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Chapter 9 – Cellular Respiration

I. Overview of Cellular Respiration (Know sequence of events)

Definition – The process that releases energy (ATP) by breaking down _______ and other food molecules in the presence of ________ (_________). This is an _______ reaction.

NAD+ acts as the electron carrier (NAD – Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide.

Occurs in all eukaryotic cells.

6O2 + C6H12O6 6 CO2 + 6 H2O = Energy (36 ATP)

Section 9-1

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_________ __________ 3 _______ ________

Section 8-1

ATP – ____________ ________________

Supplies energy for all cellular processes

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ADP – ____ ______ ATP – ____ ______

Energy

EnergyAdenosine diphosphate (ADP) + Phosphate Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

Partiallychargedbattery

Fullychargedbattery

Section 8-1

Figure 8-3 Comparison of ADP and ATP to a Battery

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Glucose

Glycolysis

Cytoplasm

Pyruvic acid

Electrons carried in NADH

Krebs Cycle

Electrons carried in

NADH and FADH2

Electron Transport

Chain

Mitochondrion

Figure 9–2 Cellular Respiration: An Overview

Mitochondrion

Section 9-1

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Glycolysis

O2 present No O2 present

Krebs Cycle Fermentation

Electron Transport Alcohol Lactic Acid

Section 9-1

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1st step – Glycolysis is when one molecule of ________ is broken in _____, producing two molecules of _______ acid, a 3-C compound.

If oxygen is present then pyruvic acid enters _____ Cycle

If no oxygen then pyruvic acid enters ____________ process

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II. Glycolysis – occurs in the cytoplasm

A. Starting molecule is glucose

B. ATP Production – __ ATPs are needed at beginning, but 4 are produced, total of 2 net gain for the cell.

C. _____ is a carrier for electrons to the electron transport chain (____).

D. 1 glucose = 2 pyruvic acid + 2 ATP = 2 NADH

E. Total ATP = ___

Section 9-2

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Glucose

To the electron transport chain

Figure 9–3 Glycolysis

Section 9-1

2 Pyruvic acid

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III. FermentationA. Anaerobic – ___ _____ ______1.Alcoholic fermentation by yeast and some bacteria

Pyruvic acid = _______ alcohol + CO2 + ____+

_______ dioxide causes bread to rise, heat in baking evaporates any alcohol.

Used to produce beer and wine

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2. Lactic acid fermentation

______ acid + NADH Lactic acid + NAD+

Produced in muscles during _________ exercise when the body cannot supply enough _______. Leads to soreness.Unicellular organisms ferment food and beverages.

Ex: yogurt, _______, buttermilk, sour cream, pickles, sauerkraut

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Glucose

Glycolysis Krebs cycle

Electrontransport

Fermentation (without oxygen)

Alcohol or lactic acid

Chemical Pathways

Section 9-1

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IV. ______ Cycle•2nd step, occurs in ______________•Starts with pyruvic acid and gives off ________ dioxide•Energizes NAD+ to form NADH (_________ carriers) high energy•Results:

– High energy carriers (NADH and FADH2) take __________ to ETC

– Carbon dioxide is breathed out– 2 _____ formed

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Citric Acid Production

Figure 9–6 The Krebs Cycle

Section 9-2

Mitochondrion

OAA – Oxaloacetate is a 4 Carbon molecule with low energy

FADH2 – Flavin adenine dinucleotide + hydrogen

OAA

succinate

Alpha-ketogluterate

Succinate – 4 carbon compound with energy

NADH – Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide + hydrogen

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Glucose

Glycolysis Krebs cycle

Electrontransport

Fermentation (without oxygen)

Alcohol or lactic acid

Section 9-1

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V. Electron __________Chain (ETC) – 3rd step Occurs between __________ in the

mitochondria in all animals, plants and _____________Uses high energy electrons (stored in NADH and

______2) from Krebs to convert ____ to ATP.

Carrier proteins ________ in the mitochondrial membrane pass high-energy ________ along and ______ H+ into the intermembrane space

Oxygen is the final electron ________ and combines with hydrogen to form water

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As the amount of H+ builds in the __________ space, one H+ rushes back across the ______ membrane causes ATP synthase to spin, re-energizing ADP to _____.Each pair of e- generate enough energy to _______

3 ADP to 3 ATP.Total ATP = ______

Total ATP generated in all steps of ________ = 36

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Figure 9–7 Electron Transport Chain

Section 9-2

Electron TransportHydrogen Ion Movement

ATP Production

ATP synthase

Channel

Inner Membrane

Matrix

Intermembrane Space

Mitochondrion

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VI. Energy and ExerciseCells normally contain enough _____ for a few seconds of intense activity.After 90 seconds, cellular respiration supplies ATPFor long-term activity,__________stored in the muscle is burned and lasts 15-20 minutes. After that, other ___________ such as fat are burned for energy (aerobics, running & swimming)Need to breathe ______ after exercise to repay oxygen debt and rid body of ______ acid

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Flowchart

Section 9-2

Glucose(C6H1206)

+Oxygen

(02)

GlycolysisKrebsCycle

ElectronTransport

Chain

Carbon Dioxide

(CO2)+

Water(H2O)

Cellular Respiration

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VI. Comparing ____________ and Cellular RespirationSee figure ________Photosynthesis does not release energy from glucose____________ removes CO2 and _________ returns

it.________ in photosynthesis is _______ in respiration.