Harbor Communities Monitoring Study

Bart Croes, P.E.Chief, Research Division

California Air Resources Board

September 19, 2007

Air Pollution and Premature DeathCalifornia estimates for 2005

Pollutant Annual Deaths*

PM2.5 13,000 to 22,000

PM10 1000 to 2000

Ozone 800

Toxic AirContaminants

400

* At least a factor of two uncertainty.

California’s Disproportionate Air Pollution Exposure

California41%

Rest of Nation59%

8-Hour Ozone(U.S. standard = 80 ppb)

California63%

Rest of Nation37%

Annual PM2.5(U.S. standard = 15 µg/m3)

Population-weighted and minus National Ambient Air Quality standard (NAAQS), based on 2000-2002 data.

Declining PM2.5 Levels

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

PM

2.5

ma

ss (

µg

/m3 )

South Coast San Joaquin Valley

State Standard National Standard

Regional PM2.5 Hot SpotsBased on South Coast AQMD measurements

Courtesy of Dr. Michael Jerrett, UC Berkeley

Stationary and mobile sourcesStationary sources only

Local Diesel PM Hot SpotsBased on air quality modeling

Preliminary results from ARB Planning and Technical Support Division

Harbor Communities Monitoring Study - Goals

Assess community exposure

• Measure local pollution “hot spots”• Test low-cost easy-to-use monitors• Determine impacts of local versus

regional sources• Establish baseline for Goods Movement

Emission Reduction Plan effectiveness

Study Design

• Harbor Communities– Wide range of pollution sources– Residential neighborhoods impacted

• Complementary monitoring tools– East-to-use “passive” monitors– Particle counters– Mobile monitoring platform

• Measure each season– PM2.5 health effects driven by annual average– Air toxic cancer risk based on long-term exposure– Meteorology varies by season

Objective: Test whether affordable, non-pump driven “passive” samplers are sensitive and accurate enough for community use

• Can they detect gradients?

• Can they accurately predict yearly averages from four months of one-week samples?

“Passive” Sampler Network(Prof. Eric Fujita, Desert Research Institute)

Ogawa passive samplers for NOX, NO2, and SO2

(thumb size in cup shield)

Radiello passive samplers for H2S, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acrolein, BTEX, and 1,3-butadiene

(size of a roll of pennies)

AirMetric Minivol PM2.5 Sampler(20” long by 7” in diameter)

Seven-day Time-integrated Samplers

Particle Counter Network(Dr. Katharine Moore and

Prof. Constantinos Sioutas, USC)

• Objective

– Determine local versus regional sources,

weather and seasonal impacts, etc.

• Network of 13 particle counters

– Particle number dominated by “ultrafine”

particles (<0.1µm)

– Ultrafine particles good indicator of combustion

– February through November, 2007

USC Equipment

Particle counter

Free-standing weather-proof shelter with tripod on top (for weather station)

SLB

NLB

DRI Core

DRI Core + continuous

SCAQMD

DRI Passive only

Port of Los Angeles

Port of Long Beach

WBC

R_1

OCN

HUD

BFL

W710E710

SE

R_4

R_2

R_3

R_5

R_6

FS49SWIL

R_11

R_9

E110

R_10

B47

R_8

LBPWR_7

TITPLHP

LBOH

LBIHSLB

NLB

DAES

WILM

SPPS

USC

Mobile Monitoring Platform(Kathleen Kozawa, Air Resources Board

Professor Arthur Winer, UCLA)

Objective: Find air pollution “hot spots” using Toyota RAV4 Electric Vehicle instrumented with real-time monitors

• Are they consistent throughout the day, week, and year?

• Can the sources by identified?

Measurement Parameters• Particles

– PM2.5 mass– black carbon (BC)– particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons– number and size distribution

• Gases– carbon dioxide (CO2)– carbon monoxide (CO)– nitrogen oxides (NOX, NO, NO2)– total volatile organic compounds (VOC)

• Meteorology– Wind speed and direction, T, RH

• Traffic documentation and location

Basis for Route Selection

• Sources– Ports– Freeways– Refineries– Rail yards– Heavy-duty diesel

truck traffic on surface streets

• Route Development– Source locations,

prevailing winds – Community input – Low-income

neighborhoods– Traffic counts– Dispersion modeling– Electric vehicle

range, road access

Residential Route:Identifying Pollution “Hot Spots”

Carson Residential

Near ICTF

Santa Fe West

Santa Fe EastWilmington NW

Wilmington NE

Wilmington SE

Wilmington SW

= Low Income Areas = Petroleum Refinery

Effect of Location on “Hot Spots”Sample Day 1 – Fall 2006 pilot study

0

1

2

3

4

5

Near I

CTF

Carso

n Res

ident

ial

Santa

Fe

East

Santa

Fe

Wes

t

Wilm

ingto

n NE

Wilm

ingto

n SW

Wilm

ingto

n NW

Wilm

ingto

n SE

San P

edro

Eas

t

Bla

ck C

arbo

n (u

g/m

3)

AM PM

Effect of Location on “Hot Spots” Sample Day 2 – Fall 2006 pilot study

0

1

2

3

4

5

Near I

CTF

Carso

n Res

ident

ial

Santa

Fe

E

Santa

Fe

W

Wilm

ingto

n NE

Wilm

ingto

n SW

Wilm

ingto

n NW

Wilm

ingto

n SE

San P

edro

Eas

t

Bla

ck C

arbo

n (u

g/m

3)

AM PM

Effect of Road Type and Time of Day Single sample day – Fall 2006 pilot study

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

Freeway Surface Streets Residential

Bla

ck C

arb

on

(u

g/m

3)

am pm

Preliminary Results(Fall 2006 pilot study and Winter 2007)

• Monitoring Tools– Easy-to-use monitors less expensive/good accuracy

compared to standard methods (for 1-week averages)– Hold promise as community screening tool

• Pollution Exposure– Increased pollutant levels in AM relative to PM– Large day-to-day, week-to-week, seasonal variability– Higher week-to-week than location-to-location

variability in levels of most pollutants– Data from remaining three seasons needed for more

health relevance and definitive conclusions

Preliminary Results(Fall 2006 pilot study and Winter 2007)

• Sources of Pollution– Higher PM2.5 occurred when regional

contributions were apparently significant– Higher pollutant levels closer to roadways,

especially for diesel-related emissions– Sulfur dioxide and hydrogen sulfide highest

downwind of Conoco Refinery, but no corresponding increase in air toxics

Study Status

• Completed monitoring– February-March, May-June, August 2007

• Upcoming monitoring– November 2007

• Complete study results available in 2008– Focus on health relevance and sources

• New studies– Community deployment of easy-to-use monitors in

West Oakland (Prof. Manual Pastor, USC)– Develop low-cost PM2.5 monitor based on smoke

alarm technology (Prof. Kirk Smith, UC Berkeley)

Acknowledgments– Air Resources Board: Steve Church, Pablo Cicero-Fernandez,

Kevin Cleary, Mike FitzGibbon, Ying-Kuang Hsu, Chris Jakober, Whitney Leeman, Steve Mara

– Desert Research Institute: Barbara Zielinska, Brooks Mason, Anna Cunningham, Judith Chow, Steven Kohl, Barbara Hinsvark, Brenda Cristani

– Port of Long Beach– Port of Los Angeles– South Coast Air Quality Management District: Phil Fine, Chung

Liu, Jean Ospital– Toyota Motor Corporation– University of Nevada, Reno: Pat Arnott– University of Southern California: Scott Fruin, Meg Krudysz,

Payam Pakbin, Neelakshi Hudda, Andrea Hricko– Community Monitoring Location Hosts: Balthasar Alvarez, Dan

Berns and the Berns Company, City of Los Angeles, City of Long Beach, John Cross, Los Angeles Fire Department Battalion 6, Jesse Marquez, Orange County Nursery, Southern California Edison, Superior Electrical Advertising, Inc., Westside Baptist Church, other community volunteers

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Further Information

www.arb.ca.gov/research/mobile/hcm/hcm.htm

Leon Dolislager at (916) 323-1533 or ldolisla@arb.ca.gov

Bart Croes at (916) 323-4519 or bcroes@arb.ca.gov