gramatica engleza.docx

8/19/2019 gramatica engleza.docx

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SUCCES IN INVATAREA LIMBII ENGLEZE !Gramatica limbii engleze, pentr z clarș

Atri"Gergiana G#l# eanțEcaterina Cmi elșE$itra $i$actic# i pe$aggic# % Bcre ti &'()ș ș

Partea I MORFOLOGIA (Morphology)

I.0. GENERALITĂ IȚ

0.1. Morfologia i i!ta"așCele $# p#r i cn*titti+e ale gramaticii tra$i inale *nt mlgia i *inta-a.ț ț șMorfologia cprin$e reglile pri+itare la rma c+intelr i la m$iic#rile rmale aș

c+intelr *t$iate pe p#r i $e +rbire/ *inta-a cprin$e reglile pri+itare la 0mbinarea c+intelr țprpzi ii i raze.ț ș

0.#. $riterii %e &tili'are ! %efi!irea pr ilor %e *or+irețUnitatea $e analiz# 0n gramatica tra$i inal# e*te c+1ntl.țGramatica tra$i inal# grpeaz# c+intele 0n zece cla*e mari, nmite p#r i $e +rbirț ț

*b*tanti+l, articll, a$2ecti+l, prnmele, nmerall, +erbl, a$+erbl, prepzi ia, cn2nc ia ț ț

inter2ec ia.ț 3mp#r irea c+intelr 0n zece p#r i $e +rbire *e bazeaz# $e l*irea cncmitent# a trț țcriterii"

a4 criteril *emantic 5 *en*l le-ical cel mai general al cla*elr $e c+inte/b4 criteril mrlgic 5 *c6imb#rile ce a lc 0n rma c+intelr pentr e-primarea categriilgramaticale $e gen, nm#r, caz, per*an#, cmpara ie, m$, timp, a*pect i $iatez#/ț șc4 criteril *intactic 5 p*ibilitatea c+intelr $e a 0n$eplini nc ii *intactice 0n ca$rl prpzi ieț ț7einirea p#r ilr $e +rbire *e bazeaz# pe tate cele trei criterii, n *ingr criteri iinț

in*icient.0.#.1. 7in pnct $e +e$ere *emantic, p#r ile $e +rbire *e $i*ting $p# ceea ce e-prim# elț

nmele ni biect 8*b*tanti+l, in$irect i prnmele, care ine lcl ni *b*tanti+4, 0n* ireș ț șni biect 8a$2ecti+l4, n nm#r *a $eterminare nmeric# 8nmerall4, ac ine *a *taț

8+erbl4, caracteri*tic# a nei ac ini, *t#ri *a in* iri 8a$+erbl4, e-teririzarea ni *entiment,ț șnei *t#ri izice, a ni act $e +in # *a imitarea ni *net 8inter2ec ia4ț ț7in pnct $e +e$re al criterili *emantic, p#r ile $e +rbire *e 0mpart 0n"ța4 p#r i $e +rbire c *en* le-ical $e *ine *t#t#tr, i care pt i p#r i $e prpzi ie" *b*tanti+ț ș ț ț

a$2ecti+l, prnmele, nmerall, +erbl, a$+erbl i inter2ec ia/ș țb4 p#r i $e +rbire care n a 0ntt$eana *en* le-ical $e *ine *t#t#tr, e-prim1n$ raprtț

0ntre n ini, i care n pt i p#r i $e prpzi ie" prepzi ia, cn2nc ia i articll.ț ș ț ț ț ț ș0.#.#. 3n nc ie $e criteril mrlgic, c+intele $in limba englez# 0 i m$iic# rma pentț ș

e-primarea categriilr gramaticale $e gen, nm#r,caz, per*an#, cmpara ie, timp, m$, a*pect ț $iatez#.

Sc6imb#rile 0m rma c+intelr care e-prim# categriile gramaticale alc#tie*c le-inea. 3n nc ie $e prezen a *a ab*en a le-inii, c+intele *e 0mpart 0n"ț ț ța4 c+inte le-ibile, care a cel p in categrie gramatical#, pentr e-primarea c#reia 0ț

m$iic# rma/b4 c+inte nele-ibile, care n *nt marcate pentr categrii gramaticale.0.#.,. 3n nc ie $e criteril *intactic, c+intele *e 0mpart 0n"ța4 c+inte care 0n$epline*c nc ie *intactic# 0n prpzi ie, pt1n$ i parte principaț ț

8*biect, pre$icat4 *a *ecn$ar# 8atribt, cmplement, element pre$icati+ *plimentar4 $e prpzi iețb4 c+inte care n a nc ie *intactic#, $ar care marc6eaz# nc ii *intactice"ț țI9+e bg6t t6i* b: r Mar;.S6e recei+er$ t6e parcel aeter pa;ing r it.


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1. -ER/L (The -er+)&.&. efi!i iețVerbl e*te partea $e +rbire care"a4 e-prim# ac ini, prce*e *a *t#ri/țb4 are categrii gramaticale $e per*an# i nm#r cmne c alte p#r i $e +rbire i categriiș ț ș

*peciice $e timp, m$, a*pect i $iatez#/ș

c4 0n$epline te nc ia *intactic# $e pre$icat.ș ț

&.). $laifiareVerbele pt i cla*iicate $in pnct $e +e$ere al *trctrii mrlgice *a $in pnct $e +e$e

al *en*li le-ical i al nc iei.ș ț&.).&. 7in pnct $e +e$ere al tr&t&rii 2orfologie, +erbele pt i cla*iicate 0n"a4 +erbe *imple" go/b4 +erbe cmp*e" spotlight /c4 +erbe c particl# a$+erbial#" put on, put off, put away /$4 +erbe c prepzi ie bligatrie"ț look at, listen to, wait, for, succees in/e4 lc ini +erbale"ț take care of, make use of .Grpele a4, b4 i e4 n prezint# particlarit# i $e*ebite. , iar pentr $4 +eș ț

=(.).?.&.).). 3e!&l le"ial al *er+elor . Verbele 0n limba englez# *e 0mpart 0n"a4 +erbe c *en* le-ical plin, nmite $e bicei +erbe n inale/țb4 +erbe c *en* le-ical re$*, care *nt l*ite mai mlt c nc ii gramaticale. 3n cla*ț

+erbelr c *en* le-ical re$* intr# +erbele cplati+e, +erbele a-iliare i +erbele m$ale.ș&.).@. F&! ia i!tati a *er+elor ț .


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a*pect, per*an# i nm#r, iar $in pnct $e +e$ere *intactic, ele pt rma *ingre pre$icatl i *ș șacr$# 0n nm#r i per*an# c *biectl.ș

For2ele !epero!ale ale *er+&l&i 8#on$!inite !orms of the "erb4 *nt ininiti+l %erund$8%erun&iul 4, participil prezent i particpil trect. Ace*te rme n a categriile $e timp, per*an# ș nm#r i n pt rma *ingre pre$icatl prpzi iei.ș ț

&.. Ti2p&l 8Ten*e4Categria gramatical# a timpli 8Tense4, categrie *peciic# +erbelr, *e reer# la r$ine

e+enimentelr 0n timp, a a cm e*te percept# acea*ta $e +rbitr 0n mmentl +rbirii.ș

Mmentl 0n care are lc actl $e +rbire e*te mmentl prezent 8now 4. a # $e ace*t mmețcare cn*titie a-a $e reerin # a prezentli, nele e+enimente *nt"ța4 anteriare, c1n$ ele a lc 0nainte $e mmentl +rbirii 8e+enimentele *nt amintite $

+rbitr4" Present Perfect /b4 p*teriare a # $e mmentl +rbirii 8e+enimentele iin$ anticipate $e +rbitr, $earece +ț

a+ea lc $p# mmentl +rbirii4" !uture/c4 *imltane c mmentl +rbirii 8a+1n$ lc 0n acela i timp4ș Present .Cn*i$er1n$ mmentl +rbirii pnctl prezent, +rbitrl 0 i pate aminti n e+eniment careș

a+t lc la n mment anterir mmentli +rbirii 8then4. 3n raprt c ace*t mment amintit then, ca$# na tere a-ei $e reerin # a trectli, alte e+enimente pt i"ș ț

a4 anteriare mmentli trect then" Past Perfect /b4 *imltane c then" Past Tense/

c4 p*teriare" !uture in the Past .7e a*emenea, in mmentl +rbirii 8now 4, +rbitrl pate anticipa anmite e+enimen8p*teriare mmentli +rbirii4. 3n raprt c n anme e+eniment p*terir mmentli prezent 8a-$e reerin # a +iitrli4, alte e+enimente pt i"ț

a4 anteriare" !uture Perfect /b4 *imltane" !uture/c4 p*teriare" engleza n are marc# rmal# pentr ace*te e+enimente.

3n analiza timpli, trebie a*tel late 0n cn*i$era ie trei elemente"ța4 mmentl +rbirii/b4 mmentl 8*#+1r irii4 ac inii/ș țc4 a-a *a mmentl $e reerin #.ța4 Mmentl +rbirii e*te mmentl 0n care enn l e*te prnn at $e +rbitr"ț ț now .b4 Mmentl ac inii e*te mmentl 0n care a a+t lc ac inea *a *tarea"ț ț now, the

tomorrow, etc.c4 Mmentl $e reerin # reprezint# a-a pe care *e pla*eaz# +rbitrl 0n percepereț

e+enimentli" a-a prezentli, a-a trectli, a-a +iitrli. 3n nc ie $e cele trei elemente mmentl +rbirii, mmentl ac inii i mmentl $e reerin #ț ț ș ț

limba englez# cna te rm#trl *i*tem $e timpri"ș pe a-a prezentli" Present, Present Perfect, !uture/ pe a-a trectli" Past tense, Past Perfect, !uture in the Past / pe a-a +iitrli" !uture, !uture Perfect D

1.6. Ti2p&l pre'e!t i2pl& (Pree!t Te!e 3i2ple)

&.?.&. efi!i ieț .


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(he swims Ea 0nat#It swim ElEa 0nat# 8netr4

&.?.@. Pro!&! area i ortografiereaț ș termina iei 8e4* la per*ana aIIIa *inglar prezințacelea i caracteri*tici ca i termina ia $e plral 8e4* a *b*tanti+elr"ș ș ț 7(e) *e prnn #"ț

F* $p# cn*ane *r$e" He thinks FHt*HiHnH:*.Fz $p# cn*ane *nre i +cale"ș He studies F*tHaH$iz. He runs FrHaHnz.Fiz $p# cn*ane *ibilante" S6e Ja*6e* FHJHH HizșVerbele *a; i $ a la per*ana a IIIa *inglar prnn are $e*ebit# a # $e celelaș ț ț

per*ane"

I say sai* $ he says se&*+ I do du* $ he does d-a-&*.7in pnct $e +e$ere al rtgraiei, ma2ritatea +erbelr a$ag# * /a per*ana a IIIa *inglarHe walks. (he sees.

7i*inen a $e+ine e* c1n$ +erbl *e termin# 0n *, -, z, *6, c6, tc6 *a "ț(he watches. It bu&&es. He goes.

Verbele terminate 0n ; prece$at $e cn*an#, *c6imb# ; 0n i i a$ag# e*"șI try $ he tries.

1.6.5. 8!tre+&i! are.ț


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'e8ll get home before it gets dark. Vm a2nge aca*# 0nainte *# *e 0ntnece.b4 cn$i inale, intr$*e $e i, nle**, pr+i$e$, in ca*e"ț

If it rains on (unday, I8ll repair my bicycle. 7ac# *# pl# $minic#, am *#mi repbicicleta.

C4


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. JearJreJrngrJgreJgrJngi+ega+egi+enJriteJrteJritten

>. beginbeganbegn*ing*ang*ngcmecamecmegJentgne

Nt#" 3n nc ie $e rmele pe care le a +erbele la


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$Jell $Jelt $Jelt a lcieat ate eaten a m1ncaall ell allen a c#$eaee$ e$ e$ a 6r#nieel elt elt a 8*e4 *im ițig6t g6t g6t a 8*e4 lptain$ n$ n$ a g#*ilee le$ le$ a gi, a *e regialing lng lng a arnca

l; leJ lJn a zbrarbi$ rba$ rbi$$en a interzicerget rgt rgtten a itargi+e rga+e rgi+en a iertareeze rze rzen a 0ng6e ațget gt gt a primi, a b inețgi+e ga+e gi+en a $ag Jent gne a mergegrin$ grn$ grn$ a m#cinagrJ greJ grJn a cre teș6ang 6ng 6ng a at1rna6a+e 6a$ 6a$ a a+ea6ear 6ear$ 6ear$ a azi6i$e 6i$ 6i$$en a 8*e4 a*cn$e6it 6it 6it a l+i6l$ 6el$ 6el$ a ineț6rt 6rt 6rt a l+i, a r#ni, a $rea:eep :ept :ept a ine, a p#*traț:neel :nelt :nelt a 0ngennc6ia:nit :nit :nit a tricta:nJ :neJ :nJn a ti, a cna teș șla; lai$ lai$ a pne, a a ezașlea$ le$ le$ a cn$ce

lean leant leant a *e apleca, a *e *pri2inileap leapt leapt a *#rilearn learnt learnt a 0n+#țalea+e let let a pleca, a l#*alen$ lent lent a $a c 0mprmtlet let let a l#*a, a permitelig6t lit lit a aprin$elie la; lain a z#cea, a *e alal*e l*t l*t a pier$ema:e ma$e ma$e a acemean meant meant a 0n*emnamJ mJe$ mJe$, mJn a c*i

pa; pai$ pai$ a pl#tipt pt pt a pnerea$ rea$ rea$ a citiri$ ri$ ri$ a *c#pa $e, a *e $e*ctrri$e r$e ri$$en a c#l#riring rang rng a *nari*e r*e ri*en a r#*#ri, a *e ri$icarn ran rn a gi*aJ *aJe$ *aJn,*aJe$ a t#ia c ier#*tr#l


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*a; *ai$ *ai$ a *pne*ee *aJ *een a +e$ea*ee: *g6t *g6t a c#ta*ell *l$ *l$ a +in$e*en$ *ent *ent a trimite*et *et *et a pne*eJ *eJe$ *eJn*eJe$ a ca*e*6a:e *6: *6a:en a *ctra, a tremra*6ear *6eare$ *6rn*6eare$ a tn$e i

*6e$ *6e$ *6e$ a +#r*a 8lacrimi, *1nge4*6ine *6ne *6ne a *tr#lci*6e *6$ *6$ a ptc+i*6t *6t *6t a 0mp caș*6J *6Je$ *6Jn a ar#ta*6rin: *6ran: *6rn: a *e *tr1nge, a *e *cr2i*6t *6t *6t a 0nc6i$e*ing *ang *ng a c1nta*in: *an: *n: a 8*e4 *cn$a*it *at *at a e$eaș*la; *leJ *lain a ci$e*leep *lept *lept a $rmi*ling *lng *lng a arnca*lit *lit *lit a 8*e4 cr#pa*mell *melt *melt a mir*i*J *Je$ *Jn a *em#na*pea: *p:e *p:en a +rbi*pee$ *pe$ *pe$ a gr#bi, a accelera*pell *pelt *pelt a rtgraia*pen$ *pent *pent a c6elti, a petrece*pill *pilt *pilt a +#r*a*pin *pn *pn a tarce*pit *pat *pat a *cipa

*plit *plit *plit a $e*pica*pil *pilt *pilt a r#*# aț*prea$ *prea$ *prea$ a 8*e4 0ntin$e*pring *prang *prng a iz+r0, a *#ri*tan$ *t$ *t$ a *ta 80n piciare4*teal *tle *tlen a ra, a *e ri aș*tic: *tc: *tc: a lipi*ting *tng *tng a 0n epaț*tin: *tn: *tn: a mir*i r1t*treJ *treJe$ *treJn a pre*#ra*tri$e *tr$e *tr$e a merge c pa i mariș*tri:e *trc: *trc: a l+i

*tring *trng *trng a 0n ira 8pe ș ața4*tri+e *tr+e *tri+en a n#zi*Jeat *Jeat *Jeat a tran*pira*Jear *Jre *Jrn a 2ra, a 0n2ra*Jeep *Jept *Jept a m#tra*Jell *Jelle$ *Jllen a *e mla*Jim *Jam *Jm a 0nta*Jing *Jang *Jng a leg#nata:e t: ta:en a la


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teac6 tag6t tag6t a 0n+#ța, a pre$atear tre trn a rpe, a *1 iaștell tl$ tl$ a *pne, a p+e*tit6in: t6g6t t6g6t a 8*e4 g1n$it6ri+e t6r+e t6ri+en a pr*perat6rJ t6reJ t6rJn a arncat6r*t t6r*t t6r*t a 0nigetrea$ tr$ tr$$en a c#lcan$er*tan$ n$er*t$ n$er*t$ a 0n elegeț

Jear Jre Jrn a prtaJea+e J+e J+en a e*ețJe$ Je$ Je$ a 8*e4 cnnaJeep Jept Jept a pl1ngeJet Jet Jet a $aJin Jn Jn a c1 tigașJin$ Jn$ Jn$ a r#*ciJring Jrng Jrng a *tarceJrite Jrte Jritten a *crie

1.9.6. 8!tre+&i! areț .


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@.


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.. .&.>.@. 3ntrebin are. &4


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b4 printrn +erb la some time in his life+ he may live there again, but he is no

living there now). A lcit 0n Bcre ti 8c1n$+a 0n +ia a li/ pate +a mai lci acl, $ar nș ț

lcie te 0n Bcre ti 0n mmentl $e a #4.ș ș țHe has studied nglesh >some time in the past, so the knows it, but he is not studyingnow). A *t$iat engleza 8c1n$+a 0n trect, a a c# ș tieș , $ar n *t$iaz# engleza acm4.

Nt#" 7ieren a 0ntre cele $# 0ntrebin #ri reie*e i $in m$l 0n care *e tra$c 0n limbț ț șrm1n#" ac inea care cntin# i 0n mmentl +rbirii prin prezent, iar cea 0nc6eiat#, petrect# ț ștrect 0ntrn mment $e timp ne$einit, $eci ne*peciicat prin perectl cmp*"

He has stayed in this hotel . A *tat 0n ace*t 6tel.He has stayed in this hotel for a week. St# 0n ace*t 6tel $e *#pt#m1n#.

4


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Tcmai$eabia intra*em 0n cla*# c1n$ a *nat clp ell.ț4 ac ine trect#, *#+1r it# 0ntr peria$# $e timp anteriar# nei alte ac ini trecte, $ț ș ț

a2ng1n$ p1n# la acea*ta 8c cmpliniri a$+erbiale 0ncep1n$ c r *a *ince4"He had been in the classroom for two minutes when the teacher came in.Era 0n cla*# $e $# minte c1n$ a intrat pre*rl.He had lived in ucharest since 1@AB when I met him.Lcia 0n Bcre ti $in &'>? c1n$ lam cn*ct.ș

Nt#" &. Maimltcaperectl e*te n timp tilizat mai rec+ent 0n limba englez# $ec1t 0n limbrm1n# pentr e-primarea anteririt# ii. 83n limba rm1n# *e l*e te a$e*eri perectl cmp* cț ș

+alare $e maimltcaperect"The passengers got out as soon as the train had stopped.


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3n engleza britanic# +rbit# i 0n engleza american# 0n general *e l*e te Jill i la per*anaș ș ș*inglar i plral, #r# nici *c6imbare $e *en*"ș

I will go the seaside tomorrow. Vi merge la mare m1ine.'e will go the seaside tomorrow. Vm merge la mare m1ine.

rma cntra*# a +iitrli e*te ll ininiti+ la tate per*anele" I9ll g, Ke9ll g etc. Acea*t# rm# e*te 0ntrebin at# c prec#$ere 0n engleza +rbit#, mai ale* c1n$ *biectl e*ț

e-primat printrn prnme per*nal.1.


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1.'e8ve already booked a room in Poiana ra ov).ș

A+em $e g1n$Inten in#m *# ne petrecem +acan a la mnte.ț ț8Am rezer+at $e2a camer# la


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The plane takes off at A p.m. A+inl $ecleaz# la ra &'..Term starts in (eptember. Șcala 0ncepe 0n *eptembrie.

)4 ac ine +iitare 0n prpr ii *br$nate temprale i cn$i inale 8+ezi =&.?.. pct. b4.ț ț ș ț1.ut you didn8t).UrmaTrebia *# m# in+i i la cinema. 87ar nai #ct4.ț

@4


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3n priml pzi ia e*te 0ntre ac ine care are anmit# $rat#, e*te 0n $e*# rare 0ntrț ț șanmit mment *a 0ntr anmit# peria$# $e timp i e*te raprtat# la mmentl $e reerin # nJș țt6en etc. i 0ntre ac ine pentr care a*emenea inrma ie n e*te imprtant#. Cmpara i"ș ț ț ț

=ohn is reading an nglish newspaper >now).X6n cite te n ziar engleze*c 8acm4,ș

c"=ohn reads nglish newspaper >every day).X6n cite te n ziar engleze*c 80n iecare zi4.ș

3n al $ilea ac inea e*te 0ntre ac ini +#zte ca terminate 0n mmentl +rbirii"ț ț

I have read an interesting article on pollution. Am citit n articl intere*ant $e*pre plare.i 0ntre ac ini $e*pre care n *e $# a*emenea inrma ie"ș ț ț

I have been reading since 12 o8clock.1.10.,. a vopsi).1.10.9. 3ntrebin area a*pectli cntinț

1


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a4 l*irea a*pectli cntin c +erbele $e acti+itate $rati+# #r# *cp arat# c# ac inț$enmite $e +erbe *nt 0n $e*# rare pe a-a prezentli, a trectli *a a +iitrli"ș

They are walking Fn the park now.He was swimming Fn the lake at this time yesterday.

b4 C +erbele $e acti+itate $rati+# care implic# atingerea ni *cp, l*irea a*pectlcntin arat# c# *cpl n a *t atin*, ac inea n a *t terminat#"ț

He is reading a book now. Cite te carte acm 8N a terminat4.ș(he was ironing a shirt. Ea c#lca c#ma #.ș

c4 Verbele $e acti+itate nn$rati+# arat# ac ine repetat# atnci c1n$ *nt l*ite ț

a*pectl cntin"He is kicking . 7# $in piciare.$4 Verbele care e-prim# *tare arat# c# acea*t# *tare e*te limitat# atnci c1n$ *nt l*ite

a*pectl cntin"I live in ra ov >that8s where my house is).șI8m living in ucharest this year. Anl ace*ta lcie*c 0n Bcre ti.ș

3ntrebin #rile a*pectli cntin la $i+er*e timpri *nt cele enmerate la =&.&.ț7ieren ele $e la n timp la altl cn*ta 0n mmentl 0n care are lc ac inea i 0n mmentl $ț ț șreerin #.ț

1.10.:. Pre'e!t&l o!ti!&& e*te tilizat pentr a e-prima"&4 c +erbe $e acti+itate $rati+# #r# *cp"

a4 ac ine 0n $e*# rare 0n mmentl +rbirii"ț ș Disten5 He is singing in the bathroom5 A*clt#! C1nt# 0n baie! Acea*t# 0ntrebin are e*te marcat# $e bicei $e a$+erbe $e timp ca" nJ 8acm4 rig6t nț

8c6iar acm4, at t6i* mment 80n ace*t mment4"'hat ia 6an doing: He is shaving right now ,

$ar pate ap#rea i #r# ele, mmentl $e a # al ac inii reie in$ $in rma cntin# a +erbli"ș ț ț ș'hat is 6an doing: He is shaving. Ce ace 7an 8acm4O Se b#rbiere te.ș

b4 ac ine bi nit#, repetat#, prezentat# 0n $e*# rarea ei 0n anmite circm*tan e"ț ș ș țI always take my umbrella when it is raining.

Tt$eana 0mi ia mbrella c1n$ pl#.I never read while I am walking in the otanical %ardens.

3l 0nt1lne*c ri $e c1te ri m# plimb 0n Gr#$ina btanic#.)4 c +erbele $e acti+itate $rati+# implic1n$ n *cp, ac ine care n a *t terminat# ț

mmentl +rbirii"He is doing his homework. 3 i ace temele.ș

@4 c +erbe $e acti+itate nn$rati+#, ac ine repetat# 0n mmentl +rbirii"țHe is knocking on the door

*a ac ine repetat# 0n m$ rec+ent, care $eran2eaz# *a imit# pe +rbitr"ț;y neighbour is always starting his car when I want to have a rest.Vecinl me tt$eana 0 i prne te ma ina c1n$ +rea *# m# $i6ne*c.ș ș ș

Acea*t# l*ire a prezentli cntin e*te bligatri 0n* it# $e a$+erbe $e rec+en # cț țalJa;*, re+er 8tt$eana4, cntinall;, all t6e time 8tt timpl4.

Ace*tea *e a eaz# 0ntre a-iliarl be i rma 0n ing, c e-cep ia li all t6e time care cpș ș țpzi ie inal# 0n prpzi ie"ț ț

That little child is continually crying dar He is crying all the time.4 c +erbe care $enme*c *tare, ac ine c caracter temprar care are lc pentr ț

peria$# limitat# $e timp, 8inclz1n$ i mmentl +rbirii4"ș 4nn is attending the Poly . Ana rmeaz# plite6nica 8*t$iaz# plite6nica4.

Cmplinirile a$+erbiale pentr acea*t# 0ntrebin are a prezentli cntin *nt" t$a; 8a*t#zțt6i* Jee: 8*#pt#m1na acea*ta4, t6e*e $a;* 8zilele ace*tea4, t6i* mnt6 8lna acea*ta4, t6i* ;ear 8anace*ta4 etc"

;y father usually teaches geometry, but he is teaching algebra this year.Tat#l me pre$# gemetria $e bicei, $ar anl ace*ta pre$# algebra.

1


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?4


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A $a ac ine +iitare 0n $e*# rare n pate i p*# tt la +iitrl cntin $earece acț șparte $intr prpzi ie *br$nat# tempral# 80n care n *e l*e te +iitrl 0n limba englez#4.ț ș

)4 c +erbe $e acti+itate $rati+# care implic# atingerea ni *cp, ac ine ne0nc6eiat#"ț(he will be having her piano lesson when you come.

@4 Viitrl cntin e-prim# i i$eea $e ac ine +iitare care +a a+ea lc 0n $e*# rareș ț șirea*c# a e+enimentelr"

I8ll be seeing him tomorrow morning >This happens every morning). 3l +#$ m1ine $iminea #. 83l +#$ 0n iecare $iminea #4.ț țI8ll be passing the grocer8s on my way to school.

Trec prin a aț b#c#niei 0n $rm *pre cal#ș .1.10.10. Tra$cerea rmelr a*pectli cntin 0n limba rm1n#"Verbl rm1ne*c n are categrie marcat# rmal pentr re$area cntra*tli a*pect

cntinnncntin. I$eea $e $e*# rare *a $rat# limitat# a ac inii e*te re$at# 0n limba rm1nș țc a2trl a$+erbelr $e timp"

He is teaching now .


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b4 prin l*irea tranziti+# 8ca acti+it# i4 a nr +erbe care e-prim# calitate permaneț8l*ite intranziti+4"

The cake tastes good. I am tasting the cake.c4 +erbele $e percep ie pt a+ea rme ale a*pectli cntin c1n$ *nt l*ite c alț

*en*ri"I8ve been hearing all about her e0ams.

Am azit 8Mi *a *p* ttl4 $e*pre e-amenele ei. 86ear 5 a primi +e ti4.șI8m seeing him tonight.M# 0nt1lne*c c el $i*ear#.

He is seeing the sights.Viziteaz# biecti+ele tri*tice. 8*ee 5 a 0nt1lni, a +izita lcri tri*tice4.E4 +erbele care e-prim# acti+itate mintal# 8Verb* cgnitin4" belie+e, :nJ, t6in:, imagin

mean, min$, remember, recllect, recall, *pp*e, rget, **pect, ge**, pre*pp*e, realizn$er*tan$. Ace*te +erbe *nt rmate $e bicei $e prpzi ie *br$nat# intr$*# $e t6at *a $țn c+1nt relati+ 0ncep1n$ c J6"

I think >that) you are right. Cre$ c# ai $reptate.I don8t remember what he said. Nmi aminte*c cea *p*.

Unele $in ele pt i l*ite la a*pectl cntin $ac# *nt l*ite ca +erbe $e acti+itate"'hat is he doing: He is thinking of his future.Ce ace elO Se g1n$e te la +iitr.ș

4 Verbe care e-prim# *entimente, *t#ri *lete ti" l+e, li:e, carer, a$re, 6ate, $i*li:ș

$ete*t, regret, preer, Ji*6.I like my


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b4 He had read the book. 8El4 citi*e cartea. 3n cn*ecin #, +rbitrl *imte eectl *a rezltatl nei ac ini anteriare"ț ț

a4 The vase is broken now. Vaza e*te *part# acm.b4 He knew what the book was about. Știa $e*pre ce e*te +rba 0n carte.

)4 a*pectl perecti+ cntinati+ 8Cntinati+e They began playing tennis half an hour ago. They are stil playing tennis an they ma

continue doing so.) Acea*t# 0ntrebin are a li


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Ace*t# rm# +erbal# e-prim#"&4 ac ine trect#, 0ncept# 0naintea nei alte ac ini trecte i cntin1n$ p1n# la ea"ț ț ș

I had been waiting for my friend since two o8clock when he finally.I had been waiting for my friend for half an hour arrived.

3l a teptam pe prietenl me $e la ra $# c1n$ 0n *1r it a **it.ș ș 3l a teptam pe prietenl me $e 2m#tate $e r# c1n$ 0n *1r it a **it.ș ș

)4 ac ine trect# 0ncept# 0naintea ni mment *a a nei ac ini trecte, cntin1n$ p1nț ț 0n acel mment *a p1n# la acea ac ine i pate i $p# aceea"ț ș ș

The boys where still playing football at noon.

They had been playing football all morning.They had been plaing football since ten o8clock. B#ie iiț mei 2ca tbal la ra pr1nzli.Ei 2ca*er# tbal tat# $iminea a.ț

Ei 2ca tbal $e la ra zece.@4 ac ine repetat# rec+ent 0ntr peria$# $e timp trect#, anteriar# ni mment *a nț

ac ini $e a*emenea trecte"țHe had been writing poems for two years when I met him.Scria pezii $e $i ani c1n$ lam cn*ct.

Aten ie! 7ac# *e ace precizare nmeric#, *e l*e te


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*#+1rYYYte ac inea care, la +erbele tranziti+e, *e r ț Y*r1nge a*pra biectli" Lc; 8*biec6a* Jritten

8pre$icat4 a letter 8biect4. Lcia a *cri* *cri*are.Nt#"


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Je9+e electricit;. Tate *atele $in Rm1nia *nt alimentate c crent electric. A $ctr 6abeen *en$

r. A *a trimi* $p# $ctr.b4 Vrbitrl n $reYte *# menYineze *biectl real al ac inii" T6i* *b2ect Jill be. Treate$țll; in t6e ne-t c6arter. Acea*t# prblem# +a i tratatY pe larg 0n rm#trl capitl.c4 *biectl real al ac inii *e pate $e$ce $in cnte-t" Ke Ja* electe$


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rele-i+e c +alare pa*i+# c1n$ cmplementl in$irect al per*anei $e+ine in$irect" T6teac6er Ja*

ere$ lJer* b; 6er ppil*.


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Sb2ncti+l prezent e*te mai rec+ent l*it 0n engleza american# 8literar#Y i +rbit#șEngleza

britanic# crent# preer# cn*trcYii c"a4 ininiti+l" It i* nece**ar; r 6im t cme in time.b4 *6l$ ininiti+l" T6e; *gge*t t6at *tep* *6l$ be ta:en.1.1,.9. 3&+=o!ti*&l tre&t (The Pat 3&+=o!ti*e). Sb2ncti+l trect cinci$e ca rm# c


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*6l$ ininiti+ " *6l$ lea+e*6l$ ininiti+l perect " *6l$ 6a+e letJl$ ininiti+ " Jl$ lea+eJl$ ininiti+l perect " Jl$ 6a+e letma; ininiti+ " ma; lea+ema; ininiti+l perect " ma; 6a+e letmig6t ininiti+ " mig6t lea+emig6t ininiti+l perect " mig6t 6a+e letcl$ ininiti+ " cl$ lea+e

cl$ ininiti+l perect " cl$ 6a+e let pag 2L2 rmele $e *b2ncti+ alc#tite $in +erbe m$ale rmate $e ininiti+l prezent *e reer# la ac ine *imltanț Y *a p*teriarY ac inii $in prpzi ia principal#, pe c1n$ cele rmate $ț ț

ininiti+lperect re$a ac ine anteriar# ac inii $in prpzi ia principal#.ț ț ț

Aten ie! 7e i cn in +erbe m$ale, rmele *b2ncti+li analitic ia pier$t 0n mlte cazriț ș ț ș 0nYele*l m$al, +erbele m$ale $e+enin$ *imple +erbe a-iliare" Ke let earl; * t6at 6

mig6t arri+e intime. A plecat $e+reme ca *# a2ngY la timp.1.1,.


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pag 2L2 b4 0n prpzi ii *biecti+e intr$*e $e itJa* a pit;, *6ame, *rpri*e, Jn$er" It i* Jn$er t6atțt6e; *6l$ cme * earl;. E minne ca ei *# +inY a a $e+reme.șc4 0n prpzi iile atribti+e apziț Yinale, $p# *b*tanti+ele rea*n, *pp*itin, t6g6, i$ea6int" T6i* i* n rea*n J6; 6e *6l$ be late. Acea*ta n e*te n mti+ pentr care *# 0nt1rzi$4 0n prpzi iile cmpleti+e $irecte $p# +erbe care e-prim# n r$in, *ge*tie, 6tț Yr1rer$er, cmman$, $eman$, ree*t, in*i*t, *gge*t, prp*e, er, arrange, agree, *ettle" T6e

$eman$e$t6at t6e meeting *6l$ be 6el$ Jit6t $ela;. A cert ca Ye$inYa *# ie YintY #

0nt1rziere.e4 0n prpzi ii cmpleti+e prepzi inale $p# a$2ecti+e ca" I am gla$, plea*e$, an-i*, *rr;ț țetc., care re$a *entimentele +rbitrli" S6e Ja* an-i* t6at t6e; *6l$ *ee 6er $ancin

EranerYb$#tare ca ei *# +a$# $an*1n$.4 0n prpzi ii cn$i inale, pentr e-primarea nei cn$iț ț Yii p in prbabile" I 6e *6l$ cmețtell 6im t Jait in t6e rm.7ac# +ine cm+a*e 0nt1mpl# *# +inY, *pnei *# aYtepte 0n camera $e zi.g4 0n prpzi ii circm*tan iale $e *cip negati+e intr$*e $e le*t, r ear 8t6at4, in ca*e 8t6atț țrmate $e n +erb la rma airmati+#" Ke 6rrie$ r ear 6e *6l$ be late. Se grYbea $

ric# *# n 0nt1rzie.

64 0n prpzi ii cnce*i+e intr$*e $e t6g6, alt6g6, J6ate+er pentr a e-prima ac ineț țiptetic#" W6ate+er 6e *6l$ $, 6e i* nt li:el; t *ccee$. rice ar ace n are Yan*e *reYea*c#.

i4 0n prpzi ii *br$nate temprale 8rar4" Ke Ja* a$+i*e$ t :eep a $iet till 6e *6l$ eelțbetter. A *t *Ytit *#YYinY regim p1n# *e +a *im i mai bine.ț

pag 2L2 &.&@.&&. Ma;mig6t Ininiti+l. Sb2ncti+l analitic e-primat prin ma;mig6t ininiti+

prezent *aperect e*te l*it"&4 0n prpzi ii principale, pentr a e-prima rare, $rinț YY" Ma; ; li+e lng ! S trYieY

mlYi ani !6, t6at 6e mig6t rec+er *n ! , $e *ar 0n*#YYt i repe$e !ș)4 0n prpzi ii *br$nate.ț

Aten ie! 7ac# +erbl $in prpzi ia principal# e*te la n timp prezent, 0n prpzi ia *br$naț ț ț*e

pate l*i ma; *a mig6t ininiti+ 8perect4. Utilizarea li mig6t ininiti+ in$ic# ne*igranYY mai

mare $ec1t ma;" It i* p**ible t6at 6e ma; cme later. E*te p*ibil Se pate *# +inY mt1rzi. It i*

p**ible t6at 6e mig6t cme later. Sar ptea *# +inY mai t1rzi.Mig6t ininiti+l e*te 0ntrebin at 0ntt$eana $p# n +erb trect 0n prpzi ia principal#" Kț ț

*p:el$l; * t6at e+er;b$; mig6t 6ear 6im. A +rbit tare ca *#l a$# tat# lmea.Ma;mig6t ininiti+l 8prezent *a perect4 e*te l*it 0n rm#tarele tipri $e prpz

*br$nate" pag 2L1a4 0n prpzi ii *biecti+e intr$*e $e it i*Ja* p**ible, prbable, li:el;, la rma airmati+#"ț

Ja*p**ible t6at t6e; mig6t 6a+e +i*ite$ t6e E-6ibitin t6e $a; bere. Era p*ibil ca ei *# i +izit

e-pzi iațc zi 0nainte.Nt#" La rma intergati+# *a negati+#, ace*te cn*trcYii *nt rmate $e *6l$ ininiti

Wa* i*p**ible t6at *6l$ 6a+e +i*ite$ t6e E-6ibitin alrea$ O Era pzibil ca ei *# i +izitat $e2

e-pzi ia Oțb4 0n prpzi ii cmpleti+e prepzi inale $p# be arai$" " Ke Ja* arai$ I mig6t trn $Jn 6ț ț

er. Se


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temea *# ni re*ping erta.c4 0n prpzi ii circm*tan iale $e *cp intr$*e $e cn2ncț ț Yiile t6at, * t6at, in r$er t6a

S6e repeate$t6e e-planatin * t6at $e ppil* mig6t n$er*tan$ t6e le**n better. A repetat e-plica ia cț

ele+ii *# 0nYeleagY mai bine lec ia.ț$4 0n prpzi ii cnce*i+e intr$*e $e t6g6, alt6g6, J6ate+er, 6Je+er, n matter etcț

pentr are$a ac ine ne*igr ț Y, pre*p*#" KJe+er tire$6e mig6t be, 6e m*t cme $Jn an$ ta

t *. ric1t $e b*it ar i, trebie *# cbare *# +rbea*c# c ni.1.1,.1#. ?o&l% @ i!fi!iti*&l. Sb2ncti+l analitic e-primat prin Jl$ ininiti+l prezent *a

perecte*te tilizat"&4 0n prpzi ii principale, pentr cn*trirea rmelr $e cn$iț Yinal"a4 cn$iYinall prezent, la tate per*anele, e*te rmat $in Jl$ ininiti+l prezent" T6e

Jl$ li:et cme nJ. Ei ar $ri *# +inY acm.b4 Jl$ ininiti+l perect e*te 0ntrebin at pentr rmarea cn$iț Yinalli trect la ta

per*anele"T6e; Jl$ 6a+e li:e$ t cme nJ. Ei ar $ri *# +inY acm.

)4 0n prpzi ii *br$nate"ța4 0n prpzi ii cmpleti+e $irecte, $p# +erbl Ji*6, pentr a e-prima ac ine $ritț ț Y, $a+1n$ p ineț

Yan*e $e realizare 0n +iitr" I Ji*6 6e Jl$ len$ me 6i* b:. 8bt I $n9t t6in: 6e Jill4. AY $*#mi

0mprmte cartea 8$ar n cre$ c# +a ace4.b4 0n prpzi ii circm*tan iale $e *cp intr?$*ț ț$e *

t6at" S6e :ept t6e $ in t6e +en * t6at t6e; Jl$ eat it 6t. A Yint m1ncarea 0n cptr c*

YYn1nce cal$#.$o22e!t CL1D$o22e!t CL#D

1.1,.1,. $o&l% @ i!fi!iti*&l.Cl$ ininiti+l e*te l*it $e bicei 0n Cl$ ininiti+l.

circm*tan iale $e *cp, ca alternati+# a li ma;mig6t ininiti+l. 7e*ebirea $intre ceț$#

cn*trcYii e*te rm#tarea" ma;mig6t e*te mai rmal i in$ic# n gra$ mai mare $șne*igranYY/ cl$

e*te tilizat 0n +rbire i in$ic# n gra$ mai mare $e ne*igranș YY/ cl$ e*te tilizat 0n +rbii in$ic# $eș

bicei ac ine realț Y" S6e *ent 6im mne; * t6at 6e cl$ b; t6e $ictinar;. Ia trimi* baca *#

part# cmp#ra *# cmpere $ic inarl.ț&.&@.&. Sb2ncti+l *a in$icati+l. 3n nele $in *ita iile $e mai ** 0n care *ț

0ntrebinYeazY*b2ncti+l analitic *e pate l*i i in$icati+l. Ace*ta e*te tilizat $e bicei c1n$ ac ineș ț

e*temen inat# ca n aptreal i n ca pre*pnere/ It9* a pit; ; 6a+e mi**e$ *c6 aț ș

pprtnit;. EYYcat c# ai pier$t a*emenea cazie. 8Se *bliniaz# i$eea $e a pier$e a*emenea cazieNt#" .

pag 2L7 1.15. For2ele !epero!ale ale *er+&l&i (The No!7Fi!ite For2 of the -er+)&.&.&. rmele neper*nale ale +erbli 0n limba englez# *nt ininiti+l, participil 0n in

rmaGern$ 8gernzil4 i participil trect.ș


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rmele neper*nale ale +erbli n a categriile gramaticale $e m$, per*an# i nm#r ș n pt

0n$eplini 0n prpzi ie nc ia $e pre$icat. 3n nele *ita ii 0n*# ele pt rma cn*trcț ț ț Yii ccaracter

pre$icati+ 0n care rma +erbal# *e al# 0ntrn raprt pre$icati+ implicit a # $e elementțnminal"

at6er cming 6me earl;, Je Jent r a Jal:. Tata +enin$ $e+reme aca*#, neam $* plimbare. T6e

preparatin* r t6e e-am cmplete$, t6e can$i$ate* Jere allJe$ t enter t6e e-aminati

rm.


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Timpl A*pectl cntin A*pectl cntin7iateza acti+# 7iateza pa*i+# 7iateza acti+#


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etc.4, permi*inea 8allJ, permit4, n r$in *a rg#minte 8r$er, cmman$, ree*t, bea*: etc.4"

We ree*te$ t6em t cmplete t6e *r+e;. Leam cert *# termine anc6eta. pag 2LLc4 Aten ie! 7p# +erbele $e percep ie" 6ear, *ee, Jatc6, ntice, b*er+e, percei+e i $pț ț ș

6a+e, let ișma:e 0n cn*trcYia Aczati+ c ininiti+ 8+ezi &(.@.&.4 *e l*e te ininiti+l *crt" I 6eaș

t6em cme.Iam azit +enin$. I ma$e 6er Jr: 6ar$er. Am #ct *# mncea*c# mai mlt.

Nt#" &. Verbl ntice pate i rmat i $e ininiti+l c t" I ntice$ t6em 8t4 cme. Iașb*er+at+enin$.). Verbele $e la pct. c4*nt rmate $e ininiti+l c t 0n tran*rmarea pa*i+# a cn*trc iț

Aczati+c ininiti+ Nminati+ c ininiti+" T6e; Jere 6ear$ t cme. S6e Ja* ma$e t Jr: 6ar$er.>4 0n cn*trcYia Ininiti+l c r t" T6e; Jere an-i* r 6er t begin 6er *ng. Era

nerYb$#tri caea *#Y i 0nceap# c1ntecl.ș(4 0n cn*trcYia Nminati+ c ininiti+" T6e; Jere ree*te$ t cmplete t6e *r+e;. Li *

cert *#termine anc6eta.

'4 $p# +erbe tranziti+e *a intranziti+e, 0n$eplinin$ nc ia $e cmplement circm*tan ial $ț ț*cp" Icame t tal: t ;. Am +enit 8ca4 *# *ta $e +rbY c tine.Nt#" Ininiti+l c nc ie $e cmplement circm*tan ial $e *cp pate i prece$at $e in r$ț ț

t, * a*t" Ke repetea$ t6e neJ Jr$* e+er;$a; 'in r$er4 nt t rget t6em. Repeta c+intele ni 0

iecare zica *# n le ite.&4 pentr a 0nlci prpzi ie *br$nat#, prece$at $e n prnmea$+erb intergati+, *aț

$e cn2ncYie"S6J me J6ere t g 85 J6ere I m*t g4.Ke 6a* tl$ me J6at t b; 85 J6at I m*t b;4.6J t $ it. 85 6J I *6l$ $ it4.Nt#"&. Verbl :nJ c *en*l $e a Yti cm *# ... e*te rmat $e 6Jininiti+" S6e :nJ

6J tcapti+ate 6er a$ience. Ytie cm *#Y i capti+eze a$itril.ș). rget, learn i teac6 *nt l*ite 0n m$ *imilar" S6e tag6t me 6J t catc6 btterlie*. Mș

a 0n+#Yatcm *# prin$ ltri.&&4


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8


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1.19.5. $arateritiile a%=eti*ale ale partiipi&l&i ! 7i!g.


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Gern$" I en2; learning Engli*6. 3mi place *# 0n+#Y engleza.


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Scrierea c#YYilr ia arte mlt timp.b4 e*te 0ntrebin at $p# prepziț Yii" ATER Jal:ing r an 6r, Je Jent t t6e cinema. 7p

ce neamplimbat r#, neam $* la cinema. Ke i* in t6e 6abit ging i*6ing e+er; Jee:. A

biceil biYnieYte *# meargY la pe*cit 0n iecare *#pt#m1n#.c4 pe plan *intactic, Gern$l 0n$epline te nc ii prprii *b*tanti+liș ț&4 *biect" Camping i* t6e i$eal Ja; t *pen$ a 6li$a;.Nt#" Sbiectl e-primat prin Gern$ e*te a$e*eri intr$* $e n it anticipati+" It9* n g

Jrring.It9* 6pele** tr;ing t get t6i* car ging.)4 parte $intrn pre$icat +erbal, $p# +erbele in$ic1n$ 0nceptl begin, *tart/ cntinare

cntine, gn, :eep 8n4 i *1n itl ac inii" *tp, en$, ini*6, cea*e"ș ș țKe BEGAN *earc6ing r t6e $cment.Ke WENT N *earc6ing r t6e $cment.Ke INISCKE7 *earc6ing r t6e $cment.@4 nme pre$icati+ 8rar4" Seeing i* $cment.4 cmplement $irect" anc; meeting ; 6ere !?4 parte $intrn cmplement prepziYinal" Ke Ja* *ccee$e$ in cllecting all t6e material.4 parte $intrn cmplement cmple-"

I can imagine 6er getting p*et.I can imagine Mar;9* getting p*et.>4 parte $intrn cmplement circm*tan ial 8prece$at $e prepzi ie care in$ic#ț ț Y i ellșcmplementli" $e timp" Ater c;cling $Jn t6e a+ene, 6e trne$ rig6t. $e m$" Ke Jn t6e cmpetitin b; e**ing all t6e an*Jer*.(4 parte $intrn atribt prepziYinal" I 6a$ t6e plea*re tra+elling Jit6 t6em.&.&>.@. 3ntrebin area rmei Gern$ț&4 rma Gern$ e*te l*it#"a4 $p# prepziYii ca ater, bere, b;, r, rm, n etc., care in$ic# rela ii temprale, cazalț

$e m$,$e *cp, etc." N Ja:ing p, 6e n$ 6im*el in a 6*pital Jar$. C1n$ *a trezit *a +#zt 0nt

n *aln$e *pital. Rea$ ;r paper again BERE 6an$ing it in. Cite te 0nc# $at# lcrarea 0nainte *ș

pre$ai.9ll get a tic:et R par:ing 6ere. Ai *# primeYti amen$# pentr c# ai parcat aici. S6e :eep

6ealt6;B :eeping a *trict $iet. 3 i men ine *#ș ț YYtatea Yin1n$ n regim *trict.b4 $p# p#r i $e +rbire rmate 0n m$ bligatri $e anmite prepziț Yii" *b*tanti+e c prepzi ie bligatrie" $bt abt/ ca*e, rea*n r/ belieț

cni$ence,$elig6t, $iiclt;, e-perience, ait6, intere*t, lc:, pri$e in/ c6arge, a+r, 6abit, 6p

intentin,pprtnit;, pint / cntribtin, b2ectin, pp*itin t/ etc. Ke 6a* a lt

E[


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ei+alent, pp*e$, *e$ t/ ann;e$, bre$, cntent, $elig6te$, ri*, $i*appinte6app;,

plea*e$, *ati*ie$, *ic:, p*et Jit6. I am 7ELIGKTE7 AT 6er Jinning t6e ir*t prize. Sn 0nc1ntat c#

a c1 tigat premil 0nt1i.șI am USE7 T getting p earl;.Snt biYnit *# m# *cl $e+reme. +erbe c prepzi ie bligatrie" cmplain, $ream, learn, Jrr; abt/ aim, 6e*itate /ț

ig6t,

*trggle again*t/ begin, cncl$e, en$ b;/ aplgize, care r/ pre+ent, rec+ererain, retire rm/ belie+e, cn*i*t, $elig6t, participate, *ccee$ in/ acc*e, appr+e, ba*t, cmplai

cn*it,6ear, t6in: / agree, cncentrate, cngratlate, cnt, $eci$e, c*, in*i*t, li+e, rel; n

agree,cntribte, l: rJar$, b2ect, re*rt t/ agree Jit6.I $n9t AGREE T ;r lea+ing earlier t6an t6e t6er*.I BXECT T ;r lea+ing earlier t6an t6e t6er*.N *nt $e acr$ *# pleci mai $e+reme $ec1t ceilal i. I Jn9t KEAR b;ing a neJ TV *eț

N +rea*# a$ *# cmpYYYm n tele+izr n. I9m L\ING RWAR7 T *eeing ; agai

AYtept cnerYb$are *# te +#$ $in n. T6e*e mea*re* CNTRIBUTE T *trengt6ening peace an*ecrit;.

Ace*te m#*ri cntribie la 0ntYrirea pYcii i *ecritș YYii.)4 Gern$ e*te 0ntrebin at $p# *b*tanti+l *e 0n cntrcț Yia it i* n *e *a t6ere i* n *

i $p#șa$2ecti+l Jrt6" T6i* b: i* WRTK rea$ing. Acea*t# carte meritY cititY. IT9S N USE tr;in

tmen$ t6e +acmcleaner. 7egeaba 0ncerci *# repari a*piratrl.@4 $p# +erbe tranziti+e" a$mit, a+i$, cn*i$er, $en;, $ete*t, $i*li:e, e*cape, anc;, ini*6, gi+

p,cannt 6elp, :eep 8n4, $n9t min$, mi**, p*tpne, practi*e, pt , re*ent, re*i*t, ri*:, cann

*tan$,*tp, *gge*t etc. m*t AVI7 being late in tre. Trebie *# e+iYi *# 0nt1rzii 0n +iitr. K

KASGIVEN U< *m:ing. Sa lY*at $e mat. I CANNT KEL< lag6ing at 6i* 2:e*. N pt *# n

r1$ laglmele li. I CANNT STAN7 being interrpte$ in m; Jr:. N pt *eri *# i 0ntrerpt $

lcr.4 $p# +erbe e-prim1n$ acti+itate mintal#" rget, remember, n$er*tan$ etc *a *ta

*letea*c#"cannt bear, $rea$, 6ate, li:e, l+e, neglect, preer, regret, etc. 0n alternanYY c ininiti+l

remember being $i*appinte$. 3mi aminte*c c# am *t $ezam#git. I KATE t6eir arri+ing late. Nmi plac

c# 0nt1rzie.?4 $p# +erbe in$ic1n$ n prce*" plan, tr;, n$erta:e/ 0nceptl" begin, *tart/ cntinare

cntine *a*1r itl ac inii" cea*e, 0n alternanș ț YY c ininiti+l.T6e; STARTE7 cmparing nte*.T6e; CNTINUE7 cmparing nte*.T6e; CEASE7 cmparing nte*.

pag 2B2 1.1:.5. Tra%&ere. rma Gern$ n are cre*pn$ent perect 0n limba rm1n#. Ea *

tra$ce $ebicei, 0n nc ie $e cnte-t, prin"ț


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a4 n gernzi" Ke ente$ 6i* *peec6 b; t6an:ing e+er;b$; r t6eir attentin. Yia 0nc6eic+1ntarea

mlYmin$ ttrr pentr aten ie.țb4 n *b*tanti+" SJimming :eep* ; it. 3ntl te men ine 0n rm#.țc4 prpzi ie *br$nat#" Ke i* n$ rea$ing al$. 3i place *# citea*c# c gla* tare.ț1.1:.6. I!fi!iti*&l & to i for2a Ger&!%.ș Ininiti+l c t i rma Gern$ a neș

caracteri*tici*b*ta*tanti+ale i +erale cmne, $atrit# c#rra"șa4 pt a+ea"

*biect" I Jant ; t g ir*t. I can9t *tan$ Tm interrpting me all t6e time/ cmplement $irect" I inten$ t rea$ t6i* tmrrJ. I remember *pen$ing a 6li$a; Jit6 t6em cmplement circm*tan ial" We Jante$ t g t t6e t6eatre. Ke 6a$ t6e beneit *t$;ing ț

aRmanian ni+er*it;.b4 pt 0n$eplini acelela i nc ii 0n prpzi ie"ș ț ț *biect, nme pre$icati+" T *ee 6er i* t li:e 6er. Seeing i* belie+ing. cmplement $irect" I l+e t *Jim in t6e *ea. I l+e *Jimming. atribt prepziYinal" Ke 6a* n $e*ire t g. Ke 6a* n intentin ging etc.

3n alte cazri 0n*#, nmai na $in cele $# rme e*te p*ibilY. Vm analiza $eci cazrile"&4 c1n$ *e l*e te nmai ininiti+l/ș)4 c1n$ *e l*e te nmai rma Gern$/ș

@4 c1n$ *e pate l*i *a ininiti+l *a Gern$l i care *nt $ieren ele $e *en*.ș ț&.&>.. l*irea ininiti+li c t e*te bligatrie"a4 $p# +erbele enmerate la =&.&?.@. pct. " arange, a*:, attempt, c6*e, $eci$e, $eman

etc. agree,aim, cn*ent, $etermine, 6pe, manage, etc."T6e; 7ECI7E7 t ma:e ant6er attempt.T6e; AGREE7 t ma:e ant6er attempt.T6e; CNSENTE7 t ma:e ant6er attempt.b4 $p# +erbe, *b*tanti+e *a a$2ecti+e, pentr a e-prima *cpl"We 6rrie$ t e-plre$ t6e ca+e.We 6a$ n time e-plre$ t6e ca+e.We n$ it e-citing e-plre$ t6e ca+e.c4 0n cn*trcYia Aczati+ c ininiti+, $p# +erbe care e-prim# n r$in *a rg#minte"Ke R7ERE7 * t lea+e imme$iatel;.Ke RE]UESTE7 * t lea+e imme$iatel;.Ke AS\E7 * t lea+e imme$iatel;.1.1:.:. Foloirea for2ei Ger&!% ete o+ligatoriea4 $p# +erbele enmerate la = &.&>.@. pct. @" Ke AVI7S mentining t6e *b2ect. W6; $ ;


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c4 Gern$ in$ic# ac ine anteriar#, ininiti+l *cpl ac inii e-primate $e +erbl pre$icatț țKe

*tppe$ rea$ing. Sa prit $in citit. Ke *tppe$ t rea$ t6e a$+erti*ement. Sa prit *# citea*creclama.

$4 Gern$l *e reer# la ac ine $eliberatț Y, ininiti+l, la ac ine in+lntar ț Y" S6e bega*pea:ing. A

0ncept *# +rbea*c#. S6e began t Jeep. A 0ncept *# pl1ng#, etc.7ea*ebirile $e 0ntrebin are $intre ininiti+ i rma Gern$, $etaliate pe +erbe, *ț ș

rm#tarele"

1.1:.;. eoe+irile %e !tre+&i! are %i!tre i!fi!iti* i Ger&!%ț șVerb, Ininiti+ Gern$Sb*tanti+,

A$2ecti+Sen* E-empl Sen* E-empl6ate, li:e,$i*li:e, preer c reerire la anmit# cazie"I 6ate t get pearl; nMn$a;*.

I li:e t g tcncert* ac ine +#ztț Y

0n general"I 6ate gettingp earl;.I li:e ging tcncent*.cn$cte$ b;In Vic.remember rget ac inețp*teriarY"I m*t remeber t p*t t6eletter.I rgt tp6ne 6er la*tnig6t. ac inețanteriar#"I remember p*ting t6eletter.I9ll ne+er rget*eeing 6er $ance.regret ac ineț*imltanY cregretl"I regret t *a; itJa*n9t tre. ac inețanteriar#"I regret *a;ingit Ja*n9t tre.


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begincea*e ac inețin+lntarYIt began t rainJ6ile t6e; JereJal:ing.Ke began trealize 6i*

mi*ta:e. ac ineț$eliberatY"Ke beganJriting J6en 6eJa* it;.*tp *cplac inii"țKe *tppe$ ttal: t 6er. 85 inr$er t tal:4 0ncetarea

ac inii"țKe *tppe$tal:ing. 8Kebecame *ilent4.cntine, $rea$,ear, inten$,neglect rec+ent 0n+rbire i 0nșe-primarea*cri*# amiliarY"I inten$ t*pen$ t6e6li$a;* at t6e*ea*i$e. 0n limba *cri*#,literar#"I inten$*pen$ing m;6li$a;* at t6e*ea*i$e.$e*er+e, nee$,reire, Jant ininiti+ pa*i+" Ki* *tatementnee$* t bec6ec:e$. cn*trcYia cGern$ mairec+ent# $ec1tc ininiti+lpa*i+"r *6e*nee$ men$ing.tr; a 0ncerca, aace n ert"Tr; t JriteJit6 ;r let


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6an$.8;r rig6t6an$ i* inpla*ter4 a trece prin, ae-perimenta"I trie$ JrittingJit6 m; let6an$ J6en IJa* a c6il$.

mean a intenYina" I meant t tell;, bt Irgt. a 0n*emna" Ki* cmingtmrrJmean* mt6er9*Jr:ing e-tra6ar$ t$a;.allJ, permit cmplementin$irect alper*anei"Ke $e*n9t

allJ permitppil* t tal:$ring te*t*. #r#cmplementin$irect"Ke $e*n9tallJ permittal:ing $ringte*t*.pprtnit; +erbl be 5n mmentcn+enabil,cazie"T62i* Jill be ag$pprtnit; 8r ;4 t meet p*ibilitate" I 6a$ t6epprtnit; meeting 6im.6im.arai$ 0ntr anmit#*ita ie"țI9m arai$ t$i*trb 6im att6i* late 6r. 0n general" I can9t pla;recr$* 6ere a*I9m arai$ $i*trbing 6im.

pag 2B7 &.&>.'.E-i*t# i *ita ii 0n care l*irea ininiti+li c t *a a Gern$li n implic# $ierenș ț

mari $e*en*"a4 Unele *b*tanti+e, ca ambitin, c6ange, c6arge, 6nr, intentin, p**ibilit;, pt i rma

ie $e


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ininiti+, ir $e Gern$" We 6a$ t6e KNUR meeting t6e great *inbger. Am a+nrea $e a

i prezenta i marei c1nt#reț Ye. I $ nt 6a+e t6e KNUR t belng t t6i* a**ciatin. N anarea

$e a i membr al ace*tei a*cia ii. S6e 6a$ n INTENTIN ging n t6e trip. N a+ea nț

inten ie *# meargț Y 0n e-cr*ie. S6e let at eig6t, Jit6 t6e INTENTIN t g t be$ earl;. plecat la (

c inten ia *# *e clce $e+reme.ț

b4 Unele *b*tanti+e, a$2ecti+e *a +erbe pt i l*ite neri #r# prepzi ie, i atnci *ț șrmate $en ininiti+, iar alteri c prepzi ie i atnci *nt rmate $e n Gern$" S6e AGREE7 t cmț ș

A *t$e acr$ *# +inY" I AGREE T 6er cming. Snt $e acr$ *# +inY. We 7ECI7E7 t +i*it t6ee-6ibitin. Am 6t#r1t *# +izitYm e-pzi ia. We 7ECI7E7 N +i*iting t6e e-6ibitin. Jeț

iteRIGKT t re*e 6i* er. Ai a+t $reptate *#i rezi erta. S6e Ja* RIGKT IN re*ing 6im

8Ea4 aYYct bine c# la rezat.

Aten ie la rm#tarele *ita ii care prezint# $e*eri $iicltț ț YYi pentr ele+ii rm1ni"a4 manage ininiti+/ *ccee$ in Gern$/ Ke MANAGE7 t *et e+er;t6ing rig6t, $ar" Ke

SUCCEE7E7 IN *etting e+er;t6ing rig6t.b4 aim ininiti+/ aim at Gern$"T6i* b: AIMS t gi+e $e*criptin t6e *trctre pre*ent $a; Engli*6.T6i* b: AIMS AT gi+ing $e*criptin t6e *trctre pre*ent $a; Engli*6.c4 cca*in ininiti+/ pprtnit; Gern$" I 6pe I Jn9t 6a+e CCASIN 85 rea*

r nee$t4 t pni*6 ;. Sper c# n +i a+ea mti+e *# te pe$ep*e*c. I I 6a+e CCASIN t me

6im, I9llgi+e 6im ;r me**age. 7ac# am mti+ *#l 0nt1lne*c, am *#i tran*mit me*a2l tY. I I 6a+

an


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Ke Ja* terrr *tric:en 8l*it pre$icati+4.Ke Ja* *tric:en Jit6 e+er.MJn gra**6a; 8$ar atribti+4

A 6an$*eJn $re**. A clean*6a+en man. A *6rn lamb.S6rn:en clt6e*.Sn:en e;e*.SJn *ee$*.

Spilt mil:. A *pilt c6il$.Wrg6t irn/ Jrg6tp ner+e*.1.1;.6. F&! iile i!tatie ale partiipi&l&i tre&t.ț


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I 6a$ beencalle$ViitrlaprpiatI am ging tcallI am ging tbe calling

I am ging tbe calle$Viitrl *impl I *6allJill call I *6all Jill becallingI *6allJill becalle$Viitrl perect I *6allJill 6a+e calle$I *6allJill 6a+ebeen calling

I *6allJill 6a+ebeen calle$Sb2ncti+l I callI *6l$ calletc.I be callingI *6l$ becalling etc.I be calle$I *6l$ becalle$ etc.Cn$iYinallprezentI *6l$Jl$ callI *6l$Jl$be callingI *6l$Jl$be calle$.Cn$iYinalltrectI *6l$Jl$ 6a+ecalle$I *6l$Jl$6a+e beencallingI *6l$Jl$6a+e beencalle$Imperati+l Let me call !Call !Let me bbe


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calling !Be calling !Let me becalle$ !Be calle$ !Ininiti+lprezentcall be calling be calle$

Ininiti+lperect6a+e calle$ 6a+e beencalling6a+e beencalle$


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1.1


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1.1


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c4 7 e*te 0ntrebin at pentr *blinierea pre$icatli la rma airmati+# a in$icati+lțtimprile

prezent i


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2ace 0nainte ca ei *# plece.b4 n prime*c * la per*ana a IIIa *inglar 8c e-cep ia li be t i 6a+e t4" Ke m*t *ee t6ț ș

pla;.Trebie *# +a$# acea*t# pie*#.c4 rmeaz# intergati+l i negati+l #r# a2trl a-iliarli $$i$ 8c e-cep ia li 6a+e tș ț

M*t ;$ t6i* O Trebie *# aci a*ta O S6e cannt *Jim. N tieș *# 0nate, $ar" 7 ; 6a+e t t;p

t6at reprtO Trebie *# $actilgraiezi raprtl O

pag 2M2 $4 *nt rmate $e ininiti+l *crt al +erbelr n inale 8c e-cep ia li be t, 6a+e t, g6t tț țS6e can c:. Ytie *# gYtea*c#, $ar" Ke 6a* t get p earl; e+er; $a;. Trebie *# *e *ca

$e+reme 0niecare zi.C1n$ *nt rmate $e ininiti+l prezent, +erbele m$ale *e reer# la ac ine prezent# *aț

+iitare" Kemig6t be t6ere nJ. Sar ptea ca el *# ie acl acm. S6e mig6t cme later. Ea *ar ptea *

+inY mait1rzi.C1n$ *nt rmate $e ininiti+l prezent, +erbele m$ale *e reer# la acYine prezent# *a

+iitare" Ke

mig6t be t6ere nJ. Sar ptea ca el *# ie acl acm. S6e mig6t cme later. ea *ar ptea *+inY mait1rzi.C1n$ *nt rmate $e ininiti+l perect, ac inea e-primat# $e +erbl n inal are n caractț ț

trect, $eanteriritate" Ke mig6t 6a+e been 6ere bere Je arri+e$. Sar ptea *# i *t aici 0nainte *

**im ni.e4 pe plan *intactic, +erbele m$ale $eecti+e alc#tie*c n pre$icat +erbal cmp* 0mpren

c n alt+erb la ininiti+" can b; a TV*et in in*talment*.


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nea+rabile4.Viitr" I9ll be able t *:ate ne-t ;ear.Cn$iYinal" Wl$ ; be able t manage b; ;r*el i it Ja* nece**ar; OCl$ ; manage b; ;r*el i it Ja* nece**ar; OTeai ptea $e*crca *ingr $ac# ar i ne+ie O

Aten ie ! 7ieren a $e *en* 0ntre cl$ i Ja*Jere able t *e pier$e la negati+ *a c +erbe $ț ț șpercep ie"ț

I cl$n9t *:i ;e*ter$a; a* t6e Jeat6er Ja* +er; ba$.I Ja*n9t able t *:i ;e*ter$a; a* t6e Jeat6er Ja* +er; ba$.

I cl$n9t *ee 6im in t6e $ar:.I Ja*n9t able t *ee 6im in t6e $ar:. pag 2M1)4 Can e*te l*it pentr a e-prima permi*inea, ca alternati+# a li man; 0n e-primare

amiliarY" A"Can I brrJ ;r mbrella O B" cr*e ; can.


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M*t nt 8m*n9t4 e*te l*it pentr a e-prima inter$icYia, mai ale* 0n reglamentin*trcYini"

m*tn9t Jal: n t6e gra**. N c#lca i pe iarbț Y.Ec6i+alentl m$al pentr e-primarea permi*inii e*te be allJe$ t be permitte$ t"Ke Ja* allJe$ t g. I *a permi*I *a $at +ie *# plece.Ke Ja* permitte$ t g. I *a permi*I *a $at +ie *# plece.

pag 2M7 )4 Ma;mig6t pate e-prima cerere, rg#minte plitica*# 8ma; e*te mai plitic* i icș

$ec1t

cancl$4" Ma; I *e ;r p6ne O 3mi $a i +ie *# $a telen Oțl*irea li mig6t 0n ace*t *en* in$ic# n gra$ $e ne*igranYY mai mare $ec1t ma; 8cpri+ire la

YY*pn*4" Mig6t I *e ;r p6ne O AY ptea *# $a n telen O@4 Ma;mig6t ininiti+l prezent e-prim# p*ibilitate prezent# *a +iitare 80n *a $p

mmentl+rbirii4"Ke ma; cme t$a;. Se pate *# +inY azi.Ke mig6t cme tmrrJ. Sar ptea *# +inY m1ine.Mig6t e*te l*it"a4 pentr a e-prima p*ibilitate mai 0n$ep#rtatY 8*ar ptea...4b4 $p# n +erb trect, 0n +rbirea in$irect#" Ke *ai$ 6e mig6t cme.

c4 0n raze cn in1n$ *br$nate cn$i inale" I ; *6te$, 6e mig6t 6ear ;. 7ac# ț ț*triga, *ar ptea *# te a$#.La rma intergati+#Y i negati+#, ma; e-prim1n$ p*ibilitatea e*te 0nlcit $e cn*trcș Yi

$ ; t6in: prezent +iitr *a be li:el; ininiti+"7 ; t6in: 6e9ll cme t$a; O Crezi c# *# +inY a*t#zi OI* 6e li:el; t cme t$a; O Crezi c# *# +inY a*t#zi OMa;mig6t ininiti+l perect e*te l*it pentr a e-prima *pecla ie $e*pre ac inț ț

trect#"Ke ma; 6a+e arri+e$. Se pate *# i **it.Ke mig6t 6a+e arri+e$. Sar ptea *# i **it.4 Mig6t mai e*te l*it"a4 0n cereri in*i*tente *a atnci c1n$ +rbitrl e*te iritat $e ne0n$eplinirea nei ac ini 8migț

ininiti+l prezent4" mig6t gi+e me a cp; t6at paper. 8


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9clc: e+er; mrning. I begin Jr: ar *e+en.3HO/L. S6all e*te l*it"&4 pentr a e-prima bliga ie, 0n *til icial acte, reglamente, etc. la per*ana a IIa i a IIIț ș

T6e*eller *6all *ppl; t6e *pare part* in $e time.


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V1nzYtrl +a rniza pie*ele $e *c6imb 0n timp til.V1nzYtrl e*te bligat *# rnizeze pie*ele $e *c6imb 0n timp til.)4 S6all e*te l*it 0n prpzi ii intergati+e, la per*ana I *inglar *a plral"ța4 pentr a cere n *at, *ge*tie, n r$in" W6ere *6all Je pt t6e lJer* O Un$e *# pne

lrile OS6all Je g t t6e cinema tnig6t O 8Ce *pi4, mergem la cinema $i*ear# O W6at *6all I $

Ce trebie*# ac Ob4 pentr a ace ertY" S6all I 6elp ; O S te a2t O

S6l$ e*te l*it pentr a e-prima"&4 bliga ia, nece*itatea lgic# $e 0n ț Yptire a nei ac ini, $e bicei *b rm# $e *at $țc#tre +rbitr"

T6e b: i* +er; intere*ting. *6l$ rea$ it. Cartea e arte intere*antY. Ar trebi *citeYti. Ke

*6l$n9t tell lie*. Nar trebi *# mintY.)4 pre*pnere 8in$ic1n$ n gra$ $e ne*igranYY mai mare $ec1t Jill4" Ke *6l$ be t6e

b; nJ. Ar trebi *# i a2n* acl $e2a. Ke *6l$ 6a+e let b; nJ. Ar trebi *# i plecat $e2a.@4 S6l$ e*te rec+ent l*it 0n prpzi iile *br$nate 8+ezi cap. )?4"ța4 0n prpzi ii *biecti+e" It9* *trange t6at 6e *6l$ be6a+e li:e t6at.țb4 0n prpzi ii cmpleti+e $irecte" I *gge*t Je *6l$ lea+e at nce.ț

c4 0n prpzi ii cn$iț Yinate pentr a e-prima cn$iYie mai p in prbabilț Y" I *6e *6cme, tell 6er t Jait r me. 7ac# *e 0nt1mpl# *# +inY, *pnei *# m# aYtepte.$4 0n prpzi ii $e *cp, 0n paralel c Jl$" S6e pt n 6er *n gla**e* * t6at ne nț

*6l$Jl$ *ee6er tear*. 3 i p*e c6elarii $e *are ca *# ni +a$# nimeni lacrimile.șe4 0n prpzi ii $e *cp negati+e, $p# le*t i neri $p# in ca*e" S6e Ja* arai$ in ca*e *6ț ș

*6l$ *lipn t6e ic; ra$. 3i era team# *# n alnece pe $rml 0ng6eYat.S6l$ ininiti+l perect e-prim# ne0n$eplinirea nei bliga ii *a a nei ac ini 0n trectț ț "

*6l$6a+e *ent 6er a telegram. W6; $i$n9t ; O Ar i trebit *#i trim YYi telegram#. 7e ce n

#ct O1.#0.:. O/GHT TO. g6t t in$ic# bligYYia *a $atria, $e bicei *b rm# $e *at $at $

c#tre+rbitr 8la el ca *6l$4"

A" g6t t ini*6 t6e b: bere ging n 6li$a;. A" Ar trebi *# termini cartea 0nainte *pleci

0n +acaYYY.B" I :nJ I *6l$. B" Yti car trebi.E-primarea ni *at, a nei recman$#ri, *ge*tii, prin g6t t*6l$ e*te mai p YY

pternic# $ec1tprin m*t" Cmpar YYi" *6l$ *ee a $ctr. Ar trebi *# te $ci la $ctr. g6t t *ee a $ctr. Ar trebi *# te $ci la $ctr. m*t *ee a $ctr. Trebie *# te $ci la $ctr.g6t t ininiti+l perect e-prim# $atrie ne0n$eplinitY, aYYine care ar i treb

eectatY 8la elca *6l$4" g6t t 6a+e cr**e$ J6en t6e lig6t* Jere green. *6l$ 6a+e cr**e$ J6en t6e lig6t* Jere green.

Ar i trebit *# tra+er*ezi c1n$ lmina *emarli era +er$e. pag 2MB g6tn9t t 6a+e cr**e$ J6en t6e lig6t* Jere re$. *6l$n9t 6a+e cr**e$ J6en t6e lig6t* Jere re$.Nar i trebit *# tra+er*ezi pe lmina r iș e a *emarli.g6t t*6l$ r#m1ne ne*c6imbat 0n +rbirea in$irect#, $p# n +erb la n timp trect."


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Ke tl$ me ; g6t t attent t6e cnerence.Ke tl$ me ; *6l$ attent t6e cnerence.Mia *p* c# ar trebi *# +ii la cneriYYY.1.#0.;. ?ILL>?O/L. Will e*te l*it pentr a e-prima"&4 cman$# imper*nalY 8*imilar c m*t, be t4" Jill cme 6ere at nce. Vin 0ncac

ime$iat.)4 in*i*teYYa, 6t#r1rea $e a eecta aYYine" Ke Jill *t$; c6emi*tr; J6ate+er 6i* at6

*a;*. Va*t$ia e*te $eci* *# *t$ieze c6imia, in$ierent $e pYrerea tat#li *#.

@4 aYYine repetat#, n bicei al nei per*ane 8Jill rec+entati+4" Ke Jill *it n t6e bencr 6r*an$ gaze at t6e *tar*. biYnieYte *# *tea ren iș r pe banc# iș *# *e ite la *tele.4 in+itYYie, 0n prpzYYii intergati+e, la per*ana a IIa" Will ; 6a+e ant6er *anJic6

Mai +rei iate rg n *an$+iY.?4 cerere *a rg#minte 8pe n tn plitic*, $ar mai atritar $ec1t Jl$4" Will ; *ign t6

regi*ter O V rg *# *emnYYi 0n regi*tr.4 inteYYie *pntan#, nepreme$itat#, 0n mmentl +rbirii la per*ana I 8$e bicei cntra*

ll4" A" I9m t6ir*t;. B" I9ll etc6 ; a gla** Jater. A" Mie *ete. B" SYi a$c n pa6ar c ap#.

Will $e+ine Jl$ *a ininiti+ 0n +rbirea in$irect#, 0n nYYie *e *en*"Wl$ e*te l*it"&4 pentr a e-prima cerere, rg#minte plitica*#"Wl$ ; $ me a+r O Vr YYi *#mi acYYi n *er+ici OWl$ ; $ me a a+r O V rg *#mi acYYi n *er+ici ONt#" Wl$ li:e e*te $e bicei l*it 0n lcl li Jant, iin$ rm# $e e-primare m

plitica*#"I Jl$ li:e t tal: t t6e manager.I Jant t tal: t t6e manager.

AY $ri *# +rbe*c c $irectrl.Wl$ ; li:e t tal: t 6im nJ O 7r YYi c el acm O)4 Ca rma $e


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)4 aYYine repetat#, n bicei trect, care mai e*te practicat iș 0n prezent" T6e; *e$ *pen$ t6eir

6li$a;* in t6e mntain*. 8It9* +er; li:el; t6e; *till $ it.4. AteYYie ! &. U*e$ t pate i 0nlcit $e Jl$ la *en*l )4. Wl$ e*te rec+ent" T6e; J

*pen$ t6eir 6li$a;* in t6e mntain*.Y iș petrecea +acaYYele la mnte.bi nia *#ș iș petreac# +acaYYele la mnte.

AteYYie ! U*e$ t n are rm# la prezent.


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0n$r Yzni*e nici$at# *# m# 0ntrebe. AteYYie ! Verbl $are e*te rmat $e ininiti+l c t c1n$ e*te l*it ca +erb principal" K

$are$ me tcmpete Jit6 6im. Ma pr+cat la 0ntrecere.E[ERCYYIII. rtgraiYYi rm#tarele +erbe la per*ana a IIIa *inglar . are ; $ing/ am l:ing/ 6a+e ; been l:ing/came/ $i$ ; came/ came.III. Tra$cYYi 0n limba englez#"&.


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@. Cpiii a *t bine 0ngri2YYi.. C1inele a *t c#lcat $e n atbz.?. Vr r1$e $e tine $ac# +ei prta rc6ia a*ta.Rezl+are"&. T6i* matter m*t be l:e$ int.). T6i* be$ 6a* nt been *lept in.@. T6e c6il$ren Jere Jell l:e$ ater.. T6e $g Ja* rn +er b; a b*.?. Jill be lag6e$ at i ; Jear t6i* $re**.

VI. 3 n prpzYYiile $e mai 2*, 0nlcYYi, *b2ncti+l *intetic c *b2ncti+l analitic c*6l$ *a ma;"E-empl"a4 It i* nece**ar; t6at 6e *an$ t6e letter at nce.It i* nece**ar; t6at 6e *6l *en$ t6e letter at nce.b4 W6e+er t6e Jman be, ; m*t *en$ r a $ctr.W6e+er t6e Jman ma; be, ; m*t *en$ r a $ctr.&. at6er in*i*te$ t6at 6i* *n rea$ b:* in Rmania 6i*tr;.). It i* imperati+e t6at t6e; e-cee$ pr$ctin.@. T6e $ctr recmmen$e$ t6at t6e l$ Jman :eep t be$ r a eJ $a;*.. Lng *6e be 6app;.?. T6e c6airman $eman$e$ t6at prp*al* be ma$e.

VII. Tra$cYYi 0n limba englez# l*in$ rme ale *b2ncti+li *intetic *a analitic"&. E*te recman$abil *# ii acl la ra ( i-.). Ei cer ca trpele inamice *# ie retra*e $e pe teritril lr.@. 7e ce *# acem ni a*ta O. 7riYYa li ca ni *# $e+enim pre*ri *a 0n$eplinit.?. ie ce i, +i prni mtrl.Rezl+are"&. It i* a$+i*able t6at ; be *6l$ be t6ere at eig6t 9clc: *6arp.). T6e; reire t6at t6e enem; trp* be*6l$ be Jit6$raJn rm t6eir territr;.@. W6; *6l$ Je $ t6i*O. Ki* Ji*6 t6at Je *6l$ becme teac6er* 6a* been lille$.?. Cme J6at ma;, I9ll *tart t6e engine.

pag 2M@VIII.


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@. Ke Jrrie*... 8l*e4 6i* p*itin.. Ke inall; *ccee$e$... 8p*t4 t6e letter.?. S6e in*i*t*... 8$4 e+er;t6ing 6er*el.. T6i* re*earc6 aim*... 8in$4 a mre eicient met6$.Rezl+a i"ț&. rm lea+ing). *t$;ing/@. abt l*ing/. in p*ting/

?. n $ing/. at in$ing.[.


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Rezl+are"&. llJing.). llJe$.@. intere*ting.. intere*te$.?. rzen. reezing.[III. Tra$ceYi 0n limba englez#"&. CYYile 0mprmtate $e la biblitec# trebie 0napiate la timp.

). ere*trele *alnli *e $e*c6i$ea *pre tera*# c pri+ire la mare.@. Azin$ pa i, *e 0ntar*e tre*#rin$.ș. Tate lcrrile pe care le Ytim $e mlt ne *nt $ragi.?. TYc, pYr1n$ mirat $e prtarea mea.. 7p# ce a terminat cea+ea $e #ct, *e ri$ic# *# prea*c# ma ina.șRezl+area"&. B:* brrJe$ rm t6e librar; m*t be retrne$ in time.). T6e Jin$J* t6e $raJingrm pene$ n t a terrace +erl:ing t6e *ea.@. Kearing t*tep*, 6e trne$ Jit6 a *tart.. All lng :nJn b2ect* are $ear t *.?. Ke :ept *ilent, a* i pzzle$ b; m; be6a+ir.. Ka+ing cmplete$ 6er piece Jr:, *6e r*e t *Jitc6 t6e mac6ine.

[IV. 3nlciYi c+intele *cri*e cr*i+ c +erbe ptri+ite ca *en* i +erbe n inale la ininiti+ș țprezent*a perect"E-empl"We are blige$ t $ r 6meJr: e+er; $a;.We 6a+e t $ r 6emJr: e+er; $a;.&. are gi+en permi**in t lea+e.).


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a4 $enmeYte biecte 0n *en* arte larg, a$ic# iinYe, lcrri, enmene 8man, c6air, *nJal:,

Ji*$m4/b4 are categrii gramaticale $e gen, nm#r i caz/șc4 pate 0n$eplini 0n prpzi ie nc iile $e *biect, nme pre$icati+, atribt, apzi iț ț ț

cmplement,element pre$icati+ *plimentar, *a pate i ec6i+alentl nei prpzi ii *a raze.ț#.#. $laifiare.Sb*tanti+ele $in limba englez# pt i cla*iicate $in mai mlte pncte $e +e$ere.

).).&. 7in pnct $e +e$ere al rm#rii lr, *b*tanti+ele *e 0mpart 0n"a4 *b*tanti+e *imple" b;, meal, $a;/b4 *b*tanti+e rmate $in $eri+are c *i-e *a prei-e" c6il$6$, $i*g*t, n6appine**/c4 *b*tanti+e rmate prin cmpnere 8*b*tanti+ele cmpn*e4" *c6lb;, cla**rm/

pag 2A7 $4 *b*tanti+e rmate prin cn+er*ine, $in alte p#r i $e +rbire"ț a$2ecti+e" t6e g$, t6e e+il, t6e ric6, t6e pr/ +erbe la ininiti+" c:, all/ +erbe la Gern$" rea$ing, b-ing/ +erbe la participil trect" t6e in2re$/e4 *b*tanti+e rmate prin cntragere" a$ 8a$+erti*ement4, ri$ge 8rerigeratr4, g;

8g;mna*im4, lab

8labratr;4, li+ 8li+ingrm4, pl; 8pl;tec6nic4, pram 8peramblatr4, pb 8pblic 6*e4/4 abre+ieri" M< 8Member


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Ortografia &+ta!ti*elor proprii. 3n limba englez# *b*tanti+ele prprii *e *cri c litermare, ca iș

0n limba rm1n#" Kelen Elena/ Rme Rma. E-i*t# 0n*# nele *ita ii 0n care za2l 0n limbțenglez#

e*te $ierit $e cel $in limba rm1n#" pag 2AEa4 nmele lnilr anli i ale zilelr *#ptș Ym1nii *e *cri c literY mare 0n limba englez#, iin

cn*i$erate*b*tanti+e prprii" April aprilie, Sn$a; $minic#/

b4 tate c+intele 8c e-cep ia articlelr, prepziț Yiilr i cn2cș Yiilr4 $intrn *b*tantprprie-primat printr perirazY *b*tanti+alY *e *cri c literY mare 0n limba englez#" titlri $e c#YYi" 7mbe; an$ Sn 7mbe; i ilș titlri $e ziare" T6e 7ail; Mirrr titlri $e re+i*te" Engli*6 Langage Teac6ing Xrnal/ titlri $e capitle, article, lcrYri, in*titYii etc." T6e Cnerence r


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3n ace*t caz ele a nm#rl *inglar i nm#rl plral i *e acr$# c +erbe la *inglar *a ș șplral" Ki*

amil; i* larger t6an mine. amilia li e*te mai nmera*# $ec1t a mea. n eac6 lr li+e tJamilie*.

La iecare eta2 lcie*c $# amilii. pag 2AL)4 C1n$ ace*te *b*tanti+e *e reer# la membrii cmpnenYi ai clecti+itYYii, ele *

cmprtY ca*b*tanti+e clecti+e prprizi*e. 3n acea*t# *ita ie, *b*tanti+ele clecti+e *e l*e*c cț

rma $e*inglar, reerirea iin$ la clecti+itate" amil;, team, care *e acr$# c +erbl la plrareerirea iin$

la membrii clecti+itYYii" M; amil; are at 6me. amilia mea e*te aca*#. 85All t6e member* m;

amil;...4.7in grpa *b*tanti+elr clecti+e ac parte *b*tanti+ele" arm;, a**embl;, a$ience, cla*

clb,cmmittee, cmpan;, creJ, crJ$, amil;, g+ernment, 2r;, part;, pre**, pblic, regimen

trp, lig6t8 bir$*, in*ect*, plane*4, lc: 8 *6eep4, 6er$ 8 cattle4, pac: 8 Jl+e*4, pltr;, *6al 8

i*64,

*Jarm 8 bee*4.#.,.,. For2area pl&ral&l&i &+ta!ti*elor !&2ra+ile. Sb*tanti+ele nm#rabile a $rme"

rm# $e *inglar i rm# $e plral.șrma $e *inglar e*te nemarcat#" b:, b-, c6il$.rmele $e plral *nt $e $# elri"

A. reglate, c1n$ plrall *e rmeaz# prin a$#garea $e*inenYei * la rma $e *inglar" b b:*.

B. Nereglate, c1n$ plrall *e rmeaz# 0n alte m$ri.A. Pl&ral&l reg&lat al &+ta!ti*elor *e rmeaz# prin a$#garea $e*inenYei * la rm

*inglar al*b*tanti+li.

#.,.5. Pro!&! area pl&ral&l&i reg&latțe*te rm#tarea"

a4 F* $p# cn*ane *r$e" b:*, pr*, lamp*, carpet*, mnt6*/b4 Fz $p# cn*ane *nre i +cale" gl+e*, table*, b;*, tree/șc4 Fiz $p# *nete" cla**e*, n*e*, br*6e*, matc6e*, +illage*.#.,.6. Ortografia pl&ral&l&i reg&lat.&4 7e*inenYa * *e *crie * $p# ma2ritatea *b*tanti+elr, inclz1n$ *b*tanti+ele termina

0n e mt"b: b:*, table table*.)4 E-cep ii" E-i*t# nele *ita ii care ac e-cepț ț Yie $e la acea*t# regl# general#"a4 Sb*tanti+ele terminate 0n *, z, -, c6, *6 a$ag# e*" b* b*e*/ gla** gla**e*/ bzz

bzze*/ b- b-e*/ Jatc6 Jatc6e*/ br*6 br*6e*/b4 La c1te+a $intre *b*tanti+ele $in ace*t grp *e $bleaz# cn*ana inal#" ez ezze*,

izze*.c4 Sb*tanti+ele terminate 0n " a$ag# $e*inenYa *" c1n$ e prece$at $e +cal#" cc:*/ :angar*/ ra$i*/ *cenari*/ *t$i*, z*/ la *b*tanti+e prprii" Ner*, Rme*/ 0n abre+ieri" :il* 8:ilgramme*4, p6t* 8p6tgrap6*4, pr* 8pre*inal*4/ la nele *b*tanti+e *trYine" cncert*, $;nam*, pian*, *l*, *pran*, tang*, tabacc a$ag# e* la *b*tanti+e ca" ec6e*, 6ere*, m*ite*, Negre*, ptate*, tmate*/

pag 2AB a $# rme $e plral" ban2* ban2e*/ bal* bale*/ carg* carge*/ mement*memente*/ mtt* mtte*/ +lcan* +lcane*/$4 Sb*tanti+ele terminate 0n ; prece$at $e cn*an# tran*rm# pe ; 0n i i a$ag# e*" cș

citie*/


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actr; actrie*. Tran*rmarea n are lc" $p# +cale" b; b;*, pla; pla;*/ 0n *b*tanti+e prprii" t6e \enne$;*/ 0n *b*tanti+e cmp*e" *tan$b;*/e4 Literele, nmeralele i abre+ierile rmeaz# plrall prin a$#garea ni ap*tr i *" Aș ș

&')9*/M


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$4 Unele *b*tanti+e nm#rabile a aceea i rm# la *inglar i plral 8prime*c $e*i$enș ș Yzer plral

zer4.


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aea-zeri*timlicrprageneraalgaelar+ae

*tratac$ice*t6e*e*criteria, p6enmenatablea-c6ami*, c6a**i*, crp*graiti 8$e biceiplral4Unele $intre ace*te $e*inenYe *nt mai bine reprezentate 0n limba englez#"*Ŷi" *timl*Y*̂timli/ bacill* Yb̂acili.m a" a$$en$mYâ$$en$a/ $atmY$̂ata/agen$mYâgen$a/ erratmYêrrata/

bacterimYb̂acteria/ *tratmY*̂trata.i* e*" anal;*i*Yânal;*e*/ ellip*i*Yêllip*e*/a-i*Yâ-e*/ 6;pt6e*i*Y6̂;pt6e*e*/ba*i* Yb̂a*e*/cri*i* Yĉri*e*/ paral;*i* Y^paral;*e*/$iagn*i*Y$̂iagn*e*/ parent6e*i* Yp̂arent6e*e*/*;nt6e*i*Y*̂;nt6e*e*/ t6e*i* Y^t6e*e*.

pag 2AN 3n ceea ce pri+e te plralele *tr ș Yine e-i*t# mai mlte *ita ii"ț&. Unele *b*tanti+e $e rigine *trYinYY ia pș Y*trat rma $e plral $in limba $in care a

*t 0mprmtate 8+ezi tabell $e pe pag. >>4.). Unele *b*tati+e a nmai plrall c *"*Ŷ*e* " bn* Y^bn*e*camp* Yĉamp*e*c6r* Yĉ6r*e*circ* Yĉirc*e*ignram* Yîgnram*e*a Yâ* " arena Yârena* $rama Y$̂rama*$ilemma Y$̂illema* enc;clpe$ia Yênc;clpe$ia*$iplma Y$̂iplma* era Yêra*mŶm*" albm Yâlbm* g;mna*im Y^g;mna*im*geranim Yĝeranim* m*em Y^m*em*nŶn*" $emn Y$̂emn*electrn Yêlectrn*le-icn Yl̂e-icn* Ŷ*" *pran Y*̂pran*@. Alte *b*tanti+e $e rigine *trYinY a $# rme $e plral" plrall reglat c * i plraș

$e rigine*trYinY"* *e*" cact* Y^cact*e* Yĉactii geni* Y^geni*e* Yĝenii 8*pirite, $6ri48ameni $e geni4*;llab* Y*̂;llab*e* Y*̂;llabitermin* Yt̂ermin*e* Yt̂erminia a*" antenna Yântenna* Yântennaeae rmla Ŷrmla* Ŷrmlae


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+ertebra Y+̂ertebra* Y+̂ertebraem m*" aarim Yaarim* Yâariaa crriclm Ycrriclm* Y^crriclame$im Ym̂e$im* Ym̂e$ia*anatrim Y*̂anatrim* Y*̂anatria*;mp*im Y*̂;mp*im* Y*̂;mp*iai- i-e*" appen$i- Y^appen$i-e* Yâppen$ice*e- ice* in$e- 80n anatmie4 80n c#YYi4Yîn$e-e* Yîn$ice*

8cprin*ri4 8in$ici 0n matematic#4n n*n a atmatn Y^atmatn* Yatmataea ea*" brea Y^brea* Ybrea-ea- platea Yplatea* Yplatea- *" librett Ylibrett* Ylibrettii +irt* Y+̂irt** Y+irt*i

pag 2A@Nt#" rmele $e plral 0n i *nt rare.La *b*tanti+ele c $# rme $e plral, rmele *trYine $e plral *nt $e bicei l*ite

limba2lte6nic, iar plrall 0n * e*te 0nt1lnit 0n +rbirea crent#.

#.,.:. 3&+ta!ti*ele !e!&2ra+ile (Ma No&!). Sb*tanti+ele nenm#rabile $enmen inițYYzte ca n 0ntreg. Sb*tanti+ele nenm#rabile pt i cncrete" *gar, cal, *teel *a

ab*tracte" beat;,:in$ne**.Sb*tanti+ele nenm#rabile a rm#tarele caracteri*tici"a4 *nt in+ariabile ca rm#" tea, inrmatin, cattle.b4 nea+1n$ cntra*tl *inglar plral, ele n pt i nm#rate c a2trl nmeralelr *a

altr cantiicatri" I nee$ 8*me4 tea. I nee$ 8*me4 inrmatin. I nee$ 8*me4 *ci**r*.c4 Se acr$# c +erbl *inglar" C6ine*e tea i* +er; g$. Ceail c6ineze*c e*te arte b

*a la plral"T6e *ci**r* are n t6e table. areca e*te pe ma*#.$4 Unele *b*tanti+el englezeYti ac parte at1t $in cla*a *b*tanti+elr nm#rabile, c1t i $inș

celr nenm#rabile, c $ieren e $e *en*"țS6e i* a beat;. 8Ea4 e*te rm*eYe.Beat; i* t be a$mire$. rm*eYea trebie a$miratY.T6e main c6aracter t6e *tr; i* n l$ i*6erman. Erlper*na2l principal al n+elei e*

n bYtr1npe*car.Ke i* a man c6aracter. 8El4 e*te n m $e caracter.I 6a$ an intere*ting e-perience J6en tra+elling in t6e Nrt6 cntr;. Mi *a 0nt1mplat ce+

intere*antc1n$ am c#YYtrit 0n nr$l YYrii.T6i* teac6er 6a* a great $eal e-perience. Ace*t pre*r are arte mlt# e-perienYY.Gi+e me an ice, plea*e. 7mi 0ng6eYatY te rg.T6at blc: ice i* +er; $anger*. Ace*t blc $e g6eaYY e*te arte pericl*.S6e 6a* gt a neJ irn. Are n n ier $e c#lcat.T6i* tl i* ma$e irn. Acea*t# nealt# e*te $in ier.

pag 2N2 e4 Uneri $ieren ele $e *en* $intre *b*tanti+ele nm#rabile i cele nemm#rabile *ț ș

e-primate princ+inte $ierite.I9+e bg6t tJ la+e*. Am cmp#rat $# p1ini.I9ll b; brea$ at t6e *permar:et. Am *# cmp#r p1ine la at*er+ire.T6ere are tJ *6eep in t6e iel$. Snt $# i pe c1mpie.


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I li:e mttn. 3mi place carnea $e aie.T6i* pig i* +er; at.


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Sb*tanti+e ab*tracte"a piece a$+icea Jr$ a$+icea pice inrmatinan item neJ*an item b*ine**a bit b*ine**a piece Jr:a bit Jr:

a Jr$ ab*ea it pa**inan attac: e+er B. Sbtanti+e in+ariabile la plralSb*tanti+ele in+ariabile la plral a nmai rm# $e plral i *e acr$# $e regl# c n +erb ș

plral"T6e binclar* are n t6e table. Bincll e*te pe ma*#.7in cla*a *b*tanti+elr in+ariabile la plral ac parte"a4 *b*tanti+ele care $enme*c biecte rmate $in $# p#r i egale. Ace*te *b*tanti+e *ț

nme*c*mmnatin plral* 0n limba englez#. Ele $enme*c" &4 nelte" binclar*, cmpa**e

gla**e*, pincer*,

plier*.W6ere are t6e *ci**r* O Un$e e*te areca O)4 article $e 0mbrYYYminte" brace*, clt6e* lannel*, 2ean*, +erall*, pant*, p;2ama*, *6rt

tr*er*"T6e*e tr*er* are t lng r ;. AceYti pantalni *nt prea lngi pentr tine.Nt#" &. b*er+a i rma $e *inglar a nra $intre ace*te *b*tanti+e c1n$ *nt l*ț

atribti+" a*pectacle ca*e tc $e c6elari, a p;2ama cr$ cr$n $e pi2ama, a **pen$er belt

prt2artier, atr*er leg crac $e pantaln). Sb*tanti+ele care $enme*c biecte $in $# p#r i *e nm#ț YY c a2trl c+1ntli pa

a pair *ci**r*, a pair tr*er*/ tJ pair* gla**e*/ t6ree pair* *:i*, etc.b4 alte *b*tanti+e l*ite nmai la plral 8plralia tantm4, terminate $e regl# 0n *" Ke li+e

in t6et*:irt* t6e tJn. Lcie te la perieria raș Yli.E-emplele $e plralia tantm 0n limba englez# *nt nmera*e"


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*b*tanti+e +ariabile *a in+ariabile la *inglar"arc6i+e* ar6i+#a*6e* cenYYcntent* cn intțg$* marY6l;$a;* +acanYYminte* prce*+erbalpain* *tenealY*an$* pla2Y

*pirit* $i*pzi iețJage* *alari Aten ie ! E-i*t# nele *b*tanti+e care a $# rm#, c 0nț Yele*ri $ierite" rm

in+ariabilY la*inglar i rm# in+ariabilș Y la plral"Sb*t. in+ariab. Sb*t. in+ariab.la *inglar la plrala$+ice*atri a$+ice*0nYtiinY ri, Ya+izeairaer air*aere 8igrat4a*6*crm $e YigarY a*6e*cenYY 80n general4braceperec6e 8$e pt1rnic6i4 brace*bretele6nrnare 6nr*nrri/ $i*tincYie la e-amene

mi$$le age+1r*t# mi2lcie t6e Mi$$le Age*E+l me$ire*pect*tim#, cn*i$era ie re*pect*magiiț pag 2NLSb*tanti+ele plralia tantm i *mmatin plral* *e cnn$# neri c rma $e plral ș

nr *b*tanti+e nm#rabile"clr 5 clare/ pl. clr*clr* 8pl. tantm4 5 $rapelcmpa** 5 b*lY/ pl. cmpa**e*cmpa**e* 8pl. tantm4 5 cmpa*$amage 5 a+arie/ pl. $amage*$amage* 8pl. tantm4 5 $e*pYgbirieect* 8pl. tantm4 5 eecte, 6ainegla** 5 pa6ar/ pl. gla**e*gla**e* 8pl. tantm4 5 c6elarigrn$ 5 mti+, cazY/ pl. grn$*grn$* 8pl. tantmH 5 zaY, terenletter 5 *cri*are/ pl. letter*letter* 8pl. tantm4 5 literatrY, litereminte 5 mint/ pl. minte*minte* 8pl. tantm4 5 prce*+erbalpain 5 $rere/ pl. pain*pain* 8pl.tantm4 5 *tenealYarter 5 *ert, cartier/ pl. arter*arter* 8pl. tantm4 5 lcinYY, cantmament*cale 5 gam# mzicalY, *lz/ pl. *cale**cale* 8pl. tantm4 5 balanYY*pectacle 5 *pectacl/ pl. *pectacle**pectacle* 8pl.tantm4 5 c6elariterm 5 peria$#, termen, trime*tr/ pl. term*term* 8pl.tantm4 5 termeni, rela ii, raprtri, cn$iț Yiic4 Sb*tanti+e nemarcate la plral. 3n cla*a *b*tanti+elr in+ariabile la plral intr#Y i neș

*b*tanti+el*ite nmai la plral $ar nemarcate rmal pentr ace*t nm#r. Ace*te *b*tanti+e *n

cattle, clerg;,gentr;, peple, plice.


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T6e cattle are in t6e iel$. Vitele *nt pe c1mp. T6ere are a lt peple in t6e *treet. SmlYi ameni

pe *tra$#.$4 A$2ecti+ele *a participiile per*nale *b*tanti+izate" t6e 6an$icappe$, t6e in2re$, t6e p

t6e ric6,t6e *ic:, t6e Jn$e$"T6e in2re$ Jere ta:en t 6*pital. RYniYii a *t $ i la *pital.ș

pag 2NB e4 Unele *b*tanti+e prprii" t6e Alp*, t6e Ea*t We*t In$ie*, t6e Kebri$e*, t6e Kig6lan$*" T6

Kig6lan$* are mntain* regin. Reginea Kig6lan$* e*te regine mnta*#.Nm#rl *b*tanti+elr Sb*tanti+e +ariabileell rma E-empleplralli plralli Singlar


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crp*gen*lar+a$e*i$eratmc$e-anal;*i*p6enmennc6a**i*temp

*timlicrprageneralar+ae$e*i$eratac$ic *anal;*e*p6enmenac6a**i*tempiSb*tanti+e in+ariabilerma

in+ariabilYell*b*tanti+elr E-empleSinglar a4 nemm#rabile cncreteb4 nenm#rabile ab*tractec4 *b*tanti+e 0n *$4 a$2ecti+e ab*tracte*b*tanti+izatee4 *b*tanti+e prpriigl$, mil:, 6ne;art, patriti*mneJ*t6e beatil, t6e g$Kelen, BrJn, Antarctica


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Spre $e*ebire $e limba rm1n#, 0n care partea inal# a *b*tanti+elr cn*tie marccategriei

gramaticale a genli" ma*#, rate etc., 0n limba englez# genl *b*tanti+elr e*te raremarcat rmal.

3n aara cazrilr 0n genl e*te marcat rmal" b; girl, lin line**, genl *b*tanti+elr limba

englez# *e i$entiic# $e bicei c a2trl prnmelr care *e reer# la *b*tanti+e i care așrme

$ierite $p# gen"

T6e librarian i* at 6i* $e*:. Ke i* Jritten *met6ing. Biblitecarl e*te la birl *#. El *crice+a. T6elibrarian i* at 6er $e*:. S6e i* Jritting *met6ing. Biblitecara e*te la birl ei. Ea *crie ce+a.#.5.#. $laifiarea &+ta!ti*elor %&p i%eea %e ge!. 7in pnct $e +e$ere al apartenenY

la genlma*clin, eminin *a netr, *b*tanti+ele $in limba englez# *e 0mpart 0n trei grpe mari" A

*b*tanti+enme $e per*ane/ B. *b*tanti+e nme $e animale i C. *b*tanti+e nme $e biecte.ș#.5.,. Ge!&l &+ta!ti*elor !&2e %e peroa!e (Ge!%er of Pero!al No&!).

3n limba englez#, *b*tanti+ele care $enme*c per*ane $e *e- bYrbYte*c *nt $e gema*clin" man,

brt6er, iar *b*tanti+ele care $enme*c per*ane $e *e- emeie*c *nt $e genl emini

Jman, *i*ter.La *b*tanti+ele nme $e per*ane, categria gramatical# a genli pate i marcat#" le-ical/ )4

mrlgic/ @4 i$entiicatY c a2trl nr c+inte care marc6eaz# genl, iar *b*tanti+enemarcate

pentr gen 8genl cmn4.&4 la *b*tanti+e nme $e per*ane genl e*te marcat le-ical, prin c+inte $ierite"brt6erY*̂i*ter earlYĉnte**at6er Ym̂t6er :ing Ŷeenlr$ Yl̂a$;manY^JmanncleYânt)4 la alte *b*tanti+e nme $e per*ane, genl e*te marcat mrlgic, prin a$#garea n

*i- larma $e ma*clin"a4 Yê**"actr Yâctre**cnt Yĉnte**g$ Yĝ$$e**ma*ter Ym̂i*tre**Jaiter Y^Jaitre**b4 ine" 6er Y^6erine/*a prin a$#garea ni *i- la rma $e eminin"a4 er" Jin$JY^Ji$Jer b4 grm" bri$e Y^bri$egrm@4 alte *b*tanti+e nme $e per*ane a *ingrY rm# at1t pentr ma*clin c1t i pentș

eminin. EleaparYin genli cmn. E." arti*t, c6airman, c:, c*in, $ctr, reiner, rien$, e*

m*ician,parent, teac6er, Jriter. ApartenenYa la genl ma*clin *a eminin *e precizeazY 0n cnte-t"

pag 2NA Yĉ a2trl prnmelr"T6e teac6er a*:e$ t6e ppil a eJ mre e*tin* a* *6e Jante$ t gi+e 6im a better mar:.Yĉ a2trl nr c+inte la care genl e*te marcat le-ical, ca b;, male, emale"b;rien$ Yĝirlrien$


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male*t$ent Ŷemale*t$entc6airmanYĉ6airJmanYĉ a2trl nr a$2ecti+e l*ite $ar pentr n *ingr *e-"M; neig6br i* pregnant.#.5.5. Ge!&l &+ta!ti*elor !&2e %e a!i2ale (Ge!%er of A!i2ate No&!)Sb*tanti+ele nme $e animale $e *bcla*iic# 0n" &4 nme $e animale mari i )4 nme $ș

animale mici.&4 Sb*tanti+ele nme $e animale mari *nt cn*i$erate $e bicei $e genl ma*clin, iin

0nlcite $e

prnmele 6e" T6e 6r*e Ja* rat6er re*ti+e at ir*t, bt 6e *n becme mre manageable.La nele $intre ace*te animale, $i*tincYia $e *e- ma*clineminin e*te marcat# rma*ita ie 0n careț

*b*tanti+ele *nt 0nlcite $e prnmele 6e *a *6e" T6e mare J6innie$ J6en *6e *aJ 6ma*ter. Iapa

a nec6ezat c1n$ ia +#zt *t#p1nl.șMarca genli pate i realizatY"a4 le-ical" 6r*e" *tallin Y^mare-" bllYĉJ*6eep" ramYêJepig" bar Y^*J$eer" *tag Y6̂in$

b4 mrlgic" linY^line**, tiger Yt̂igre**.)4 Sb*tanti+ele nme $e animale mici *nt cn*i$erate $e bicei netre, iin$ 0nlcite $prnmele it"

I *aJ a rg b; t6e la:e. It Ja* big an$ gl;. 3n nele cazri 0n*# *e pt in$ica $ieren ele $e *e-"ța4 le-ical"cc: Y6̂en$g Yb̂itc6$ra:eY$̂c:b4 prin c+inte marc# ale genli"cc: *parrJ Y^6en *parrJ6e gat Y^*6e gatTm cat Y*̂6e cat#.5.6. Ge!&l &+ta!ti*elor !&2e %e o+iete (Ge!%er of I!a!i2ate No&!)Sb*tanti+ele nme $e biecte *nt $e genl netr" W6ere9* ;r mbrelle O It i* m; bag.#.5.9. Foloirea tiliti a ategoriei gra2atiale a ge!&l&i. A. Unele *b*tanti+e nme $

biectecare *nt $e regl# netre 0n +rbirea crent# *nt neri per*niicate 0n literatrY, n$e e

pt itratate ca *b*tanti+e ma*cline *a eminine.Snt ma*cline *b*tanti+ele care $enme*c"a4 pa*ini inten*e i ac ini +ilente" anger, ear, mr$er.ș țb4 enmene natrale pternice" cean, ri+er, *n.c4 nme $e l+ii" t6e 7anbe, t6e T6ame*.$4 nme $e mnYi" t6e Carpat6ian*, t6e C6e+it.

pag 2NN Snt eminine"a4 *b*tanti+ele care *gereazY caracteri*tic# emininY, n caracter bl1n$, aect*, ce

care in$ic#ertilitatea" aectin, $e+tin, ait6, 6pe, 2*tice/b4 *b*tanti+ele care $enme*c trY*#tri negati+e $e caracter" ambitin, ll;, 2eal*

re+enge, +anit;/c4 *b*tanti+e ab*tracte ca" rtne, libert;, merc;, natre, peace, *cience.. Sb*tanti+ele nme $e biecte, $e animale *a per*ane *e pt 0n$epYrta $e la l*ire

lr bi nit#,șla genl netr ma*clin *a eminin, 0n +rbirea crent#.E-i*t# $# ten$inYe"


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&4 *b*tanti+ele inanimate *nt per*niicate, $e+enin$ *6e *a 6e 0ntr e-primaaecta*#, iar

*b*tanti+elr animate l*ite $e bicei la genl netr li *e atribie genl ma*clin *aeminin.

3n acea*t# categrie intr#"Y$̂enmirile $e +e6icle, ma ini, ambarca ini" bat, b*, car, engine, lcmti+e, mtr, *6ipș ț


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b4 nme pre$icati+" Ke i* a teac6er.c4 apzi ie, *a parte a nei prpzi ii" C6arle*, a rien$ mine, Jill 6elp ; t $ it.ț ț#.6.,. $a'&l a&'ati* (The A&ati*e $ae). Cazl aczati+ e*te cazl cmplement

$irect" I ate anicecream an 6r ag.Cazl aczati+ n e*te marcat prin $e*inenYe 0n engleza m$ernY. 7e aceea el e*

i$entiicat c a2trltpicii"a4 7ac# e-i*t# nmai n cmplement 0n prpzi ie, ace*ta e*te, 0n ma2ritatea cazrilr, ț

cmplement$irect 0n cazl aczati+ i e*te aș Yezat ime$iat $p# +erbl tranziti+" S6t t6e Jin$J, plea*e.b4 7ac# 0n prpzi ie e-i*t# $# cmplemente, nl e*te 0n cazl aczati+, iar celț Ylalt e*te t

0n cazlaczati+, *a 0n cazl $ati+, 0n nc ie $e +erbele $p# care rmeaz#" I a*:e$ 6im 8Ac4 ț

e*tin 8Ac4. Ilent 6er 874 m; mbrella 8Ac4.Urm#tarele +erbe *nt rmate $e $# aczati+e" a*:, en+;, e-c*e, rgi+e, *a+e, *tri:e"T6e teac6er a*:e$ t6e ppil* *e+eral e*tin*. I en+; ; ;r gar$en. T6at *a+e$ * a lt

trble. 0n timp ce +erbe ca" $en;, gi+e, 6an$, len$, pa;, rea$ *nt rmate $e n cmplement in$irect

cazl

$ati+ i n cmplement $irect 0n cazl aczati+" Can ; len$ me t6i* b: O S6e tl$ t6șc6il$ren anintere*ting *tr;. I Ji*6 ; a g$ 2rne;.Cazl aczati+ e*te l*it $p#"a4 +erbe tranziti+e, pentr a $enmi biectl care *erY ac inea +erbli" $rin:, eat, meet.țb4 $p# nele +erbe intranziti+e, tranrm1n$le 0n +erbe tranziti+e" Jeep, tear*, l

cmpa**in.c4 $p# nele +erbe intranziti+e care a aceea i r ș Y$#cinY ca i *b*tanti+l 0n aczatș

rm1n$ a anmitlșaczati+ intern" ig6t terrible ig6t, *ing a *ng.$4 $p# prepziYii. Ma2ritatea prepziYiilr 0n limba englez# *nt rmate $e *b*tanti+e

prnme 0ncazl aczati+" I9m l:ing at X6n. I9m l:ing at 6im.

pag 2@2 nc iile 0n prpzi ie ale ni *b*tanti+ 0n cazl aczati+ *nt"ț ța4 cmplement $irect" S6e met m; brt6er in t6e *treet.b4 parte $intrn cmplement prepziYinal" T6e b;* Jere tal:ing abt t6e matc6.c4 parte $intrn atribt" I :nJ 6im t be a man 6nr.$4 parte $intrn cmplement circm*tan ial" T6e; arri+e$ in t6e e+ening.ț#.6.5. $a'&l %ati* (The %ati*e $ae). Un *b*tanti+ 0n cazl $ati+ 0n$epline te nc ia $ș ț

cmplementin$irect i arat# c#tre cine *a c#tre ce e*te 0n$reptatș Y ac inea e-primat# $e +erb.ț

3n limba englez#, cazl $ati+ e*te marcat $e prepzi ia t *a r *a prin tpic#" S6e ga+ț*me *Jeet*

t t6e c6il$ren. I bg6t a pre*ent r m; mt6er. I lent 6er 874 a b: 8Ac4.Cazl $ati+ e*te l*it"a4 $p# nele +erbe intranziti+e, rmate $e n cmplement in$irect al per*anei" cm

6appen, ccr,prp*e"Ke came t me. It 6appene$ t m; mt6er. Ke prp*e$ t 6er.b4 $p# +erbe tranziti+e rmate $e cmplement $irect i cmplement in$irect prece$at $ș

prepzi ia t"ț$en;, gi+e, 6an$, er, rea$, tell"I pai$ t6e mne; t t6e ca*6ier. I9m Jiriting a p*tcar$ t m; rien$*.E-i*t# 0n*# n nm#r $e +erbe rmate 0n m$ bligatri $e cazl $ati+ prepzi ia tț

a$$re**,annnce, cmmnicate"


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I intr$ce$ 6im t m; rien$*.c4 $p# +erbe tranziti+e rmate $e cmplement $irect i cmplement in$irect prece$at $ș

prepzi ia r"țb;, c6*e, $, lea+e, ma:e, r$er, *a+e"S6e ma$e a neJ $re** r 6er $ag6ter.$4 $p# nele *b*tanti+e"Ker attit$e t animal* *rpri*e$ *.Ker crelt; t animal* *rpri*e$ *.Ker :in$e** t animal* *rpri*e$ *.

e4 $p# nele a$2ecti+e" 7in9t be crel t animal*. S6e a$+i*e$ me t be :in$ t t6e little b;.4 $p# a$2ecti+e $e cmpara ie ca" a$eate, crre*pn$ing, eal, ei+alent, *imilaținerir"

T6e re*lt Ja* nt eal t 6i* ert. Man i* *perir t animal*.#.6.6. $a'&l ge!iti* (The Ge!iti*e $ae). Sb*tanti+l 0n cazl geniti+ e-prim# 0n princip

i$eea $ep*e*ine i 0n$epline te nc ia $e atribt 0n prpzi ie" Ann9* bag i* neJ.ș ș ț ț

3n limba englez#, cazl geniti+ e*te marcat $e regl# $e $e*inenYa *, prece$at# $e ap*tr. 7e aceea

geniti+l c * *e mai nmeYte geniti+l 0n * *a geniti+l *intetic. pag 2@1rtgraia $e*inenYei geniti+li

a4 7e*inenYa * prece$at# $e n ap*tr *e a$ag#"Yl̂a rma $e *inglar a *b*tanti+li" t6e girl9* $re**/ t6e ppil9* e*tinYl̂a c1te+a *b*tanti+e c rm# nereglatY $e plral" Men9* clt6e* are mre e-pen*i+e t6a

Jmen9*.We :eep t6e c6il$ren9* t;* 6ere.Yl̂a c1te+a *b*tanti+e cmne terminate 0n *netl * i rmate $e c+1ntl *a:e " ș

g$ne**9 *a:e/r cn+enience9 *a:e.Nt#" Ap*trl n e*te bligatri 0n ace*t caz, cn*trcYiile $e mai ** 0ntrebinY1n$*

i *b rma"șr g$ne** *a:e/ r cn+enience *a:e.b4 Ap*trl *ingr, #r# $e*inenYa * *e a$ag#" la rma $e plral a *b*tanti+elr reglate" t6e b;*9 bic;cle*/ t6e $ri+er*9 attentin. la *b*tanti+ele nme $e per*ane terminate 0n *" 7ic:en*9 lie/ C6arle*9 b:*.Nt#" &. La nmele prprii terminate 0n * *e pate 0nt1lni i geniti+l c *" 7ic:en*9* n+el*.șTen$in a 0n limba englez# cntempranț Y a+rizeazY 0n*# *crierea #r# * $ar prnn area cț

Fiz, ca i 0nșcazl *crierii c *" Brn*9 FbHYH"nziz pem*.). La nele nme prprii care n *e termin# 0n * *e b*er+# ten$in a $e $i*pariț Yie

ap*trli i neriși a *b*tanti+li $eterminat" Earl* Crt/ Karr$*/ St. 7a+i$*/ St. Alban* . 8Earl9* Crt/ Sș

7a+i$9*etc4.Cazri *pecialea4 Grprile $e c+inte i titlatrile cmp*e a marca geniti+li a$#gatș Y la ltiml c+1n

a ;ear an$ a 6al9* $ela;/ m; *i*terinlaJ9* 2b.b4 $_ *b*tanti+e legate prin an$ care reprezint_ p*e*rii aceliaFi biect a$ag_ marc

geniti+li laltiml c+`nt" Tm an$ Mar;9* parent* 8Tm i Mar; *nt ra i4. Wit6 Mr an$ Mr* BrJn9*ș țcmpliment*.c4 7ac# biectl n apar ine am1n$rra, marca geniti+li primeț Yte iecare *b*tanti+

parte" Tm9*an$ mar;9* rien$*.$4 Apzi ia primeț Yte $e bicei *emnl geniti+li la ltiml c+1nt/Ka+e ; met m; brt6er Ximm;9* *n O


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Yĉ1n$ $rim *# *bliniem nmele prpri" t6e *nnet* William S6a:e*peare pag 2@E$4 c *b*tanti+ele nme $e per*an#"Yĉ1n$ *b*tanti+l $eterminat e*te prece$at $e articll ne6t#r1t *a $e n $emn*trati+

am a greata$mirer t6i* Jriter.e4 pentr 0ntYrire" T6e arri+al 6i* gran$at6er *rpri*e$ 6im.4 c nme $e animale mici" t6e tail t6e m*e/ t6e Jing* a btterl;.Ge!iti*&l i2pliit (The I2pliit Ge!iti*e)

Geniti+l implicit e*te cntrcYie geniti+alY 0n care *b*tanti+li $eterminat 0i lip*eY$e*inenYa $egeniti+" a$ience participatin, *t$ent 6*tel, aternn tea.Ge!iti*&l %&+l& (The o&+le Ge!iti*e)Geniti+l $bl cn*t# $in geniti+l *intetic cn*trcYia c . Acea*t# cn*trc ie e*ț

l*it# c*b*tanti+e nme $e per*ane" T6i* 2:e


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&. I nee$ a J6ite... paper. ). S6e bg6t tJ... c6clate ;e*ter$a;. @. I Jant a .... J6ibrea$

an$ tJ... brJn brea$. . Gi+e me a .... c6al:, Jill ;O ?. W6at a .... Jr: i* man!VII. Tra$ceYi rm#tarele prpzi ii 0n limba englez#"ț&. Ytirile pe care leam primit *nt intere*ante. ). Miam #ct baga2ele a*ear#. @. Vm pblic

tateinrma iile care *nt nece*are can$i$a ilr. . Cnț ț YtinYele li $e i*trie *nt remarcabile.

Amcmp#rat rcte i c1te+a pr ș Y2itri. . Yiai #ct temeleO

VIII. CitiYi rm#tarele prpzi ii cn in1n$ plralia tantm 0n * i tra$ceț ț ș Yile 0n limbrm1n#"&. T6e *tan$ar$ li+ing in t6e Mi$$le Age* Ja* +er; lJ. ). S6e trie$ t ma:e amen$* r 6e

rmer be6a+ir. @. All 7acian* r*e in arm* J6en t6e Rman* in+a$e$ 7acia. . T6e letter brnt

a*6e*. ?.Ke* gt g$ brain*, 6ell manage. . Clt6e* $ nt ma:e t6e man. >. Ka+e a l: at t6

tablecntent*. (. T6e; cl$nYt ini*6 t6e pr2ect r lac: n$*. '. G$* are *all; tran*prte

in g$*train*. &. W6ere are ; ging t *pen$ ;r 6li$a;*O &&. Ke 6a* g$ l:*. &). a

rgetting

;r manner*, ;ng man! pag 2@B I[. Tra$ceYi 0n limba englez#"&. Un$e e*te cleYteleO ). Mlte mlYmiri. @. Sa 0ncercat tate mi2lacele. . Cartier

general alarmatei era l1ng# Ln$ra. ?. izica e*te biectl li preerat. . Am prin* trei pY*trY+i mari.

Tcmai *apblicat carte $e*pre peYtii $e ap# $lce $in Rm1nia. (. Are pYr Yaten. '. Ea are c1te+

ire $e pYr alb. &. 7mi $# p1ini, te rg. &&. A #ct prgre*e mari 0n 0n+#Yarea limbii engleze. &

Ace*ta e*teprce*l +erbal al Ye$inYei.[. Tra$ceYi rm#tarele prpzi ii 0n limba rm1n#"ț&. T6ere i* a gla** mil: n t6e table. ). 7e* 6e Jear gla**e*O @. 6a+e t $eclar

e+er;t6ing att6e c*tm*. . T6e; Jant t get acainte$ Jit6 t6i* Rmanian c*tm. ?. Are ; Jriting

letterO .Ke i* a great man letter*. >. I $nt li:e 6er air*. (. T6ere i* *met6ing in t6e air.[I. Tra$ceYi 0n limba englez#"7ragl me MY G6iYY,Mii $e mlYmiri pentr prietena*a ta elicitare. 7e 0n$at# ce +i primi e-emplarele $e at

$e la Aca$emie, 0 i +i trimite n +lm $in lcrarea mea $e*pre Marea Neagr ț Y.Ni a+em iarnY nepl#ctYY i e i *ș ș Yiam iin$ blna+i.7ragl n*tr TY e*te 0n*# +inic imi ace mare plș Ycere *# a$ gla*l *# la telen.Gr. Antipa[II. Care *nt cre*pn$entele eminine ale rm#tarelr *b*tanti+e ma*cline"&. *n/ ). lr/ @. nep6eJ/ . ncle/ ?. at6er/ . brt6er. >. cc:/ (. *tag/ '. b;/ &. 6*ban$

&&. man/&). :ing.[III. Care *nt rmele $e ma*clin i eminin ale rm#tarelr *b*tanti+e"ș&. rien$/ ). gat/ @. *tn$ent/ . cat/ ?. a**/ . rg.[IV. rmla i prpzi ii c *b*tnati+e la geniti+, cnrm m$elli" X6n 6a* gt a b:. T6ț ț

i*X6n9* b:.&. M; neig6br 6a* gt a car. ). Lil; 6a* gt a $ll. @. 7ic: 6a* gt a neJ bic;cle. . M

c*in 6a*


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gt a neJ *tampb:. ?. Mr W6ite 6a* gt an mbrella. . LaJrence an$ . . erlJer*teac6err [I[. Rermla i rm#tarele prpzi ii, l*in$ prepzi ia t *a r $p# caz.ț ț ț&. I bg6t Mi:e a $g.). Ke ga+e Tm *me pre*ent*.@. I c6*e m; *i*ter a nice pre*ent.. Mar; *6Je$ t6e teac6er 6er cmpzitin.?. T6e; *ent t6eir parent* a parcel.. 7i$ ; ma:e Kelen t6i* neJ car$iganO>. 7i$ 6e gi+e 6i* mt6er a bnc6 lJer*O(. I r$ere$ m; *i*ter a lemna$e.[[. Tra$ceYi 0n limba englez#"a4&. Cngre*l al [

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