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Hate Groups. Definitions. Prejudice : Negative attitude toward category of people, such as racial or ethnic minority. Prejudice- an attitude Discrimination- an action (behavior). - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Hate Groups
Definitions
• Prejudice: Negative attitude toward category of people, such as racial or ethnic minority.
• Prejudice- an attitude
• Discrimination- an action (behavior)Two main categories of discrimination: 1. Individual discrimination - one-on-one acts by members of dominant group that harm members of subordinate group or their property
2. Institutional discrimination - day-to-day practices of organizations and institutions that have harmful impact on members of subordinate groups
Robert Merton’s Typology of Prejudice and Discrimination
Four patterns:• 1. Unprejudiced nondiscriminatory – integration• 2. Unprejudiced and discriminatory – institutional
discrimination• 3. Prejudiced and nondiscriminatory – latent bigotry• 4. Prejudiced and discriminatory – outright bigotry
• Ethnocentrism: Tendency to assume that one’s culture and way of life are superior
• Ethnophaulism: Ethnic or racial slurs - including derisive nicknames.
• Scapegoating: Group collectively identifies another group as threat & blames for problems
Forms of RacismActive racism: act intending
to exclude or make person feel inferior because of his/her minority group
Passive racism: act of being complicit in another’s racism
Cultural racism: values that reinforce interests of dominant group while undermining interests of subordinate group, e.g., hostility to employment equity
Why Conflict Between Groups? • Ingroup-outgroup bias
– Favoring ingroup over outgroup: • “we are better than them”• ethnocentrism
– Ingroup favoritism tends to be stronger than outgroup rejection
• Nationalism is produced by 'us' and 'them' orientation.
-Tends to be destructive to multiculturalism
• Two types of nationalism:– Civic nationalism - community of citizens who express loyalty
and patriotic attachment to shared set of values– Ethnic nationalism - involves tracing roots, search for
identity, political recognition of heritage
Type of Social Movements• Alternative: Least threatening, limited change-
Planned parenthood
• Personal transformation - Hippies, New Agers, Meditation, Yoga, Communes
• Social change – environmental and animal rights movements- PETA, GreenPeace
• Reactionary - Aryan Nation, Right-to-Life, Apocalypse Soon
Figure 23.1 Four Types of Social MovementsThere are four types of social movements, reflecting who is changed and how great the change is.Source: Based on Aberle (1966)
• Hate Crimes: Criminal offense committed with provable bias (hate) of perpetrator toward victim due to race, religion, ethnic background, national origin or sexual orientation.
• Hate Crime Statistics Act of 1990• 7,489 reported incidents of hate crimes 2003
– 52.5% - motivated by racial bias, 16.4% by religious bias, 16.4% by sexual orientation, and 14.2% by ethnicity or national origin.
– Crimes of violence represented 63.3% of hate crimes. Murder accounted for only .1% of reported hate crimes.
– Majority committed by teens, primarily white males
Amalgamation
Assimilation
Integration
Cultural Pluralism
Segregation
Expulsion
Genocide
Sociological Perspective Level of Analysis Focus
1. Symbolic Interactionism
Micro Use of symbols Face-to-face interactions
2. Functionalism Macro Relationship between the parts of society How aspects
of society are functional (adaptive)
3. Conflict Theory Macro Competition for scarce resources
How the elite control the poor and weak
Sociological Perspectives
Symbolic Interactionist Perspective
• Looks at social construction of ethnic differences and subordination of minority groups, through racial labels
• Symbols are language, clothing, cars, etc.
Functionalist Perspective• believes that inequality benefits society
by allowing for discussion of opinions, perspectives, and values
• maintains that inequality produces social conflict that intensifies people's sense of identity and belonging, gives groups more cohesion along with better sense of purpose
Conflict perspective• Focus on how one group more than another
benefits from differentiation, exclusion, and institutional racism.
• Groups are in conflict
What Interpersonal Factors Disrupt Relations
Between Groups? • The Robbers Cave
Experiment
– Conducted by Muzafer and Carolyn Sherif and colleagues in 1950s
– Two groups of 11 yr boys: 11-The Rattlers and 11-The Eagles
The Robbers Cave Experiment
• Result: Reactions to conflict escalated from exclusion to verbal abuse to discrimination to violence
• What caused the conflict between these two groups?
Realistic conflict theory – theory in social psychology that ties into discrimination and stereotypes. Limited resources will lead to conflict within & between groups and this is direct reason why discrimination and stereotypes develop within society. Muzafer Sherif.
Darkness cannot drive out darkness; only light can do that. Hate cannot drive out hate; only love can do that. Hate multiplies hate,
violence multiplies violence, and toughness multiplies toughness in a descending spiral of destruction....The chain reaction of evil--hate
begetting hate, wars producing more wars--must be broken, or we shall be plunged into the dark abyss of annihilation.
Martin Luther King, Jr.