Gregorian Calendar 1582 - Pope Gregory XIII

Gregorian Calendar 1582 - Pope Gregory XIII Ten days dropped from October(October 5, 1582 became October 15)

Gregorian Calendar 1582 - Pope Gregory XIII Ten days dropped from October(October 5, 1582 became October 15)

February gets an extra day in “century” years that can be divided by 400

Gregorian Calendar 1582 - Pope Gregory XIII Ten days dropped from October(October 5, 1582 became October 15)

February gets an extra day in “century” years that can be divided by 400

Difference between calendar and solar years now only in seconds

Gregorian Calendar Roman Catholic nations of Europe

adopted Gregorian calendar immediately

Even France….But there was a problem

In the early 16th Century France observed New Year’s Day on March 25 – and celebrations lasted until April 1

Even France….But there was a problem

In the early 16th Century France observed New Year’s Day on March 25 – and celebrations lasted until April 1

The April 1 gift exchange

Even France….But there was a problem

In the early 16th Century France observed New Year’s Day on March 25 – and celebrations lasted until April 1.

The April 1 gift exchange When the Gregorian

Calendar was accepted…many refused to honor it

and… Jokers made fun of these

people by sending frivolous gifts and invitations to non-existent parties

and… Jokers made fun of these

people by sending frivolous gifts and invitations to non-existent parties

Gregorian Calendar 1582 - Pope Gregory XIII Ten days dropped from October

(October 5, 1582 became October 15) February gets an extra day in “century” years

that can be divided by 400 Difference between calendar and solar years

now only in seconds Roman Catholic nations of Europe adopted

Gregorian calendar immediately German states adopt by 1700

Gregorian Calendar 1582 - Pope Gregory XIII Ten days dropped from October

(October 5, 1582 became October 15) February gets an extra day in “century” years

that can be divided by 400 Difference between calendar and solar years

now only in seconds Roman Catholic nations of Europe adopted

Gregorian calendar immediately German states adopt by 1700

In 1640, when the first calendar was published for the public.....

Everyone knew that its days were numbered.

March 21 March 22

So why does George Washington have three

birthdays?

And a Third One

George Washington’s Multiple Birthdays

And a Third One

George Washington’s Multiple Birthdays

Ten Days Dropped

Gregorian Modification

121

And a Third One

George Washington’s Multiple Birthdays

Ten Days Dropped

Gregorian Modification

1One more day

Gregorian Modification

2

Calendars are affected not only by agricultural needs but also by religious and political concerns

And how about the North Korean Calendar?

Use a variant of the Gregorian Calendar with a Juche (self-reliance) year based on 1912

•the birth date of Kim Il-sung as year 1

•Calendar introduced in 1997 by Kim Jong-il

In Islam, portions of 2008 are 1429 A.H.

French Revolution French invented a new

Revolutionary calendar October 1793 but was made

effective on September 22, 1793 (both the autumnal equinox and the anniversary of the Revolution)

Political of Religious Concerns?

And…12 months and 30 days each…

it was divided into 12 months of 30 days Vendémiaire (vintage month) Brumaire (fog) Frimaire (sleet) Nivôse (snow) Pluviôse (rain) Ventôse (wind) Germinal (seed) Floréal (blossom) Prairial (pasture) Messidor (harvest) Thermidor (heat) Fructidor (fruit) The remaining five days, called sans-culottides, were feast days There was no week; each month was divided into three decades

of ten days each, with every 10th day (décadi) a day of rest.

Now the Brits… Mocked the French

calendar calling the months Wheezy, Sneezy, and Freezy; Slippy, Drippy and Nippy; Showery, Flowery and Bowery; Wheaty, Heaty and Sweety

Oh yeah… Each day was divided into ten

hours; each hour into 100 decimal minutes and each decimal minute into 100 decimal seconds

Clocks were manufactured to display decimal time

Didn’t catch on – abandoned in 1795 although some were in use as late as 1801

But…

…instead of getting one day off every seven to pray in church, the peasants were miffed that they got only one day off in ten to attend a “temple of reason”

As a result… Sunday (the Sabbath)

was reintroduced effective Easter, April 18, 1802

Napoleon finally abolished the calendar in 1806

The good news is that the decimal system remained!

Jigsaw II and Calendars Generalization: Calendars are affected not only by agricultural

needs but also by religious and political concerns.

Expert Teams focus on how the generalization holds or does not hold in the...Hebrew Calendar

• Lunar calendar

Islamic Calendar Months (Tishri, Nisan ...) • Portions of 2001/2002 are • Day of Atonement ...

1422 A.H. (Anno Hegirae) Dating of Year 1

• Ramadan…Eid, Haj…• Lunar calendar...

Mayan Calendar

• Two kinds of calendars – Chinese Calendar a sacred one of 260 days • Emperor Huang-Ti invents and another - • Naming of year - year of the ox, ...

a solar calendar • Chinese new year ... • Lucky and unlucky days ...

Home Teams

Lecturing is not always appropriate

The case for…and against Against Discovery1. Takes too much

time2. Kids can’t learn as

much3. They can’t

discover everything4. What if they

discover a wrong answer?

For Discovery1. Kids better remember

and transfer 2. More and better

interest3. Kids learn to discover

Heuristics

When to Use….Direct (Expository) Teaching

• When time is limited

• When there are no readily available or easily understood materials

Indirect Teaching

• When time is available for discovery and higher-order thinking

• When there is an abundance of understandable materials

The Lecture Method is Appropriate When… The objective is to present information Information is not available in accessible sources A particular organization is required You want to arouse interest An introduction must be made The information is original or must be integrated

from different sources A summary or synthesis is required Alternative points or clarification are required Supplementary explanations are needed

(after Good and Brophy, 1999; Gage and Berliner, 1992; Henson, 1988)

Ausubel Model Characteristics

Interactive Deductive Sequential

Uses Examples Present PresentAdvance SubordinateOrganizer Content

Differentiate Ask for Reconcile Subordinate or provide Differentiated

Material examples of Materialsubordinateconcepts orgeneralizations