FORMAL AND

INFORMAL GROUPS

WELCOME!

FEW QUOTES ON “GROUPS”

“A few deceptively simple changes in the top management teams set agendas and structure meetings can make an enormous difference in their efficiency and effectiveness “ – Michael C. Mankins, Harvard Business Review “When core groups function

well, the entire organization moves naturally and smoothly toward high levels of performance , responsibility and creativity “Art Kleiner, author Core Group Theory FORMAL

AND INFORMAL GROUPS

Group Dynamics – The social process by which people interact face-to-face in small

groups

Classification of Groups

Formal Group

Public Identity

Goals to Achieve

Informal Group

Common Interest

Proximity

FriendshipFORMAL AND INFORMAL GROUPS

CLASSIFICATION OF GROUPS

FORMAL GROUPS committee or task

force - Relatively Temporary

- Created to accomplish a

short term task - Meeting

INFORMAL GROUPS Based on powerful

influence on productivity and job satisfaction; network

of personal and social relations

- Not established or required by formal

org.- Arises

spontaneously as people associate

with others

FORMAL AND INFORMAL GROUPS

FORMAL AND INFORMAL GROUPS

STAGES OF GROUP DEVELOPMENT

Forming Storming

Norming

Performing

Adjourning

1. Forming – The first stage in group development, characterized by much uncertainty

2. Storming – The second stage in group development characterized by intragroup

conflict 3. Norming – The third stage in group development,

characterized by close relationship and cohesiveness

4. Performing – The fourth sage in group development, during which the group is fully

functional5. Adjourning – The final stage in group

development for temporary groups , characterized by concern with wrapping up

activities rather than task performance

FORMAL AND INFORMAL GROUPS

GROUP PROPERTIES

Cohesiveness

Size

Status

Norms

Roles Occupies a given position in a social unit

Acceptable standards of behavior

group is attracted to each other

standing

“how big something is”

FORMAL AND INFORMAL GROUPS

GROUP PROPERTY 1: ROLES

FORMAL AND INFORMAL GROUPS

ROLE Perception – An individual’s view of how he/she is supposed to act in a given

situation ROLE Expectation – How others believe a

person should act in a given situationPsychological Contract – unwritten

agreement that sets out what management expects from an employee

and vise-versaROLE Conflict – A situation in which an individual is confronted by divergent role

expectation

GROUP PROPERTY 2: NORMS

FORMAL AND INFORMAL GROUPS

Reference Groups – Important groups to which individual belong or hope to belong

and with whose norms individuals are likely to conform

Conformity – The adjustment of one’s behavior to align with the norms of the

groupDeviant Workplace Behavior –

Voluntary behavior that violates significant organizational norms and, in so doing,

threatens the well-being of the organization or its members. Also called

anti-social behavior/ workplace incivility

GROUP PROPERTY 3: STATUS

FORMAL AND INFORMAL GROUPS

Status Characteristics Theory – A theory that states that

differences in status characteristics create status

hierarchies within groups

GROUP PROPERTY 4: SIZE

FORMAL AND INFORMAL GROUPS

Social Loafing – the tendency for individuals to

expand less effort when working collectively than

when working individually

GROUP PROPERTY 5: COHESIVENESS

FORMAL AND INFORMAL GROUPS

Encourage Group Cohesiveness:1. Make group smaller

2. Encourage agreement with group goals 3. Increase time members spend together

4. Increase group status and perceived difficulty in attaining membership

5. Stimulate competition with other groups6. Give rewards to group

7. Physically isolate the group

FORMAL AND INFORMAL ORGANIZATION AND ITS EFFECTS

Formal Organizati

on

Activities, Interactio

ns, Sentimen

ts Informal

Organization

Activities, Interactio

ns, Sentimen

ts

Employee Performan

ce

Employee

Satisfaction

FORMAL AND INFORMAL GROUPS

FORMAL AND

INFORMAL GROUPS

THANK YOU VERY MUCH!