Libro de Gramatica

Valentina Krysiak

Lista de Páginas

• Presente• Ser y Estar• Verbos Como Gustar• Nouns-Articles-Adjectives• Preterito vs. Imperfecto• Subjunctive in Noun Clauses• Subjunctive in Adverb Clauses• Commands• Object Pronouns• Possesive Adjectives + Pronouns• Demonstrative Adjectives+ Pronouns• Reflexives • Por y Para• to become: hacerse, ponerse, volverse, llegar a se

Presente

oasa

amosáisan

-ARoese

emoseísen

-ERoesE

Imosísen

-IR

STEM-CHANGERS (e-ie)cerraryo cierrotúcierrasél, ella, Ud. Cierranosotros/as cerramosvosotros/as cerráisellos, ellas, Uds. cierran

STEM-CHANGERS(u-ue)contaryo cuentotúcuentasél, ella, Ud. Cuentanosotros/as contamosvosotros/as contáisellos, ellas, Uds. cuentan

• caer (to fall)yo

caigo

• traer (to bring)yo

traigo

• caber (to fit)yo

quepo

• hacer (to do,

make)yo hago

• poner (to put,

place)yo pongo

• saber (to know

something)yo sé

• salir (to leave)yo

salgo

• valer (to be

worth)yo valgo

• ver (to see)yo veo

Ser y EstarTo express condition,

estar is used. Estar is an irregular verb.

estarestoyestásestáestam

osestáisestán

To address an essential quality, use ser. Ser is also irregular.sersoyeresessomossoisson-permanent conditions/qualities

-placeof origion/nationality-profession-charecteristics-generalizations-time/date/season-location of event

-temporary conditions/qualities-locations

-relationships-health

-physical state of things-weather

-continuous actions-results of actions

Verbos Como Gustar

Gustar- to like

Molestar- to pester

Fascinar- to fascinate

Aburrir- to bore

Importar- of importance

Interesar- to interest

Disgustar- to disgust

Encantar- to love

Quedar- to remain

Me Nos

Te Os

Le Les

Singular = aPlural = an

Me encantan mi perro lindo.

Me encantan mis perros lindos.

Le ineresa en el animal uno.

Le interesan en los animales muchos.

NOUNS-ARTICLES-ADEJCTIVES

-o-or-I-s-ma

-a-ora-ion-d-z

Add and –s to make most nouns endings in vowelesplural

Add an –es to nouns ending in a consonant

Nouns ending in –z should be changed to –c before adding –es!

*

INDEFINITE ARTICLES: used for nouns concerning number and gender and NOT for a place or professionUN-UNA-UNOS-UNAS

DEFINITE ARTICLES: used for gender and numbers and always used with an abstract noun.El-LA-LOS-LAS

-o-os-I-e-leses

-a-as-e-es-I-les

When following a noun more LITERAL meaning

If before a noundmore figurative meaning

Preterito vs. Imperfecto

>refers to a SINGLE SPECIFIC event/time in the past!

-ar

-e -amos

-aste -asteis

-o -aron

-er -ir

-i -imos

-iste -isteis

-io -ieron

SER-era

-eras

-era

-eramos

-erais

-eran

Ver-veia

-veias

-veia

-veiamos

-veias

-veian

Ir-iba

-ibas

-iba

-ibamos

-ibais

-iban

Preterito vs. Imperfecto

>a continuous action in the past

-ar

-ab -abamo

-abas -abais

-aba -aba

-er -ir

-ia -iamos

-ias -iais

-ia -ian

SER/IR-fui

-fuiste

-fue

-fuimos

-fuisteis

-fueron

Dar-di

-diste

-dio

-dimos

-disteis

-dieron

Hacer-hice

-hiciste

-hizo

-hicimos

-hicisteis

-hicieron

Subjunctive in Noun ClauseMade by dropping the –o from the yo form of the

present indicatives and subjunctive endings

-ar

-e -emos

-es

-e -en

-er/-r

-a -amos

-as

-a -an

T- tenga

V- venga

D- dé/diga

I- vaya

S- sea

H- haga/haya

E- esté

S- sepa

W- wishing/wanting

E- emotions

D- doubt

D- disbeleif

I- impersonal experssions

N- negative

G- God/greif

IRREGULARS:

Dar (dé)

Estar (esté)

Ir (vaya)

Saber (sepa)

Haber (haya)

Ser (sea)

Subjunctive in Adjective Clauses

These clauses describe a noun or a pronoun.

Subjunctive mood is

used with adjective

clauses when antecedent

is unknown, indefinite,

nonexistent or negated.

The speaker is trying to

find information.

Also used when the

antecedent of an

adjective clause is a

negative pronoun.

Indicitive is used when

subordinate clause

refers to antecedent that

is known.

Necesito un instructor que me expliqueesto.

Busco un maestro que sepa ingles.

Commands

• Affrimative: put in Yo form and change to opposite vowels [use TVDISHES for iregulars!]

• Negative: put in Yo form and change to opposite vowel [use TVDISHES for irregulars!]

• Affirmative: put in Tú form and drop the ‘s’. Use di, ahz, ve, pon, sal, sé, ten, ven for

IRREGULARS!

• Negative: put in Yo form and change to opposite

vowel and add an ‘s’. Use TVDISHES for IRREGULARS!

• Affirmative and Negative: add -emos/amos. Use MONO verbs

• Ejemplo: Vayamos vámanos

Object Pronouns

• Direct Object Pronouns directly receive the action of the verb.

• Precede the conjugated verb

• Indirect Object Pronouns identify “to whom” or “for whom” an

action is done.• Precede the conjugated verb.

Me Nos

Te Os

Lo/La Los/Las

me nos

te os

le les

Ex. Carla siempre me da boletos para el cine.

Ex. Ella los consigue gratis.

***LO is also used to

refer to an abstract

thing or idea that has

no gender.

Ex. Lo pense.

When the verb is in the progressive, object pronouns may be either attached to the present particle or placed before the conjugated verb.

ContinuedThe indirect object pronoun precedes the direct object

pronoun when they are used together in a sentence.

Me mandaron los boletos por correo. Me los mandaron por

correo.

Le and les change to se when they are used with lo, la, los, or

las.

Le damos las revistas a Ricard. Se las damos.

*** When object pronouns are attached to infinitives, participles,

or commands, a written accent is often required to maintain

proper word stress.

Infinitve cantármela

Present participle escribiéndole

Command acompáñeme

Possessive Adjectives + Pronouns

• Mi(s): my• Tu(S): your• Su(s): your-his-her-its• Nuestro(s)/a(s): our• Vuestro(s)/(as): your• Su(s): your-their

• Mio(s)/a(s): my; [of] mine• tuyo(s)/a(s): your; [of] yours• Suyo(s)/a(s): you; [of yours]; his-

hers-its• Nuestra(s)/a(s): our; [of] ours• Vuestra(s)/a(s): your; [of yours]• Suyo(s)/a(s): your; [of] yours;

their; [of] theirs

Possessive Pronouns

have the same forms

as stressed possessive

adjectives and are

preceded by a

definite article.

Demonstrative Adjectives and Pronouns

Ese

Esa

Este

Esta

Aquel

Aquella

Esos

Esas

Estos

Estas

Aquellos

Aqella

Demonstrative pronouns are

identical to deomnstrate adjectives,

except that they carry an accent

mark on the stressed vowel.

Reflexives

Reflexive pronouns combine with relfexive

verbs to show that a person is performing

the action himself/herself

Reflexive pronouns are palced immediately

before simple conjugated vers and negative

commands; attached to affirmative

commands.

Por Ejemplo: Me cepillo mi pelo cada

manana.

Cepillarse (to brush)Ducharse (to shower)Secarse (to dry off)

Por y Para

Para

Purpose Estudio espanol para

hablar bien con mis

amigos espanioles.

Time limits Quiero el informe en

mi oficina para el

jueves.

Destination/Moveme

nt towards a place

Voy para el teatro.

Adressee Este regalo es para

ti.

Comparison Esta muy alto para

su edad.

Por

Cause or Reason Llegue tarde por el trafico.

Length of Time/duration of an action

Estuvimos encerradospor cinco horas.

Movement through/by a place

Paseamos por las callesde Paris.

Agent Esta carta fue escritapor Mary.

Substitution Estaba enfermos por lo que viene a trabajarpor el

To Become

[relfexive verb] to become, to pretend; conjugated just like HACER

Reflexive form of “poner”; me pongo, se ponen

Me vuelvo, te vuelves

“to become”