Bernhard Maidl, Leonhard Schmid, Willy Ritz, Martin Herren knecht

Hardrock Tunnel Boring Machines In co-operation with Gerhard Wehrmeyer and Marcus Derbort

-=rnst & So h n --A Wìley Company

Contents

2 2.1 2. 1.1 2.1.2 2. 1.3 2.1.4 2.2 2.2.1 2.2.1.1 2.2.1.2 2.2.2

3 3.1 3.2 3.2.1 3.2.2 3.2.3 3.3 3.3.1 3.3.2 3.3.3 3.3.4 3.3.5 3.3.6 3.3.7 3.4 3.4.1 3.4.2 3.5 3.6 3.6.1 3.6.2 3.6.3 3.6.4 3.6.4.1 3.6.4.2 3.6.5 3.6.5. 1

Historical Development and Future C hallenges .... .... ...... . .

Basic P rinciples and Dcfini tions . . ..... . . ... ..... . .......... . Basic Principlcs and Construction .......... . ......... .... .... . Boring System ......................... . ............... .. . Thrust and Clarnping System ..... . . . .. ... ..... ..... . . . . . .. .. . Muck Removal System ......... ..... . . ... . .. .... . . ..... .. . . Support Systern . .. ..... . ..... .. . . . .. .......... ........ . .. . Definitions and Terms ............ . ........................ . Tunnel Boring Machines with Fuii-Face Excavation .............. . Gripper TBM ..... ... ............................ . . ... ... . Shielded TBM ................ . ....................... . .. . Tunnel Boring Machines for Partial Excavation ..... .. . ... ... ... .

Boring Operation ............... . .............. .... ...... . The Boring Process ....................................... . The Cutter Head . . . .............................. .. ....... . Shape of the Cutter Head .......... .... . . .......... .... .. . .. . Clearing the Muck in the Excavation Area ..... ...... . ......... . Cutter Head Construction and Soil Consolidation ...... ...... .... . Cutting Tools .. .. .............. .... ...................... . Generai ..... .......... ...... ......... ........ ........ ... . Working Method of Cutter Discs ....... . ..................... . Cutter Spacing ..... ........................ .. . . .......... . Penetration ... .. . ..... ........ .. . . . . . ......... ..... . .... . . Wear . . . . ..... . . .... .......... . ......... . . ..... . ........ . Wear and Water .... .......... . . . ..... .. ......... . . . .. .... . Cutter Housing ............................ .. .... . ........ . The Main Drive ..... ...... ............................ ... . Types of Mai n Drive ....... ...... ......... ....... ...... .... . Main Bearing ...... ...... ............................ . ... . Advance Rate .. . ..... . ....... .. . ..... . ....... .. . . . ....... . Special Types . ... ........ . ............... ...... ........ . . . Reatner TBMs .... ............ .... .......... . . ..... ...... . Bouygues System ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ . . Mobile Miner (Robbins) ........... .. ...................... . Back-Cutting Techno1ogy ......... . ................. ... ..... . Mini-Fullfacer (Atlas Copco) ................. . ...... . . .... .. . Continuous Miner . ... ....... . . ...... ........ .. . . . ... ..... . Shaft Sinking ... ...... .......... ...... . ............. . . ... . Raise Boring .. . . . ............. . . . .... .. ......... . ... . .... .

15 16 16 17 18 18 20 20 20 22 23

25 25 26 27 29 31 32 32 33 36 38 41 48 49 50 50 53 53 55 56 57 58 58 58 60 61 62

VIl i

3.6.5.2 3.6.5.3

4 4. 1 4.2 4.3

5 5.1 5.2 5.2.1 5.2. 1.1 5.2.1.2 5.2.1.3 5.2.1.4 5.2.1.5 5.2.2 5.2.2. 1 5.2.2.2 5.2 .2.3 5.2.3 5.2.3.1 5.2.3.2 5.2.3.3

6 6.1 6.2

7 7.1 7.1. 1 7.1.2 7.2 7.3 7.3 .1 7.3.2 7.3.2.1 7.3.2.2 7.3.3 7.3.3.1 7.3.3.2 7.3.3.3

Contents

Blind Drill ing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 Combinations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65

Thrust . ... . ... . . . ........... . ... . . ... . ........ .. . . . . . . . , 67 Generai . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 Advancc with Gripper Clamping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 Aclvance with a Shield TBM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72

Material Transpor t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 Materia! Transport at the Maclllne . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 Materia! Transport Through the Tunnel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 Rail Transport . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 Diesel or Electric Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 Muck Cars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 Loading in the Tunnel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 Train Timctable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 Tunnel Track . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 Trackless Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 Transport Vchicles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 Haul Road . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 Loading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 Conveyor Transport . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 Conveyor Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 Conveyor Belt Extension and Belt Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 Advantages of Conveyor Tt·ansport and Innovati o n Potential . . . . . . . . 87

Backup Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 Backup Concept . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 Design Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93

Ventilation, Dust Removal, Working Safety, Vibration . . . . . . . . . . . 99 Venti1ation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 Danger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 Venti1ation Schemes, Venti1ation Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 Dust Removal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 Occupational Safety and Safety Planning for TBM Operati o n . . . . . . . l 03 Genera] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l 03 International Guidelines and National Regulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 Intemational Guidelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 National Regulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l 04 Integrated Safety Pian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 The Safety Pian in the Environment of Management P1ans . . . . . . . . . l 06 Safety Aims . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l 07 Description of Dangers and Risk Analyses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l 07

Contents

7.3 .3.-l 7.3.4

7.3.4. 1 7.3.4.2 7.4

8 8.1 8.2 8.2. l 8.2.2 8.2.3 8.2.4 8.3 8.3. 1 8.3.2 8.3.3 8.3.4 8.4 8.4. 1 8.4.2

9 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.3. 1 9.3.2 9.3.3 9.3 .3. 1 9.3.3.2 9.4 9.4. l 9.4.2 9.5 9.5. 1 9.5.2 9.6

IO l 0.1 10.2 10.3

IX

/\ction Pian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l 09 TBM Details and Spccifics Regarding :--latural Gas Dangcr an d Rock Supporr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Il O ~a turai Gas Danger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l l O Rock Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 l Vibration . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Il l

Additional Equipmcnt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 5 Jnvestigation an d lmprovcmcnt of the Geologica! Conditions . . . . . . . l l 5 Equipment for Rock Supporl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 Anchor Drills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 Steel Rìng Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 Mesh Installation Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 Innovation Aims . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 TBM Steering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 Steering the Gripper TBM with Sing le Bracing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 Steeting the Gripper TBM with x~Type Clamping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 Steering a Single Shicld TBM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 Steering a Double Shield TBM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 Surveying . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 Surveying the Posi ti o n of the Tunnel Boring Ma chine . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 Forward Calculation of the TBM Route . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127

Thnnel Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 Generai . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 Support Systems and Advance Rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 Systematic Support at the Machine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 Steel Arch Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 Liner Plates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 Segments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 7 lnvert Segments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 Segmental Lining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 7 Shotcrete Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142 Shotcrete Supp011 at the Machine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142 Shotcrete Support in thc Backup Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 Localised Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 Anchors and Mesh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 Arch Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 Stabilisation Ahead of thc Cutter Head . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146

Gripper TBM and Shield Machine Combinations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 Roof Shields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 Roof Shield and Side Steering Shoes and Cutter Head Sh ields . . . . . . 152 Walking Biade Gripper TBM...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153

x

10.4 10.4.1 l 0.4.2 10.4.2.1 10.4.2.2 10.5 10.5.1 10.5.2 10.5.3 10.5.3. 1 10.5.3.2 10.6 10.6. 1 10.6.2 10.7 10.7. 1 10.7.2 10.7.3 10.7.3.1 10.7.3.2 10.7.3 .3 10.7.3 .4

10.7.3 .5 10.8 l 0.8.1 10.8.2 10.8.2.1 10.8.2.2

11 11.1 11.2 11.2.1 11.2.2 11 .2.3 11.3 11.3.1 11 .3.2 11.3.3 11.3.4

Contents

Fuii-Face Shield .\11achines . .. . . . . . .... . .... . . . .. . . . .. .... .. . . Developmcnts ....... ...... ... ..... .. . . . ... . .. . ... ... . . · . . . Spccial Characteristics . .. . .. .... .. . ..... . ..... ... . .. .... .. . . Cutter Head and Shield .. . ..... . . .. . .. . . . .. ... ..... . .. ... . . . Thrust Ring ....... ... . . .. .... . ... ..... ... .. .. . .. ... . . .. . . Double Shields .. . . . .... . ... . ... . ... . .. . . . ... . ... . . ... . . .. . Dcvcloprncnts . . .. . . ... .. . . ... .. . ... .. ... . .. ... .... .. ..... . functiona l Principle .... .. . .... . ... . .... . ..... . . .......... . . Spccial Cases ..... .... . . . .... .. . .. ..... ... . .. . . . .. ... . ... . Shield and Bentonite Lubrication .. . ........... . ... . .... . .... . Tclcscopic Shicld .... ..... ... . .. .. .... . . . . . .... ... . . .... . . . Slurry Shield Machines .. . . .. .... . ... . . ..... .... . ... ... . . .. . Developments . .. . ... ... . . ...... . ... . .. . .................. . Working Principle .................... . . . ........... . . . . . . . Shields with Screw Conveyors ..... .. ...... .. ..... . .... ..... . . Dcvelopments ..... .. . . ... ... .. . . ...... . . . ... . .......... .. . Working Principle . ...... ... .... . ..... . . . .. . ..... . ........ . Machine Types ..... .. ...... .. . . .. . . ... ...... ... ... ...... . . Open Mode (Screw Conveyor - Conveyor Belt) .. .. ..... .... . . . . . Closed Mode (Screw Conveyor - Conveyor Belt) . ...... . ... . .. .. . Closed Mode (Slurry Circuit) .... ... . . ... ... ............. . . . . EPB Mode (Sere w Conveyor - Conveyor Bel t or Scrcw Conveyor/Siurry Pump) .... . . ..... .... ... ..... .... . ...... . . . Open Mode (Conveyor Belt) .... .... ... . . . ...... . . . .... . . ... . Micro Machines for Hard Rock .... .... .... .. .. . .. .... ...... . . Mini TBM . .... . . . . . ... ............. . . . . . ............. . . . Pipe Jacking .... . ...... . ........ . ..... .... ..... . ......... . Press-Bor.ing Pipe Jacking ...... . ........ ... ... ... .... . . . ... . Shicld Pipe Jacking ..... .. . .... .... .. ... . ........... ... .. . .

Special Processes: Combi nations of TBM Drives with Shotcrete .. Scope of Application ... ... ..... ..... ... ..... .... .......... . Construction Options .... . ..... ... .... ..... ... . . ... . ....... . Probe Headings ... ..... .... .... ... ...... . ....... . ...... . . . Pilot Headings ...... . .. . ... . ... .. ........... . ............ . Enlargement for Stations, Points or Machinc Halls .. . ...... ... ... . Examp1es ..... ... .... . ........ . . . ........ . ..... .... ... .. . Piora-Mulde Probe Heading .. ... . .. ..... . .. . .. . .. .. ......... . Kandertal Probe Heading .... . .... .. . .. .. .... ..... . . . . . .. ... . Uznaberg Pilot Heading .................................... . Enlargement at the Connecting Structure at Nidelbad ZUrich-Thalwil Tunnel ........ . ... . ........................ .

155 155 156 157 157 159 159 159 160 160 161 163 163 163 165 !65 165 167 167 167 168

169 170 172 172 174 174 174

177 177 178 178 180 181 183 183 184 188

190

Contents

12 12. 1 12.2 12.3 !2.4

13 13. 1 13.2 3.2.] 13.2.1.1 13.2.1.2 J 3.2.2 13.2.3

13.3

13.3.1 13.3.2 13.3.3 13.4

14 14.1 14.1.1 14.1.1.1

Geological lnvestigations and lnfluences .. . . . . . ...... . ... . ... . Generai .................................. . ...... . .... . . . . Influences on thc Boring Process ... . . . . . . . . ... . ... ....... . ... . ln flucnces on the Machine C\amping ... . .......... . ... . .. . . .. . Influences on the Rock Support ........ . ... . .. .. .. . ...... . ... .

Classification for Excavation and Support ........ . ....... ... . Generai and Objectìves for Mechanìsed Tunnel\ìng . ...... . ...... . Classification Systems ....................... .. ............ . Classìficatìon Accordìng to Rock Properties ..... ..... .... ..... . RMR System (Rock Mass Rating System) ...... .... .. .. .... . . . . Q System (Quality System) ........ .. .. .... . ............. . .. . Classification According to Cuttability and Abrasiveness ...... . .. . Classification Accordìng to Type, Extent and Location of the Support Work Required ... ................................. . Standards, Guide)jnes and Recommendations for the Classifìcatìon of Mechanised Tunnelling .................................. . Classification in Germany ........... . .. . ........ ..... . ..... . Classification in Austria . . . . .. ... . ..... ...... . . ........ . ... . Classification in Swìtzerland ........ . ... .................... . Classification Suggestion by the Authors .... . ... . ....... .. .. . . .

Tendering, Award, Contract ............................... . Procedure Examples . . . . ...... . ............................ . Procedure in Switzerland .............................. . . ... . Generai ... . . .......... . . .... . ..... ....... . . . ............ .

Xl

195 195 199 202 205

207 207 208 208 208 211 220

222

223 223 228 234 239

243 243 243 243

14.1.1.2 Tender Evaluatìon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244 14.1.1.3 14.1.1.4 14.1.1.5

4.1.2 14.1.2.1

1 4.1.3 14.2

14.2.1 14.2.2 14.2.2.1 14.2.2.2 14.2.2.3 14.2.2.4 14.2.2.5

Quality Management ..... . . . ......... . ........ . ...... . .... . Assignment ofRisks in the Contract ............. . . . ... .. . . . . . . Geologically or Geotechnically Altered Conditions, Altered Orders, Altered Schedules . . . .. ... ... . .... ........... .. ... .. ...... . Procedure in the Netherlands ... . . . .... . ..................... . Tendering and Negotiation Procedure with the Botlek Tunnel as an Example . . ...... . ........ .. ......... . . . . . .. .. ... .. . . Procedure in Germany ... . . . ... .. . .......... . ..... .... . . ... . Design and Geotechnìcal Requirements in the Tendering of a Mechanised Tunnelling as Alternative Proposal .............. . Introduction .. ............................. .. . . ... ....... . Exatnples . . . . . ...... . ...... . . ........ . ..... ..... ........ . Adler Tunnel .................. . . . . ......... .. .. ... . ...... . Sieberg 1ì.mnel ........ . ...... . ..... ........ . . ..... . ... . . . . Stuttgart Airport Tunnel . ... . ... ....................... ..... . Rennsteig Tunnel ..... .... .. ... .... .... . ...... . . . . . .. . .... . Lainz Tunnel ...... .. ..... . . . . . ...... . . ................... .

245 246

249 249

249 252

253 253 253 253 254 255 257 258

Xli

14.2.3

14.2.3. 1 14.2.3.2 14.2.3.3 14.2.4 14.2.4.1 14.2.4.2 14.2.4.3 14.2.5

15 15.1 15.2 15.2.1 15.2.2 15.3 l 5.3.1 15.3.2 15.3.2.1 15.3.2.2 15.3.2.3 15.3.2.4 15.3.2.5 15.3.3 15.3.3.1 15.3.3.2 15.3.4 15.3.5 15.3 .5.1 15.3.5.2 15.3.6 15.3.6.1 15.3.6.2 15.3.7 15.3.8 15.3.8.1 15.3.8.2 15.3.8.3 15.3.8.4 15.3.8.5 15.4 15.4.1 15.4.2

Contents

AdditionaJ Requirements for Mechanised Tunnelling Concept in the Tender Documcnts . . . ... . . .. . . . . . ..... . . . ... . .. . Geo1ogy and Hydrology ... . . . . . .... . . ... . . . ...... . .. . . . . . . . . Design and Construction Process .......... . ........ . . . .. . .. . . . Specification and Contract ... . ........... . . ... ...... ... ... . . . Decisions Based on Cost . . . .. . ... . ...... ... . . . . . ... . ...... . . Design Phase and Preparation for Tendering . .. .. . ... . .. . . . ..... . Tcndering Phase . . . .... . . . ..... . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . ... . Construction Phase and f ina! Payment .. . . ..... . . . . . .......... . Forecast ........... . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . ...... ..... . . .. . . . .. .

Tunnel Lini ng . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . ..... . ... . ........ . .... . . . . . Generai . ..... . . .... . . . .... .. ... . ........................ . Design Principles for Tunnel Lìnings ... . .. . . . . . .. .... .... ..... . Single-Shell and Double-Shell Construction ... . ...... . .... . .... . Watertight and Water-Draining Forms of Construction ......... . .. . Lining with Concrete Segments .. . ... . ........ . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . Generai ... . . . .. ......... . ............... .. ......... ... . . . Construction Types .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .... . . .. ...... .. . . Block Segments with Right-Angled Pian ... . . . ...... . .... . ..... . Hexagonal or Honeycomb Segments ... . .... . . . ..... . ..... . .. . . Rhomboida1 and Trapezoi.dal Segment Systems .... . . . . ... . . . . .. . Expanding Segments .. ... . . .. . . ... . . .... . ......... ... . .... . Yielding Lining Systems . . ... .... . . . ....... ..... .... . . ..... . Joint Detailing .. . . ... .. . . . ................ , .. .. . ......... . Longitudinal Joints . . . . ...................... . . .. ... . . . . . . . . Ring Joints . . . .. . . . . . .... . ... .. ......... . ............ . ... . Steel Fibre Concrete Sef,rments . . ....... . . . . . .... . . . . . . .. . . . . . Grouting Annular Gap . . . .............. . . .................. . Filling with Grave! .. . ........ . . .. .... . . ..... .... . . . .... . . . . Mortar Grouting ....... . . . . .. . . . .. . . ...... . . .. ............ . Measures for Waterproofing Tmme1s with Segment Linings .. . . . .. . Sealing Bands ... . .................... . ............ .. . . ... . Injecting .. ... .. . . . . . . .. ... . . .. . . . . . ...... . . . ............ . Segment Production ........................... . . . . .. ... . . . . Dan1ages . . . . . . .. . ... . ......... .. .. . ...... ... .. . ....... . . . Damage During Ring Erection ..... . ............ . . ... ... . . . . . . Damage During Excavation .... ... ..... . ..... . ... . . . ...... . . . Damage at the Shield Tail Seal . . . . . . .... ..... ............... . Damage after Leaving the Shield .... . ... . ....... . ... . . . .... . . . Repair of Damage . .. .. .. . ........................ . : . ... . . . Cast in-situ Linings ........ . ........... . .... . . .. ... . ...... . Generai ........ . . ... .... . ..... . ......... ............ . ... . Construction ...... . ...... . ... .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .... . . . . . .. .

260 261 261 262 262 262 263 263 263

265 265 265 265 267 269 269 271 271 274 275 276 277 282 282 286 289 290 290 291 291 292 294 295 296 297 297 298 298 299 299 299 300

Contents

15.4.3 15.5 15.6

16 16. J

16. 1.1 16.1.2 16.2 16.2. 1 16.2.2 16.3 16.3.1

Xlii

Manufacturc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300 Shotcrcte Layers as thc Fina l Lining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 l Structura l lnvestigations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302

Examples of Compieteci Tunnels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303 Tum1el Excavation with Gripper TBMs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303 Contro! and Drainage Tunnel, Ennepe Reservoir . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303 Manapouri Underwater TunneL New Zealand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305 Tunnelling with Shielcl TBMs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313 San Pellegrino Tunnel, I taly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 I 3 Ziitich-Thalwil Twin-Track Tunnel, Section Brunau- Thalwil . . . . . . . 317 lnclined Shaft Tunnelling with Double Shield . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321 Cleuson-Dixence Pressure Shaft.. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327

I ndex .. ........ . . . . ...... .. .. . ......... .... ...................... 337