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1 Gregor Mendel 1822 – 1884 C.E.

Gregor Mendel 1822 – 1884 C.E

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Gregor Mendel 1822 – 1884 C.E. TECHNIQUE. 1. 2. Parental generation (P). Stamens. Carpel. 3. 4. RESULTS. First filial gener- ation offspring (F 1 ). 5. EXPERIMENT. P Generation (true-breeding parents). . Purple flowers. White flowers. F 1 Generation (hybrids). - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Page 1: Gregor Mendel 1822 – 1884 C.E

1

Gregor Mendel1822 – 1884 C.E.

Page 2: Gregor Mendel 1822 – 1884 C.E

StamensCarpel

Parentalgeneration(P)

TECHNIQUE

1

2

3

4

2

Page 3: Gregor Mendel 1822 – 1884 C.E

Firstfilialgener-ationoffspring(F1)

RESULTS5

3

Page 4: Gregor Mendel 1822 – 1884 C.E

EXPERIMENT

P Generation(true-breeding parents) Purple

flowers Whiteflowers

F1 Generation (hybrids) All plants had

purple flowers

F2 Generation

705 purple-floweredplants

224 white-floweredplants

4

Page 5: Gregor Mendel 1822 – 1884 C.E

5

Page 6: Gregor Mendel 1822 – 1884 C.E

Allele for purple flowers

Homologouspair ofchromosomes

Locus for flower-color gene

Allele for white flowers

6

Page 7: Gregor Mendel 1822 – 1884 C.E

P Generation

Appearance:Genetic makeup:

Gametes:

Purple flowers White flowersPP

P

pp

p

F1 Generation

Gametes:

Genetic makeup:Appearance: Purple flowers

Pp

P p1/21/2

F2 GenerationSperm

Eggs

P

PPP Pp

p

pPp pp

3 1

7

Page 8: Gregor Mendel 1822 – 1884 C.E

Phenotype

Purple

Purple3

Purple

Genotype

1 White

Ratio 3:1

(homozygous)

(homozygous)

(heterozygous)

(heterozygous)

PP

Pp

Pp

pp

Ratio 1:2:1

1

1

2

8

Page 9: Gregor Mendel 1822 – 1884 C.E

TECHNIQUE

RESULTS

Dominant phenotype, unknown genotype:

PP or Pp?

Predictions

Recessive phenotype, known genotype: pp

If PP If PporSperm Sperm

p p p p

P

P

P

pEggs Eggs

Pp

Pp Pp

Pp

Pp Pp

pp pp

orAll offspring purple 1/2 offspring purple and

1/2 offspring white

9

Page 10: Gregor Mendel 1822 – 1884 C.E

EXPERIMENT

RESULTS

P Generation

F1 Generation

Predictions

Gametes

Hypothesis ofdependentassortment

YYRR yyrr

YR yr

YyRr

Hypothesis ofindependentassortment

orPredictedoffspring ofF2 generation

Sperm

SpermYR

YR

yr

yr

Yr

YR

yR

Yr

yRyr

YRYYRR

YYRR YyRr

YyRr

YyRr

YyRr

YyRr

YyRr

YYRr

YYRr

YyRR

YyRR

YYrr Yyrr

Yyrr

yyRR yyRr

yyRr yyrr

yyrr

Phenotypic ratio 3:1

EggsEggs

Phenotypic ratio 9:3:3:1

1/21/2

1/2

1/2

1/4

yr

1/4 1/4 1/41/4

1/4

1/4

1/4

1/43/4

9/163/16 3/16

1/16

Phenotypic ratio approximately 9:3:3:1315 108 101 32

10

Page 11: Gregor Mendel 1822 – 1884 C.E

Rr RrSegregation of

alleles into eggs

Sperm

R

RR R

R

R rrr

r

r

r1/2

1/2

1/2

1/2

Segregation ofalleles into sperm

Eggs1/4

1/4

1/41/4

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Page 12: Gregor Mendel 1822 – 1884 C.E

Red

P Generation

Gametes

WhiteCRCR CWCW

CR CW

F1 GenerationPinkCRCW

CR CWGametes 1/21/2

F2 Generation

Sperm

Eggs

CR

CR

CW

CW

CRCR CRCW

CRCW CWCW

1/21/2

1/2

1/2

12

Page 13: Gregor Mendel 1822 – 1884 C.E

IA

IB

i

ABnone

(a) The three alleles for the ABO blood groups and their associated carbohydrates

Allele Carbohydrate

GenotypeRed blood cell

appearancePhenotype

(blood group)

IAIA or IA i A

BIBIB or IB i

IAIB AB

ii O

(b) Blood group genotypes and phenotypes13

Page 14: Gregor Mendel 1822 – 1884 C.E

BbCc BbCc

Sperm

EggsBC bC Bc bc

BC

bC

Bc

bc

BBCC

1/41/4

1/41/4

1/4

1/4

1/4

1/4

BbCC BBCc BbCc

BbCC bbCC BbCc bbCc

BBCc BbCc

BbCc bbCc

BBcc Bbcc

Bbcc bbcc

9 : 3 : 4

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Page 15: Gregor Mendel 1822 – 1884 C.E

Eggs

Sperm

Phenotypes:Number ofdark-skin alleles: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

1/646/64

15/6420/64

15/646/64

1/64

1/8

1/8

1/8

1/8

1/8

1/8

1/8

1/8

1/81/8

1/81/8

1/81/8

1/81/8

AaBbCc AaBbCc

15

Page 16: Gregor Mendel 1822 – 1884 C.E

Amniotic fluidwithdrawn

Fetus

PlacentaUterus Cervix

Centrifugation

Fluid

Fetalcells

Severalhours

Severalweeks

Severalweeks

(a) Amniocentesis (b) Chorionic villus sampling (CVS)

Severalhours

Severalhours

Fetalcells

Bio-chemical

tests

Karyotyping

Placenta Chorionicvilli

Fetus

Suction tubeinsertedthroughcervix

16