Heavy Ions: Radiation Protection.

Dmitri Popov. PhD, Radiobiology. MD (Russia)Advanced Medical Technology and Systems Inc. Canada. Slava Maliev, PhD, Radiobiology,Academy of Science, Russia.

Hadrons: Radiation Protection.Hadrons: Radiation Protection.Antiradiation vaccine: Technology and development of prophylaxis, prevention and treatment of biological consequences from Heavy Ion irradiation.

Hadrons. Hadronsare subatomic particles that can take part in the strong interaction the force that binds protons inside the nuclei of atoms. Physicists have theorized since the 1960s, and ample experimental evidence since has confirmed, thathadronsare made up of quarks and antiquarks that determine their properties. Apr 9, 2014CERN

Hadrons.Hadrons are categorized into two families:baryons(such asprotonsandneutrons, made of threequarks) andmesons(such aspions, made of one quark and oneantiquark). A tetraquarkstate (anexotic meson), named theZ(4430)was discovered in 2014 by theLHCbcollaboration.

Hadrons.According to thequark model,the properties of hadrons are primarily determined by their so-calledvalence quarks. For example, aprotonis composed of twoup quarks(each withelectric charge+23, for a total of +43together) and onedown quark(with electric charge 13). Adding these together yields the proton charge of +1.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadron

Hadrons: Medical Therapy.Radiation therapy is the medical use of ionizing radiation to treat cancer. In conventional radiation therapy, beams of X rays (high energy photons) are produced by accelerated electrons and then delivered to the patient to destroy tumour cells. Using crossing beams from many angles, radiation oncologists irradiate the tumour target while trying to spare the surrounding normal tissues. Inevitably some radiation dose is always deposited in the healthy tissues. http://enlight.web.cern.ch/what-is-hadron-therapyHadrons.Heavy charged particles produce biological damage that is different from that normally produced by sparsely ionizing radiation, such as x- or gamma-rays. DNA lesions are exquisitely complex and difficult to repair. Relative biological effectiveness (RBE) factors are normally used to scale from x-rays to heavy ion damage, but it should be kept in mind that RBE depends on several factors (dose, dose rate, endpoint, particle energy, and charge, etc.), and sometimes heavy ions produce special damages that just cannot be scaled by x-ray damage alone. These special characteristics of heavy ions can be used to treat tumors efficiently, as it is currently done in Japan and Germany, but they represent a threat for human space exploration. Health Phys.2012 Nov;103(5):532-9. doi: 10.1097/HP.0b013e318264b4b6.Eighth Warren K. Sinclair keynote address: Heavy ions in therapy and space: benefits and risks.Durante M

Hadrons.When the irradiating beams are made of charged particles (protons and other ions, such as carbon), radiation therapy is called hadron-therapy. The strength of hadron-therapy lies in the unique physical and radiobiological properties of these particles; they can penetrate the tissues with little diffusion and deposit the maximum energy just before stopping. http://enlight.web.cern.ch/what-is-hadron-therapyHadrons: Space RadiationLife Sci Space Res.1975;13:187-93.Peculiarities of biological action of hadrons of space radiation.Akoev IG1,Yurov SS.

Biological investigations in space enable one to make a significant contribution on high-energy hadrons to biological effects under the influence of factors of space flights. Physical and molecular principles of the action of high-energy hadrons are analysed. Genetic and somatic hadron effects produced by the secondary radiation from 70 GeV protons have been studied experimentally. The high biological effectiveness of hadrons, great variability in biological effects, and specifically of their action, are associated with strong interactions of high-energy hadrons. These are the probability of nuclear interaction with any atom nucleus, generation of a great number of secondary particles (among them, probably, highly effective multicharged and heavy nuclei, antiprotons, pi(-)-mesons), and the spatial distribution of secondary particles as a narrow cone with extremely high density of particles in its first part. The secondary radiation generated by high- and superhigh-energy hadrons upon their interaction with the spaceship is likely to be the greatest hazard of radiation to the crew during space flights.Hadrons: Radiation Protection.Introduction: An anti-radiation vaccine could be an important part of a countermeasures reg-imen for effective radioprotection, immunoprophylaxis and immunotherapy of the acute radi-ation syndromes (ARS) after gamma-irradiation, neutron irradiation or heavy ion irradiation Antiradiation vaccine: Technology and development of prophylaxis, prevention and treatment of biological consequences from Heavy Ion irradiation. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/253267437_Antiradiation_vaccine_Technology_and_development_of_prophylaxis_prevention_and_treatment_of_biological_consequences_from_Heavy_Ion_irradiation [accessed Apr 12, 2015].Hadrons: Radiation Protection.Reliable protection of non-neoplastic regions of patients with different forms of cancer which undergo to heavy ion therapy ( e.g. Hadron-therapy) can significantly extend the efficiency of the therapeutic course. The protection of cosmonauts astronauts from the heavy ion radiation component of space radiation with specific immunoprophylaxis by the anti-radiation vaccine may be an important part of medical management for long term space missions. Antiradiation vaccine: Technology and development of prophylaxis, prevention and treatment of biological consequences from Heavy Ion irradiation. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/253267437_Antiradiation_vaccine_Technology_and_development_of_prophylaxis_prevention_and_treatment_of_biological_consequences_from_Heavy_Ion_irradiation [accessed Apr 12, 2015].Hadrons: Radiation Protection.Methods and experiments: 1. The Antiradiation Vaccine preparation -standard (mixture of toxoid form of Radiation Toxins -SRD-group) which include Cerebrovascular RT - Neurotoxin, Cardiovascular RT - Neurotoxin, Gastrointestinal RT - Neurotoxin, Hematopoietic RT - Hematotoxin. Antiradiation vaccine: Technology and development of prophylaxis, prevention and treatment of biological consequences from Heavy Ion irradiation. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/253267437_Antiradiation_vaccine_Technology_and_development_of_prophylaxis_prevention_and_treatment_of_biological_consequences_from_Heavy_Ion_irradiation [accessed Apr 12, 2015].Hadrons: Radiation ProtectionRadiation Toxins Specific Radiation Determinant Group were isolated from a central lymph of gamma-irradiated animals with Cerebrovascular, Cardiovascular, Gastrointestiinal, Hematopoi-etic forms of ARS Antiradiation vaccine: Technology and development of prophylaxis, prevention and treatment of biological consequences from Heavy Ion irradiation. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/253267437_Antiradiation_vaccine_Technology_and_development_of_prophylaxis_prevention_and_treatment_of_biological_consequences_from_Heavy_Ion_irradiation [accessed Apr 12, 2015].Hadrons: Radiation Protection.Devices for gamma-radiation are "Panorama", "Puma". 2. Heavy ion exposure was accomplished at Department of Scientific Research Institute of Nuclear Physics, Dubna, Russia. Antiradiation vaccine: Technology and development of prophylaxis, prevention and treatment of biological consequences from Heavy Ion irradiation. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/253267437_Antiradiation_vaccine_Technology_and_development_of_prophylaxis_prevention_and_treatment_of_biological_consequences_from_Heavy_Ion_irradiation [accessed Apr 12, 2015].Hadrons: Radiation Protection.The heavy ions irradiation was generated in heavy ion (Fe56) accelerator -UTI. Heavy Ion linear transfer energy -2000-2600 KeV mkm, 600 MeV U. Absorbed Dose -3820 Rad. Antiradiation vaccine: Technology and development of prophylaxis, prevention and treatment of biological consequences from Heavy Ion irradiation. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/253267437_Antiradiation_vaccine_Technology_and_development_of_prophylaxis_prevention_and_treatment_of_biological_consequences_from_Heavy_Ion_irradiation [accessed Apr 12, 2015].Hadrons: Radiation Protection.Experimental Design: Rabbits from all groups were irradiated by heavy ion accelerator. Group A -control -10 rabbits; Group B -placebo -5 rabbits; Group C -radioprotectant Cystamine (50 mg kg)-5 rabbits, 15 minutes before irradiation -5 rabbits; Group D -radioprotectant Gammafos (Amifostine -400mg kg ), -5 rabbits; Group E -Antiradiation Vaccine: subcutaneus administration or IM -2 ml of active substance, 14 days before irradiation - 5 rabbits. Antiradiation vaccine: Technology and development of prophylaxis, prevention and treatment of biological consequences from Heavy Ion irradiation. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/253267437_Antiradiation_vaccine_Technology_and_development_of_prophylaxis_prevention_and_treatment_of_biological_consequences_from_Heavy_Ion_irradiation [accessed Apr 12, 2015].Hadrons: Radiation Protection.Results: Group A -100% mortality within two hours after heavy ion irradiation with clinical symptoms of the acute cerebrovascular and cardiovascular syndromes. Group B -100% mortal-ity within 15 hours following irradiation. Group C -100% mortality within 14-15 hours after irradiation. Group D -100% mortality within 15-16 hours after irradiation. Antiradiation vaccine: Technology and development of prophylaxis, prevention and treatment of biological consequences from Heavy Ion irradiation. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/253267437_Antiradiation_vaccine_Technology_and_development_of_prophylaxis_prevention_and_treatment_of_biological_consequences_from_Heavy_Ion_irradiation [accessed Apr 12, 2015].Hadrons: Radiation Protection.In groups A-D, development of the acute radiation cerebrovascular and cardiovascular syndromes as well as ex-tensive burns of skin caused rapid death. Group E -100% mortality in 280-290 hours (12 days) following heavy ion irradiation while animals were exhibiting a combination or individual forms of the acute cerebrovascular, cardiovascular, and gastrointestinal forms and focal skin burns. Antiradiation vaccine: Technology and development of prophylaxis, prevention and treatment of biological consequences from Heavy Ion irradiation. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/253267437_Antiradiation_vaccine_Technology_and_development_of_prophylaxis_prevention_and_treatment_of_biological_consequences_from_Heavy_Ion_irradiation [accessed Apr 12, 2015].Hadrons: Radiation Protection.Discussion: The Antiradiation Vaccine (ARV) and specific immune-prophylaxis are an effective method of neutralization of Radiation Toxins. Vaccination with the ARV significantly extended the survival time after irradiation with heavy ions from two hours up to 300 hours. Antiradiation vaccine: Technology and development of prophylaxis, prevention and treatment of biological consequences from Heavy Ion irradiation. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/253267437_Antiradiation_vaccine_Technology_and_development_of_prophylaxis_prevention_and_treatment_of_biological_consequences_from_Heavy_Ion_irradiation [accessed Apr 12, 2015].Hadrons: Radiation Protection.Clinical signs, clinical features, symptoms were somewhat attenuated. Degree of clinical forms of the Acute Radiation Syndromes were diminished in their severity. Groups A-D demonstrated an extremely severe degree (Degree 4) of Cerebrovascular and Cardiovascular forms of the Acute Radiation Syndromes and lethality 100% was registered in a short time after irradiation. Antiradiation vaccine: Technology and development of prophylaxis, prevention and treatment of biological consequences from Heavy Ion irradiation. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/253267437_Antiradiation_vaccine_Technology_and_development_of_prophylaxis_prevention_and_treatment_of_biological_consequences_from_Heavy_Ion_irradiation [accessed Apr 12, 2015].Hadrons: Radiation Protection.Radi-ation induced burns in this groups (with Cutaneous sub-syndrome of ARS -Degree 4) that were deep with extensive and total dysfunction and possible muscle involvement developed. Antiradiation vaccine: Technology and development of prophylaxis, prevention and treatment of biological consequences from Heavy Ion irradiation. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/253267437_Antiradiation_vaccine_Technology_and_development_of_prophylaxis_prevention_and_treatment_of_biological_consequences_from_Heavy_Ion_irradiation [accessed Apr 12, 2015].Hadrons: Radiation Protection.Animals from group E -Radioprotectant -anti-radiation vaccine had demonstrated later development of the severe Degree 3 or even Degree 2-3 forms of Cerebrovascular and Cardiovascular forms of the ARS and a survival time of irradiated animals was significantly prolonged. Cutaneous sub-syndrome developed in Degree 3 or Degree 2-3. Our results have demonstrated the potential radioprotection efficacy of specific immune-prophylaxis with the Antiradiation vaccine against heavy ion irradiation. Antiradiation vaccine: Technology and development of prophylaxis, prevention and treatment of biological consequences from Heavy Ion irradiation. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/253267437_Antiradiation_vaccine_Technology_and_development_of_prophylaxis_prevention_and_treatment_of_biological_consequences_from_Heavy_Ion_irradiation [accessed Apr 12, 2015].