GREGG SHORTHAND DICTIONARY By JOHNROBERTGREGG,S. C. D. AnniversaryEdition THEGREGGPUBLISHINGCOMPANY New YorkChicagoBostonSanFrancisco TorontoLondon COPYRIGHT,1930,BY THEGREGGPUBLISHINGCOMPANY COPYRiGHT,1901,BYJOHNR.GREGG COPYRIGHT,1916,BYTHEGREGGPUBLISHINGCOMPANY L7J}50 SHOR..THANDPLATESWkITrBNBY WINIFREDKENNARICHMOND PRINTEDINTHEUNITEDSTATESOFAMERICA PREFACE fThepreparationoftheAnniversaryEditionoftheGreggShorthand Manualwasabig undertaking.Whenitwasfinished,thereremainedtasks almostasgreatintherevisionof"ProgressiveExercises,""GreggSpeed Studies,"andthekeystoallthesebooks.Thesedone,wewereobligedto reviseallofthesupplementarybooksinharmony withthechangesthathad beenmade.It iswithasighofreliefthat weputthefinishingtoucheson thisDictionary, which practically completes theseries. Intherevisionofallthebasictexts,wewerenotcontentwithchang-ingtheformsforwordsaffectedbythe changes in the Anniversary Edition, orwithsubstitutingnewexercisesinaccordancewiththenewarrangement of therulesand material,becausewewanted to give effect tomany improve-mentssuggestedbyour study and experience withtheold editions,or which were suggested by our many teacher friends.Allthebooksincorporatenew ideas,newmaterial,new methods. NowastothisDictionary:Thenewfeaturesarefullysetforthinthe Introduction-featuresthatIbelievewillrenderthebook much morevalu-ablethananypreviousedition. Insendingitforth,IdesiretoacknowledgemyindebtednesstoMr. RupertP.SoRelleandMr.LouisA.Lesliefortheirassistanceincompil-ing the lists of words used, and in classifying theminthemannerset forthin theIntroduction.SpecialcreditshouldbegivenMrs.WinifredKenna Richmondfortheartisticmannerinwhichshehaswrittentheshorthand forms. JOHNROBERTGREGG. INTRODUCTION Adictionaryisprimarily areference book. Agood dictionary, however, properlyused,shouldbefarmorethanthat.Thisisparticularlytrueofa shorthanddictionary,whichshouldbeaguide soclear thatabeginnercan readilylocatetheshorthandoutlineforanygivenword,butwhichatthe same timeshould possess alltheresources needed to satisfy th.emost advanced writer,whether ateacher or acourt reporter. TheGreggShorthandDictionaryshouldnotonlyteachthebeginner, but should helptheexpert tocrystallizehisknowledgebycarefulclassifica-tion of the shorthand formsand consistency in the use of abbreviating devices. Inthepresentdictionary,wehave endeavored to do these things.In this briefIntroduction weshallstate someof the principles followedin obtaining consistencyofoutline.Theserulescoverthetreatmentofsomefrequent sound combinations,and athoroughacquaintance with them willoften make itunnecessarytorefertothtt wordlistitselfforanoutline. One of themost fascinatingfeatu resof Gregg Shorthandisthemanner in whichtheprincipleof analogyisapplied. Nothingis morehelpfulto the shorthandwriterthanthisprincipleproperly usedIn effect,it meansthat, onceyouhavelearned theformsforone or more words of any classification, youmay then write any similar word ending in thesameway.For example, whenyouknowtheshorthandformsforagitateandhesitate,andtherefore know that the ending tate is expressed by to, youcan write any similar words, such asdictateor imitate. In otherwords,thematerialgivenin thisIntroduction is not to be memor-ized,butistobe studied intelligently in orderthatyoumayseetheunderly-ingprinciplesgoverningtheformation of the outlines.Nothing is arbitrary -thereisalwaysareasonwhy,eventhoughatfirstsightitmaynotbe apparent. iv GREGG SHORTHANDDICTIONARYv First,weshould explainthat thefollowing have been eliminated as being unnecessary : 1.Short, simple words that any student who isstill working on the early partof theManualcaneasilywrite,such words ascat,dog, etc. 2.Purely"dictionarywords."Everywordinthelistofnearly19,000 is a word in good usage.If any of the words seemunfamiliar toyou,however, look them up in an ordinary English dictionary and jot down the definition in your shorthand dictionary. 3.Certain derivatives that are formed in accordance with the rules given in the textbook,such asthenumerousderivatives of the suffix u/ate, and some others.In order tosavespaceand makeroom. formorerootwords,acom-pletetableofthesesuffixderivativesisgiveninthisIntroduction.Incase thereshouldbedoubtastothecorrect writing of one of thederivatives,ref-erencetothistable willmakethematterclear. The Gregg ShorthandDictionarycontainsthefollowingindiospensable features: 1.Alistofthe19,000most frequentlyusedwordsintheEnglishlan-guage.The wordsforwhichtheshorthandforms are immediatelyobvious have been omitted. 2.Many past tenses,plurals,andotherderivativeformsthatwerenot includedinpreviouseditionsoftheshorthanddictionary. 3.Derivatives in every casegrouped under the root word in easily acces-sibleform.Sincetherootwordsin typeproject slightlybeyondthemargin of the typecolumn.thefinding of anyword isgreatly facilitated-itisneces-sary onlytolook downthe comparativelysmalllistofrootwordsthatstand out at the left of each column. 4.Direct derivatives.andinsomecasescloselyalliedwords.arelisted under their root words.This has beendone in order to emphasize the value of theanalogicalbuilding of outlines,and alsoin thebeliefthatthepractice of agroup of related outlinesismorevaluablethanthepracticeoftheisolated outlines. FOURFREQUENTLYUSEDDERIVATIVES The four derivatives most frequentlyformed are the past tense,the plural. thenegative.andthecomparativeand superlative degreesof adjectives. .THEPASTTENSE.It may be helpful to summarize and condense the rules givenintheManualfortheformationof thepast tense. viGREGGSHORTHANDDICTIONARY 1.After abbreviated words,adisjoined tisplaced close to thepreceding charactertoexpressthepasttense.Thisincludes: a.Briefforms,asinchanged. b.Words written in accordance with the abbreviating principle, asin established. c.Wordswrittenwithasuffix,asin insulted. d.Words in which the last letter of the primitive form isomitted: asindemanded. 2.Adisjoinedtisusedtoexpressthepasttenseafterwordswrittenin fullwhenthejoiningofthetordwouldnotgiveadistinctiveor facileoutline, asinfancied,glared, neared. 3.The past tense is expressed by joined tor d: a.After wordswritteninfull,asinprinted,checked,exceptin thefewcasescomingundertheprecedingparagraph. b.Ihderivativesendinginct,asincontracted. c.InverbsendinginI,thespecialmethoddescribedinpara-graph136intheManualisused,asinkilled. d.Aftersuffixesthatgiveafacileandlegiblejoining,asin mentioned.stipulated. e.After manybriefformscontainingthelastcharacterofthe word. as in asked.charged.worked. PLURALS.Theformationofpluralsisclearly explainedinparagraphs 55,74,and 83intheManual. NEGATIVEFORMS.Thevowelisomittedintheprefixesen.in.un. em. im. um when theprefix isfollowedbyaconsonant,asinunseen.impos-sible,unmask, uninvited.unimportant. When avowelfollowsaprefix,theinitialvoweliswritten,asinuneasy, unlessthevowelthatfollowsbelongstoanotherprefixortoabriefform,in whichcaseitisnotnecessarytoinsert thevowelinthe negativeprefix,asin inexpensive.unorganized. Negative wordsbeginning withun or iminwhichthenor misdoubled aredistinguishedfromthepositiveformsbyomittingoneofthedoubled consonantsandinserting theinitialvowel,asinunknown. immodest. COMPARATIVEANDSUPERLATIVEFORMS.The comparative formof an ad-jectiveisusually writtenbysimplyjoininganrtotheprimitiveform,asin GREGGSHORTHANDDICTIONARYvii Quicker.slower.If. however,theadjectiveiswritteninfullandendsina straight line,thereversingprincipleisusedforthecomparativeform,asin larger,later;whenabriefformendswiththelastconsonantofaword, the reversed circle isused tomake the comparativeformafter straight lines,asin sooner. stranger; after brief forms.abbreviated words,and wordsending ina reversedcircle.adisjoinedrisused.asinworker,purer,nearer,unless thejoinedformisdistinctive,inwhichcaseitmaybeused,asinsmaller, greater. Theterminationestisexpressedbyes in wordsendinginaconsonant whenthewordiswritten ;infull,asincheapest,broadest.Thisrulealso applies tobriefformsorcontractionswhenthefinalconsonant of the short-hand form is also the finalconsonant of the word, asin soonest, strangest. Theterminationestisusuallyexpressedbyadisjoinedstafterbrief forms,abbreviated words,or wordsendinginavowel,asinstillest,busiest. butthestmaybejoinedwhenadistinctiveformisobtained,asinfuliest, truest. FORMATIONOFADVERBS.Adverbsformedbytheadditionoflytothe adjectivearewritteninshorthandbyaddingthesmallcircle,signifyingly, totheprimitiveformoftheadjective. Theonlyexceptionstothisruleare friendly,immediately,thoroughly,respectfully. THEENDINGTION Somanywordsendwiththesuffixtion,initsvariousspellings,thatin formingderivativesashorthandoutlineisconsideredtoendwiththefinal letter of a word if the word ends with thesuffixtion.Bysodoing,thatgreat classofwordsmaybewrittenin accordance with such rulesasthosein par-agraphs 76 and 59(2) of theAnniversary Manual. Words ending in tionist are writtenwiththejoinedes,asin abolitionist, evolutionist,elocutionist.So,also,weareabletousethereversedcirclefor suchformsasauctioneer, stationer,executioner,andthejoineddforforms likementioned, commissioned,old fashioned. Otherexamplesshowingthemannerinwhichtheoutlinesendingin tion, sion,cienmayberegarded aswritten in full are such classes of words as professional,national.provisional,sensational,rational;efficient,deficient, proficient;efficiency,deficiency,proficiency. VlllGREGGSHORTHANDDICTIONARY THE ENDING ATE Tisomittedintheterminationsrate,late,tate.Thetiswritteninthe terminationsfate,vate,mate,nate.The at isomitted in the terminations cate,. gate.Thefollowingbrieflistofexampleswillmakethisclear: -rate -late -tate -fate, -vate -mate -nate -cate -gate accurate,commemorate,confederate,decorate,liberate,narrate, obdurate,operate,penetrate,perpetrate,venerate,vibrate.(Ina fewwordstheabbreviatingprincipleisapplied:cooperate,elab-orate, inaugurate, recuperate, refrigerate, separate.To form deriva-tivesaddsfor-rates,adisjoinedvfor-rative,adisjoinedrfor -rator.) annihilate,desolate,dilate,disconsolate,inflate,isolate,mutilate, oscillate,scintillate,translate,violate,ventilate. agitate,annotate,devastate,dictate,facilitate,felicitate,gravitate, hesitate,imitate,irritate,necessitate,rotate,vegetate.(Except med-itate.) phosphate,aggravate,captivate,cultivate,elevate,excavate,reno-vate. animate,chromate,consummate,cremate,estimate,intimate,sub-limate,ultimate,primate. alienate,alternate,assassinate,coordinate, dominate, eliminate, fas-cinate,illuminate,incriminate,indeterminate,inordinate,nomi-nate,originate,predominate,subordinate,terminate,unfortunate. (Intheterminationsgivenabove,thetisretainedwhenadouble vowelprecedes,asinaffiliate,alleviate,appropriate,conciliate, create,delineate,.humiliate,radiate,exceptretaliate,aPpreciate, enunciate.) abdicate, adjudicate, complicate, confiscate, delicate, deprecate, erad-icate,fabricate,implicate,indicate, ,intricate,locate,allocate,dis-locate,lubricate,medicate,suffocate,syndicate,vindicate.(Write kshfor-cationin wordssoabbreviated.Therearespecialabbre-viationsforcertificate,duplicate,communicate,prevaricate,recip-rocate,educate.We writeinfullforthesakeofgreaterlegibility the words vacate, desiccate, dedicate,predicate,extricate,advocate.) abrogate,aggregate,castigate,congregate,conjugate,corrugate, instigate,interrogate,investigate,irrigate,litigate,mitigate,navi-gate,obligate,propagate,relegate,segregate, subjugate, surrogate, variegate.(Writegshfor-gationinwordssoabbreviated.The abbreviatingprincipleisappliedtodelegate,promulgate.We writeinfulllegate,frigate.) GREGGSHORTHANDDICTIONARY MODIFICATIONOFWORDFORMS IX Informingcompound words,itisoftennecessarytochangesomewhat theform of one of thewords.Examplesofthisare:cobweb,featherweight, flywheel,footwear,neckwear,hoodwink,horsewhip,lukewarm,milkweed. , whirlwind. FREQUENTLYRECURRINGSYLLABLES The principle of analogyisofthegreatest value tothe writer of a system in whichit may beused toitsfullestextent,asisthecasewithGregg Short-hand. We shall point out q,ere some of the useful analogicalformsthat arenot givenassuch in theManual; many ofthem fallunder the abbreviating prin-ciple.In order toconserve space, the shorthand formsarenotgiven,asthey may easily beascertained fromthe word listofthisdictionary.Knowing the outlineforanyone of the words.andknowing that allsimilarcombinations are written analogically, it will be a simple mattertoconstruct theoutlines for yourself.Thelistsaregivenforconvenienceinpracticeandsothatyou maystudytheapplicationoftheprinciple: -ishabolish,banish,blemish,brutish,burnish,cherish,childish,fam-ish,finish,flourish,foolish,furnish,girlish,nourish, perish,polish, punish,relish,Spanish,stylish,tarnish;vanish,varnish. -letbooklet,bracelet,circlet,coverlet,eyelet,gauntlet,gimlet,goblet, inlet,outlet,ringlet,streamlet,tablet,violet.(Theendingetteis written in full,as in palette,roulette, silhouette.) -CIOUS(Allbutafewwordswiththisendingmaybewrittenunderthe abbreviatingprinciplewithouttheus.)audacious,atrocious,ava-ricious,capacious,delicious,efficacious,facetious,fallacious,fero-cious,fictitious,loquacious,malicious,meretricious,ostentatious, pernicious,precocious,propitious,sagacious,spacious,supersti-tious,tenacious,veracious,vivacious,voracious.(Insomewords havingtheciousending,itisadvisabletoaddtheusinorderto secureamorelegibleoutline.Thisisusuallytrueofwordshav-ing a similar formintion,asin captious,cautious,infectious,sus-picious,vexatious,vicious.). -fuseconfuse,diffuse,infuse,profuse,refuse,transfuse. -nctioncompunction, conjunction, disjunction,function,injunction,junc-tion,sanction. -mandcommand,countermand,demand,reprimand. -Ivearrive,deprive,derive,revive,survive. x -meter -pel -'valve -tain -uate -ject GREGGSHORTHANDDICTIONARY barometer,chronometer,speedometer,thermometer,diameter. compel,dispel,expel,impel,propel,repel,spell.(Thepasttense ofallthewordsendinginpelisformedbyraisingtheendof theItoshowtheadditionofd.Most of themformaderivative in pulsion, whichisindicated bytheadditionoftiontotheprimitive forin.) devolve,evolve,involve,revolve.(ef. absolve,dissolve,resolve.) attain,ascertain,captain,certain,contain,. detain,entertain,foun-tain,maintain,mountain,obtain,pertain,sustain. accentuate, actuate, attenuate, effectuate,extenuate,graduate,insin-uate,perpetuate.(Allthesewordsformderivativesintion.) abject,deject,eject,inject,project,reject. -tern,cistern,eastern,lantern,modern,nocturne,pattern,subaltern, -dernwestern. -gent,contingent,diligent,divergent,emergent,exigent,indigent,indul--gencegent,intelligent,negligent.(Allthesewordsformaderivativein gence,andsomeingency.) -portcomport,deport,disport,export,import,passport,purport,sport. -verse,diverse,diversity,diversion,diverge;converse,conversion,con--versity, verge;perverse,perversity,perversion;adverse,adversity;inverse, -version,inversion; reverse, reversion; subversion;obverse;university.(Uni--verge"z'erseiswrittenundertheabbreviatingprinciple.) -titudealtitude,aptitude,certitude,fortitude,latitude,platitude.(Except -riC -vity -ntic -ngle -ular -anous -uous gratitude.) bishopric,cambric,choleric,fabric,gastric,lyric,metric,theatric. brevity,levity,nativity,passivity,-captivity,activity,-gravity, .pro-ductivity. romantic,pedantic,Atlantic,authentic. angle,bangle,bungle,entangle,disentangle,mingle,mangle,sur-cingle,tangle,tingle,wrangle.(TheIisomittedfromtheword singleasthewordoccurssofrequently.TheIisalsoomitted fromsuchderivativesof angleasrectangle,triangle,quadrangle,.) angular,cellular,jugular,muscular, nebular, ocular,oracular, sec-ular,tabular, titular,tubular,vehicular.(We may take advantage of theabbreviating principle,however,inbinocular,molecular,spec-tacular,vernacular;singular,rectangulm:,triangular.) gregarious,multifarious,nefarious,precarious,vicarious. arduous,assiduous,contemptuous,continuous,deciduous,fatuous, -eous -tial, -cial GREGGSHORTHANDDICTIONARYxi incongruous,ingenuous,impetuous,presumptuous,sinuous,stren-uous,sumptuous,tempestuous,tortuous,unctuous,virtuous. beauteous,bounteous,courteous,cutaneous,duteous,erroneous, extraneous,hideous,igneous,piteous,plenteous. artificial,beneficial,circumstantial,commercial,credential,essen-tial, influential, initial, judicial, martial, partial, penitential, pestilen-tial,providential,provincial,prudential,residential,social,sub-stantial,superficial. DERIVATIVESOF COMMONENDINGS In thefollowing list of thederivativeformsofthesuffixesandcommon endings of words,one completesetofderivatives isgiven in each case.From theoutlinesonthenextpage,anysimilarwordsmaybeconstructed: -scribedescribe,describes,described,description,descriptive,describable, -pose -pute -spect -qUIre -pire -city -sure -/lect -suit -tic -ulate -logy -ograph -egraph -stic subscriber. dispose,disposes,disposed,disposition,disposable. dispute,disputes,disputed,disputation,disputable,disputant. prospect, prospects, prospected, inspection,prospective,prospector. acquire,acquires,acquired,acquisition,acquirement. aspire,aspires,aspired,aspiration,aspirant. capacity, measure,measures,measured,measurable,measurement,measure-less. reflect,reflects,reflected,reflection,reflective,reflector. consult,consults,consulted,consultation.consultative,consultant. critic,critics,critical,critically. emulate,emulates,emulated,emulation,emulative.emulator,emu-latory,postulant,immaculately. psychology,psychologic,psychological,psychologically,psycholo-psychologists,psychologize,theologian. photograph,photographs,photographed,photography,photogra-pher,photographic,photographical,photographically. telegraph,telegraphs,telegraphed,telegraphy,telegrapher,tele-graphical,telegraphically. domestic,domestics,domesticate,domesticates,domesticated,do-mestication,domestically. xuGREGGSHORTHANDDICTIONARY DERIVATIVESOFCOMMONENDINGS -scribe -pose -pute -spect -quire -pire -sure --7f'-f --0/(--L- --L--/leet -suit C--- C-/ C--r7C-abstractJ-"accelerationabruptness;OabstractedlyCaccelerator abscessj/' .atstractiont:;accent abscondGabstruseaccentuate absconderVabsurdaccentuation absence(:absurdityunaccented absent;0abundance _acceptc;:1? absenteerabundantif;oacceptabilityCJ7.r absentlytJacceptablec?)' absent-mindedly J. ?acceptance(en absinthf;abused)/acceptationOJ GREGGSHORTHANDDICTIONARY 3 acceptserrunaccompanied-vzinaccurately non-acceptanceaccompliceY'accusec:r-r unacceptable;-r;.:/}complicityaccusationc:77l accessl/7(accomplishCJ?accusativeo/J accessibilityc::Tl, accessiblec/lraccordc;:r---- unaccustomed accessionC1faccordancec:;r--e: bigamybishopric{Lblemish bigotbismuthGunblemished bigotrybison{'blight bijour;bite/blighted bilingualbitblinderV-biliousbitten'hblinker bill,built bitter{blissY billboardbitterest blissful77 billheadbitumen?-- blissfullyCj billiardsblackblissfulnessC billowCblackberryc:e blister bimetallismblackboard9blisteredL./ bidden 22GREGGSHORTHANDDICTIONARY blithesoineboast{:bonus blizzardboastfulr:.book blockbodicet;ebookkeeper blockadeCdbodkinbookkeepingC; blockhousec::-,.body(booklet0 bloodC/bodies/'bookshelfC bloodlessbodily(; bloodshotbodyguard(----/ boracic. bloody0disembodied/7;borderP blouse/'embody7bordered bludgeon boghborderless bluff):;. ---'bogus0...boroughLv blunderL-/- boilerborrowc: blunderedboldY.JbosomL blunderer bolderbotanyV-blunt0boldestL/botanicr blurCbotanicalr:::------. blushCboltC/.botanistrf? boltedbotht unblushingC bluster boab ,/ boarL. boarderP bombardmentc: bombastic(-f;botheredC/'/" bondtJrbothersomew--. bondage/bottleJ bondedYbottled bonnetWbottom{/ GREGGSHORTHANDDICTIONARY23 bough/.bug"""brig>ndC--.J boulevardbrandishr;brigantine bounceLr _bravebrightV bounced{Cbravery"Er:brightenc;:.-boundbravest?brighter boundary.brazen/.brightlyc;, boundenL- brazierbrightness