Infectious DiseaseHLT 220 Concepts of Disease

Learning Objectives

Distinguish between the terms endemic, epidemic and pandemic by identifying the key characteristics of each in a multiple choice question(s)

Given a list of infectious disease scenarios, classify (sort) the diseases as endemic, epidemic, or pandemic

Endemic

Term used to describe a disease that always (generally) occurs in low levels in a population

Examples Malaria Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs)

Endemic Disease: Malaria

Map image obtained from http://facts.kff.org

Image acquired from www.yukonlawfoundation.com

Endemic Diseases

STDs on residential college campuses

Epidemic

Term used to describe a disease that occurs in unusually large numbers over a specific area

. . . Outbreak

Endemic versus Epidemic

Image acquired from www.dhss.mo.gov/EPI/endemicvsepidemic.html

Footnote: The transition from endemic to epidemic can happen in days, weeks, months or even years depending on the disease.

Image acquired from www.yukonlawfoundation.com

Endemic Disease

STDs on residential college campuses

Age Geography

Image acquired from www.yukonlawfoundation.com

Endemic Disease?

Epidemic Diseases

Term used to describe a disease that occurs in unusually large numbers over a specific area

Examples One STD on one college campus Food-borne illnesses (Hepatitis A, salmonella) SARS in Asia, MRSA, Highly resistant TB In the early US, infection of Native Americans

with Smallpox, measles, influenza Two more . . .

Graph acquired from www.waterandhealth.org

Waterborne Outbreak!

Image obtained from http://animal.discovery.com

Cryptosporidium

Water supply in Milwaukee, 1993

400K infected, over 100 deaths

Worst parasitic outbreak in US history

http://animal.discovery.com/videos/monsters-inside-me-cryptosporidium-outbreak.html

Graph obtained from www.cdc.gov/obesity/data/trends.html

1999

Obesity Trends* Among U.S. AdultsBRFSS, 1990, 1999, 2009

(*BMI 30, or about 30 lbs. overweight for 5’4” person)

2009

1990

No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19% 20%–24% 25%–29% ≥30%

Pandemic

Term used to describe an epidemic that has spread to include several large areas worldwide

Examples Spanish Flu of 1918 Bubonic Plague or “Black Death” (1300s

& 1600s) One current pandemic??

Image obtained search of Bubonic Plague from http://search.creativecommons.org

Plague or “Black Death”

“According to world experts, pandemic plague is inevitable. There were major episodes in 1348 and 1665: another is overdue and could happen at any time.” – Fitzpatrick, 2007

HIV/AIDS

Endemic

Epidemic

Pandemic

In US, initially impacted gay men, IV drug users and those requiring blood transfusions

Greater population (heterosexuals, particularly females, AIDS over 50)

Map obtained from www.unaids.org, 2008 report on the global AIDS epidemic

In Summary

Distinguish between the terms endemic, epidemic and pandemic by identifying the key characteristics of each in a multiple choice question(s)

Given a list of infectious diseases, classify (sort) the diseases as endemic, epidemic, or pandemic

Content References

Centers for Disease Control. (2009). US obesity trends, Trends by state, 1985-2009. Obtained from http://www.cdc.gov/obesity/data/trends.html

Fitzpatrick, M. (2007). Pandemic plague contingency plan. British Journal of General Practice, 57(534). Obtained from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2032711/.

Billings, Molly (2005). The Influenza Pandemic of 1918. Obtained from http://virus.stanford.edu/uda/.

UN AIDS. (2008). 2008 Report on the Global AIDS Epidemic. Obtained from http://www.unaids.org/en/KnowledgeCentre/HIVData/GlobalReport/2008/2008_Global_report.asp.

Zelman, M., Tompary, E., Raymond, J., Holdaway, P. & Mulvihill, M. L. (2010). Human Diseases (7th edition). Pearson Publishers: Saddle River, New Jersey.

Image Credits

Infectious disease precautions image (title page) acquired from http://search.creativecommons.org/

College couple image acquired from www.yukonlawfoundation.com Endemic versus epidemic graph acquired from Image acquired from

www.dhss.mo.gov/EPI/endemicvsepidemic.html US obesity trends map, 1985-2009. Obtained from

http://www.cdc.gov/obesity/data/trends.html Endemic malaria map obtained from http://facts.kff.org Elder couple images acquired from http://eldercarehomefinder.com/ and

http://www.lakewoodhomecare.com/ Images from Outbreak acquired from http://

tech.mit.edu/V115/N14/ots.14a.html and http://www.flmboynt.com/2010/08/just-be-tv-films-5/

Waterborne illness map acquired from http://www.waterandhealth.org/newsletter/new/spring_2003/waterborne.html

A global view of HIV infection map acquired from http://www.unaids.org/en/KnowledgeCentre/HIVData/GlobalReport/2008/2008_Global_report.asp.

Bubonic Plague image from http://search.creativecommons.org