALPHA-KETOGLUTARIC ACID [5 C] OXALOACETIC ACID [4 C]

KREB’S CYCLE CONTINUED FOR EACH TURN

OF THE CYCLE THERE ARE

3 NADHs FORMED 1 FADH2 FORMED 2 CO2 FORMED 1 ATP HEAT

ELECTRON TRANSPORT SYSTEM AN AEROBIC REACTION CYTACHROME

SYSTEM RESPIRATORY

CHAIN COMPOSED OF A

SERIES OF OXIDATION- REDUCTION REACTIONS [ReDox]

FINAL PHASE OF CELLULAR RESPIRATION IN WHICH NADH AND FADH2 ARE OXIDIZED WITH THEIR ELECTRONS BEING PASSED ALONG THE CHAIN

ELECTRON TRANSPORT SYSTEM CONTINUED IF NADH BRINGS THE

ELECTRONS AND HYDROGENS INTO THE SYSTEM THEN 3 ATP MOLECULES WILL BE MADE USING THE ATP-SYNTHASE MOLECULE [CF 1 OR F1 PARTICLE]

WHEN FADH2 BRINGS THE H+ AND ELECTRONS THEN ONLY 2 ATP MOLECULES ARE MADE

THE LAST 2 COMPOUNDS, CYTACHROME A AND CYTOACHROME A3 ACT AS THE ENZYME CYTACHROME OXIDASE—THEY PLACE ELECTRONS AND 2 HYDROGENS ON TO OXYGEN TO FORM THE WASTE PRODUCT WATER

WASTE PRODUCTS ELECTRON TRANSPORT SYSTEM

WATER [H2O] KREB’S CYCLE OR CITRIC ACID

CYCLE OR TRICARBOXYLIC ACID CYCLE CARBON DIOXIDE [CO2]

FATTY ACIDS AND AMINO ACIDS ENTERING THE KREB’S CYCLE FATTY ACIDS

DISSOLVE THROUGH THE CELL MEMBRANE

UNDERGO BETAOXIDATION

FORM INTERMEDIATE PRODUCTS WHICH CAN LEAVE THE CELL AND LOWER THE pH Keto acids =Acetone,

acetoacetic acid, betahydroxybutyric acid

AMINO ACIDS ENTER BY

PINOCYTOSIS ARE DEAMINATED

NH2 REMOVED AND CHANGED TO UREA

FORM THE SAME INTERMEDIATE PRODUCTS AS FATTY ACIDS DO

BOTH FATTY ACIDS AND AMINO ACIDS CAN ENTER THE KREB’S CYCLE THROUGH ACETYL CO A

SUMMARY 1 GLYCOLYSIS-

OCCURS IN CYTOPLASM

TRANSITION REACTION-STARTS IN CYTOPLASM ENDS IN THE MITOCHONDRION

KREB’S CYCLE OCCURS IN THE MATRIX OF THE MITOCHONDRION

ELECTRON TRANSPORT SYSTEM OCCURS ON THE CRISTAE OF THE MITOCHONDRION

SUMMARY 2 GLYCOLYSIS

—2 ATPS NO OXYGEN

USED TRANSITION

REACTION [T R]— IF OXYGEN USED

2 CARBONS GO INTO THE KREB’S CYCLE

T R CONTINUED AND NAD OR FAD

CARRY Electrons AND HYDROGEN INTO THE ETS

IF NO OXYGEN USED FERMENTATION OCCURS

SUMMARY 3 KREB’S CYCLE [CITRIC ACID CYCLE]

A 2-CARBON CPD IS ATTACHED TO A 4-CARBON CPD TO FORM CITRIC ACID

3 TURNS TO MAKE 1 PGAL [A 3-CARBON CPD]

OXYGEN IS USED ATP IS MADE CO2 IS A WASTE PRODUCT

SUMMARY 4 ELECTRON TRANSPORT SYSTEM [OCCURS

ON THE CRISTAE] A SERIES OF OXIDATION-REDUCTION

REACTIONS [GIVING UP ELECTRONS AND TAKING ON ELECTRONS.]

IF NAD CARRIES THE ELECTRONS THEN 3 ATPS ARE MADE

IF FAD CARRIES THE ELECTRONS ONLY 2 ATPS ARE MADE

THE FINAL ELECTRON ACCEPTOR IS OXYGEN WHICH THEN COMBINES WITH 2 HYDROGENS TO MAKE WATER [H2O]