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Apatot Scientific names Morinda littoralis Blanco Morinda citrifolia Linn. Studies Antioxidant / Anticancer: Study suggest the prevention of carcinogen-DNA adduct formation and the antioxidant activity from commercial juice made from M citrifolia fruit may contribute to the cancer preventive effect of M citrifolia. Nitric Oxide Scavenging Activity: Study of plant extracts of 17 Indian medicinal plants, M citrifolia was third in potency of dose-dependent nitric-oxide scavenging activity. Herbal Hepatotoxicity / Case Report: Report of a case of hepatotoxicity from a three-week history of drinking Noni juice. Pathology was confirmed by liverf biopsy. Transaminase levels normalized within a month. Antispasmodic / Vasodilator Activities: Results suggest the spasmolytic and vasodilator effects of Moringa citrifolia are mediated possibly through blockade of voltage-dependent calcium channels and release of intracellular calcium – mechanisms that may explain its use in diarrhea and hypertension. Analgesic: Study suggests the alcoholic extract of fruits of Moringa citrifolia appears to have an analgesic effect. Morphine sulfate was the reference drug. Wound Healing / Antioxidant: Study showed antioxidant and wound

Herbal Plants

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Page 1: Herbal Plants

Apatot

Scientific names Morinda littoralis  Blanco

Morinda citrifolia Linn.

Studies• Antioxidant / Anticancer: Study suggest the prevention of carcinogen-DNA adduct formation and the antioxidant activity from commercial juice made from M citrifolia fruit may contribute to the cancer preventive effect of M citrifolia.

• Nitric Oxide Scavenging Activity: Study of plant extracts of 17 Indian medicinal plants, M citrifolia was third in potency of dose-dependent nitric-oxide scavenging activity.

• Herbal Hepatotoxicity / Case Report: Report of a case of hepatotoxicity from a three-week history of drinking Noni

juice. Pathology was confirmed by liverf biopsy. Transaminase levels normalized within a month.

• Antispasmodic / Vasodilator Activities: Results suggest the spasmolytic and vasodilator effects of Moringa citrifolia are mediated possibly through blockade of voltage-dependent calcium channels and release of intracellular calcium – mechanisms that may explain its use in diarrhea and hypertension.

• Analgesic: Study suggests the alcoholic extract of fruits of Moringa citrifolia appears to have an analgesic effect. Morphine sulfate was the reference drug.

• Wound Healing / Antioxidant: Study showed antioxidant and wound healing activities: increase in wound contraction rate, tensile strength, granuloma breaking strength, collagen content and hydroxyproling content.

• Antiviral / Cytotoxicity: Study of fruit juice of M citrifolia displayed marked cytotoxicity in lymphocyte (MT-4) cells and inhibition of HCV subgenomic replicon replication in Huh 5-2 cells.

• Apoptosis-Inducing Effects/ Cytotoxicity: Results showed an anti-growth effect from induction of apoptosis. Study showed noni may be useful in the treatment of breast cancer either on its own or in combination with doxorubicin.

Page 2: Herbal Plants

BanabaLagerstroemia speciosa Linn.

QUEEN'S FLOWER

Studies• Corosolic Acid / Lagerstroemin / Gallotannins: Studies have identified several compounds as responsible for its anti-diabetic activity. (1) corosolic acid (2) Lagerstroemin, an ellagitannin (3) gallotannins, of which PPG – penta-O-galloyl-glucopyranose–was identified as the most potent, with a higher glucose transport stimulatory activity than Lagerstroemin. In addition to stimulating glucose uptake in fat cells, it also has anti-adipogenic properties.

• Ellagitannins/Insulin-likeGlucose Uptake Stimulatory/ Inhibitory Activities/Adipocyte Differentiation-Inhibitory Activity: Study yielded seven ellagitannins, including lagerstroemin from the leaves of L speciosa. The ellagitannins exhibited strong activities in both stimulating insulin-like glucose

uptake and inhibiting adipocyte differentiation . Also, ellagic acid derivatives showed inhibitory effect on glucose trasport.

• Diabetes: (1) Banaba has been extensively studied for its application in the treatment of diabetes. Early on, Its ability to lower blood sugar was attributed to corosolic acid, a triterpenoid glycoside, belived to facilitate glucose-transport into cells. (2) Studied with abutra, akapulko, makabuhay for antidiabetic activity through activation of gucose transporter activity. One of the active principles from Banaba was the tripertene, corosolic aicd.

• Weight loss: Studies in mice suggest an antiobesity effect. It is becoming a common ingredient in weight-loss supplements / products as a metabolic enhancer.

• Hypertension: It is also being studied for its use in the treatment of blood pressure, renal and immune system benefits.

• Lipid-lowering: Studies in mice suggest a lipid lowering effect - decreasing triglyceride and total cholesterol levels. To date, no toxicity has been identified.

• Hypoglycemic Activity of Irradiated Banaba Leaves: Study showed the effects of nBLE and iBLE were comparable to the hypoglycemic effects of insulin.

• Other studies report potential uses: (1) antibacterial effects from seed extracts (2) significant protection of HIV-infected cells by ellagic acid constituents (3) antioxidative activity of a water extract (4) inhibition of xanthine oxidase by aqueous extract, 31 and anti-inflammatory activity in mice.

• Anti-Inflammatory / Free Radical Scavenging: Study showed antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities from the ethyl acetate and ethanol extracts of Lagerstroemia speciosa.

Page 3: Herbal Plants

ChicoAchras sapota Linn.

CHIKU TREE, SAPODILLA

Studies• Phytochemical: Triterpenoids, achras sapota, saponins, cotyledons, terpenes, tepenoids, non-polar extracts: Study isolated 14 triterpenoids and five triterpenoidal saponins.

• Triterpenoid saponin / Antimibacterial: Study isolated a new pentacyclic triterpenoids saponin along with one known from the cotyledons of Achras sapota. Compound 2 showed antibacterial activity against Gram positive and negative bacteria.

• Antioxidant: Study showed zapota juice to have multiple radical-scavenging potential due to its nutraceutical

components, viz., phenolics carotenoids and ascorbic acid.

Chemical constituents and propertiesLeaves contain a bitter principle alkaloid and fixed oil.Fruit also contains sapotin.The seeds yield sapotin, saponin, achrassaponin, an alkaloid, fixed-oil 16-23%, the bitter principle sapotinine 0.08%.The bark contains sapotin, saponin, and tannin.Gum chicle contains 75% resin, gum (arabin) 10%, calcium oxalate, sugar, etc.Seeds are aperient, diuretic and antipyretic.Chemical composition analysis of sapota juice showed it to be a rich source of sugars, proteins, vitamin C, phenolics, carotenoids and minerals (iron, copper, zinc, calcium and potassium).Plant is a source of sapotin, a glucoside, used as febrifuge.

Page 4: Herbal Plants

DalanghitaCitrus nobilis

TANGERINE ORANGECh'en P'i

Parts used and preparation

· Fruit, rind and seeds.· Rind preparation: gather the rind of any ripe citrus fruit and sun-dry, either whole or cut into thin slices. · Seed preparation: place the seed in a container, add an amount of water equal to one fiftieth of the total weight of the seeds, store for a short time and put into a dry kettle. Heat with a weak fire until the materials turn light yellow and smell fragrant. Sundry the material. Crush before using.

Drug Characteristics and Pharmacological Effects

The seed preparation has pain relieving effect. In Malaya, a decoction of the roots is used in dysentery. Powdered leaves with leaves of Areca catechu may be drunk for stomach ache. An infusion of the fresh juice is used as a cleanser or stimulant of wound surfaces. A lotion of the boiled leaves is used hot on painful places and swelling in Malaya. Seed preparation tastes bitter with pain relieving effect. Rind preparation tastes bitter, with mild nature. The fibers of the rind tastes bitter-sweet, neutral natured.

Studies· Phytochemical: The volatile compounds in three selected Asian citrus fruits (C. nobilis, C. sinensis, C reticulata) were characterized. A total of 51 compounds were detected in C. nobilis, 41 in Dalandan: terpenes, carbonyls, alcohols, esters and hydrocarbons, with limonene as the main compound.

· Radioprotective / Naringin Citrus Flavonone: Naringin, a prominent bioflavonoids in grapefruit and other citrus fruits, is present in C. nobilis. Study on the free radical scavenging of naringin revealed a dose-dependent scavenging and demonstrates it can protect mouse bone marrow cells against radiation-induced chromosomal damage.

· Nobiletin / Sebum Reduction / Acne: Nobiletin, a flavonoid present in the peel of many citrus fruits, especially prevalent in C nobilis, in a mixture with ethanol and glycerol, applied to the ears of hamsters, once daily for 14 days, showed a decrease in the amount of triacylglycerol on the skin surface, reduced the sizeof and amount of oil produced by the sebaceous glands. Triacylglycerol is the main constituent of mammalian fat and a major component of sebum. Results suggest a potential in the treatment of acne.

Page 5: Herbal Plants

Tsaang gubatCHA, TSA

Carmona retusaWILD TEA

Ji ji shu

Studies• Antiallergic Activity: Tsaang gubat, together with Lagundi and Sambong, were studied for possible anti-allergic subtances to counter the histamine release from mast cells that cause type-1 reactions. From tsaang-gubat, rosmarinic acid and microphyllone were isolated.

• Antibacterial / Antinocicpetive / Anti-inflammatory: Study of CR leaves yielded an intractable mixture of triterpenes– a-amyrin, ß-

amyrin and baurenol and a wide range of bioactivity. The mixture showed analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anti-diarrheal and antibacterial activities.

• Antimutagen: An antimutagenic principle was extracted from the leaves of C retusa with ethyl alcohol.

• Triterpene Bioactivities/ Analgesic / Anti-inflammatory / Anti-diarrheal / Antimicrobial: Study OF Carmona retusa leaves yielded an intractable mixture of triterpenes, a-amyrin (43.7%), ß-amyrin (24.9%) and baurenol (31.4%). The mixture exhibited analgesic activity (51%), some anti-inflammatory activity (20%), anti-diarrheal activity (29%), and moderate antimicrobial activity against S aureus, C albicans and T mentagrophytes.

• Anti-Tumor: Carmona retusa leaf extracts were tested for anticancer property and results showed it can be used as an anticancer agent.

New Application

• Being promoted by the Department of Health (DOH) as an antispasmodic; for stomach/abdominal pains.

• One of a few herbs recently registered with the Bureau of Foods and Drugs as medicines.

Page 6: Herbal Plants

Pansit-pansitanPeperomia pellucida Linn.

SHINY BUSHCao hu jiao

Studies• Analgesic / Antiinflammatory: Extract study of aerial parts of PP tested in rats and mice exhibited anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities. The antiinflammatory activity was attributed to interference with prostaglandin synthesis. Results also showed low toxicity. • CNS Depressant Activity: Study of peperomia leaf extract showed dose-dependent depressant effects probably due to psychoactive substances that are CNS depressant.• Antipyretic: Study of PP leaf extract on rabbits showed antipyretic effects comparable to a standard

aspirin.• Antibacterial: Study of methanolic extract of PP exhibited a very good level of broad spectrum antibacterial activity. • Phenological Antiedematogenic: P pellucida has a phenological cycle of about 100 days. The aqueous extract is used as antiedematogenic during pheophases 1 and 2 of winter and spring.• Anti-Cancer: Study isolated five new compounds, including two secolignans, two tetrahydrofuran lignans, one highly methoxylated dihydronaphthalenone with known peperomins A, B, C and E. Compound 1 and peperomin E showed growth inhibitory effects on three cancer cell lines. • Toxicity Study: Study in mice with P pellucida taken in excessive amounts showed a dose-dependent increase in adverse effects in the major systems of the body. The moderate slope of the dose-response line was suggestive of a moderately wide margin of safety of the plant.• Analgesic / Anti-Arthritic Study: Study showed both twice daily P. pellucida decoction and ibuprofen treatment significantly lowered the mean socres on pain, stiffness and disability on the WOMAC arthritis index on patients with knee joint rheumatism. • Xanthone Glycoside / Antibacterial: Study isolated patuloside A, a xanthone glycoside from P. pellucida. The compound showed significant antibacterial activity against four Gram-positive bacteria (B subtilis, B megaterium, S aureus, Strep ß-hemolyticus) and six Gram-negative bacteria (E coli, S dysenteriae, S sonnei, S flexneri, P aeruginosa and S typhi.) • Antihyperuricemic: A randomized controlled study of the effect of freeze-dried aqueous extract powder of P. pellucida in male adult Sprague Dawley rats showed a mean % decrease from hyperuricemic level of 44.1% compared to allopurinol's 64.0%. Results indicate P. pellucida may be used as an alternative medication for hyperuricemia.• Anti-Inflammatory / Antioxidant: A petroleum ether extract significantly reduced carrageenan-induced hind paw edema. The methanol extract showed the strongest free radical scavenging activity. Results suggest the plant is a good natural source for anti-inflammatory and antioxidant therapy.

Page 7: Herbal Plants

OlibaCycas revoluta

SAGO PALM

UsesFolkloric• Like the palaspas, some albularyos have the leaves 'blessed' on Palm Sunday and used for a variety of medicinal uses. For suob, the leaves are dried and powdered, and added to to the insenso kamanyan for the the ritual.• In China, fruit used as expectorant and tonic.• Despite known toxicities, Cycad stems and seeds are used for high blood pressure, headaches, congestion, rheumatism and bone pain.• Leaves used in the treatment of cancer and hepatoma.• In Japan's Kii Peninsula, a "tonic" is made from the dried seeds of CR.• In Bangladesh, the whole plant used for paralysis, indigestion, snake bites. Studies• Presence of aromatase inhibitors in cycads: One of five species of cycas folia studied for inhibition of cytochrome P-450 aromatase for use in the treatment of estrogen-dependent tumors.• Lectin: Study isolated a novel lecting from the leaves of Cycas revoluta. The inhibition analysis of hemagglutinating activity and partial amino acid sequences of lysylendopeptic peptides show it to belong to the jacalin-related lectin family.

Toxcity• Toxic / Caricinogenic: Seeds of Cycas species reported to be toxic and carcinogenic. Many cycads are toxic because the stems, leaves and seeds contain high amounts of cycasin alkaloids, macrozamin or methylazoxymethanol. Both cycasin and macrozamin are harmful to the liver; cycasin and methylazoxymethanol are neurotoxic and carcinogenic.• Cycasin / Toxins: Although all parts of the plant are toxic, it is the seed that contains the highest level of toxin cycasin. Cycasin causes gastrointetinal irritation with vomiting, diarrhea and may cause seizures, hepatotoxicity with jaundice, cirrhosis, ascites and liver failure. Other toxins are beta-methylamino-L-alanine and an unidentified toxin. Beta-methylamino-L-alanine is a neurotoxic amino acid known to cause ataxia in rat and neuro-manifestations in humans. The unidentified toxin may cause hindlimb paralysis in cattle from CNS axonal degeneration.• Guam Disease: Beta-methylamino-L-alanine, a neurotoxic amino acid, causes ataxia in rats and is implicated in Guam disease with symptoms similar to Alzheimer, Parkinson, and Lou Gehrig (ALS) diseases.

Page 8: Herbal Plants

TalisayTerminalia catappaINDIAN ALMOND

Constituents and characteristicsSeed contains 51.2 percent fixed oil, Catappa oil, with 54% olein, pamitin, and 46 % stearin. Bark contains tannin.Leaves are sudorific, antihelminthic.Bark and roots are astringent.Phytochemical analysis yielded saponin, saponin glycosides, steroid, cardiac glycoside, tannins, volatile oils, phenols and balsam (gum).

dies• Antioxidant / Hepatoprotective: Study of leaf

extracts of TC and an isolated antioxidant, corilagin, was found to provide hepatoprotection in experimentally induced liver injury through suppression of oxidative stress and apoptosis.• Antimicrobial:(1) Study of the methanolic extracts of leaves of Eucalyptus camaldulensis and Terminalia catappa showed inhibitory activity on B subtilis and S aureus. Phytochemical analysis yielded saponin, saponin glycosides, steroid, cardiac glycoside, tannins, volatile oils, phenols and balsam (gum). • Antimetastatic: Study showed extract of TC leaves exerted an inhibitory effect on invasion and motility of highly metastatic lung carcinoma cells. It suggests TCE could be a potential antimetastatic agent.• Antinociceptive: Study of the leaf extract of TC concludes that it is useful as an analgesic, supporting it folkloric use in Sri Lanka.• Squalene / Antioxidant: Squalene was identified from the leaf extract of TC. The extract of leaves exhibited potent antioxidative and scavenging activities.• Antidiabetic: (1) Study reports the leaf extracts exhibited significant blood glucose lowering in alloxan-induced hyperglycemic rats. (2) Study of petroleum ether, methanol and aqueous extracts of T catappa all produced significant antidiabetic activity at dose levels 1/5 of their lethal doses. Histological studies of the pancreas earlier necrosed by alloxan showed regeneration by methanolic and aqueous extracts.• Aphrodisiac: Reports of Terminalia catappa seeds showing aphrodisiac activities in male rates.• Anti-inflammatory / Triterpenic Acids: Study of ethanolic extract of leaves yielded triterpenic acids responsible for the antiinflammatory activity of T catappa leaves.• Antiparasitic / Antibacterial / Antifungal: Study looked into T catappa as an alternative to the use of chemicals and antibiotics in the aquaculture industry. Results showed eradication of Trichodina, fish ectoparasites, at 800 ppm. On going research is being done to isolate the active ingredients in the Indian almond for fish pathogen treatment.

Page 9: Herbal Plants

LiñgaSesamum indicum

SESAME Hei Chih-ma

Studies• Antioxidant / Analgesic : (1) Free Radical Scavenging Behavior of Antioxidant Compounds of Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) in DPPH• System. (2) Study observed antioxidant and analgesic activity of the ethanol extract of seeds of SI with inhibition of writhing response comparable to ibuprofen. Study also showed an antioxidant activity compared to standard antioxidant ascorbic acid.• Antioxidant / Neuroprotective: Lignans and tocopherols, identified as major antioxidants in Sesamum indicum have also been reported to have protective effects against neurodegenerative disease. Sesame seeds and its antioxidants may be a potent natural agent with both therapeutic and preventive applications in neurodegenerative diseases in humans.

• Lipid Effects: Effect of Sesame Oil on Serum Lipids in Rats: Sesame oil increased S cholesterol and LDL-C in hypercholesterolemic diet fed rats, with no significant effects on serum lipids of normocholesterolemic rats.• Acetylcholine-like Substance: Alcoholic extract of seeds of Sesamum indicum caused hypotensive effects in anesthetized rats. It also caused decreased rate and force of atrial contractions; contractile responses in rat uterus. The results indicate that the alcoholic extract of SI contain acetylcholine-like constituents that explains its folkloric use.• Wound Healing: Sesamum indicum seeds and oil applied topically showed wound healing activity with significant reduction in period of epithelization and wound contraction.• Health Effects of Sesame Oil: Study on the effect of SI in hypertensive diabetics on atenolol and sulfonylurea showed reduction in systolic and diastolic BP, decrease in glucose, HbA1C, LDL and TC, with increase in activities of enzymic and non-enzymic levels of antioxidants.• Fertility Effects: Study of the ethanolic extract of Sesamum indicum, vitamin C and SI+VC promote fertility from their testosterone-increasing effects and their antioxidant effects.• Insecticidal: Sesamin has been shown to be insecticidal and is synergistic to pyrethrum.• Physiochemical Properties of Sesame Oil: Study showed (1) the acid value which is the index of free fatty acid content due to enzymatic activity was very low (2) No potential for soap making (3) High peroxide value (4) seed oils were cyanide free (5) seeds are a good source of oil, with a seed content of 50% light yellow crude oil with a pleasant smell.

Page 10: Herbal Plants

RambutanNephelium lappaceum Linn.

SHAO TZU RAMBOUTANIER

Parts utilized:Roots, leaves and bark.

Studies• Antioxidant / Antibacterial: Study yielded high amounts of phenolic compounds in the peel extracts, highest in the methanolic extract, exhibiting higher antioxidant activity than the

seed extracts. All peel extracts exhibited antibacterial activity against five pathogenic bacteria.

• Phytochemicals / Monoterpene Lactones: Study isolated two new diasteromeric monoterpene lactones 1 and 2. Both underwent antimicrobial testing.

• Antioxidant in Rinds: The normally discarded rind was found to have extremely high antioxidant activity. The study of the extract revealed high phenolic content, low pro-oxidant capacity and strong antioxidant activity with cosmetic, nutraceutical and pharmaceutical potentials.

• Antiviral / AntiHerpes: Tested for anti HSV-1 virus activity, N lappaceum significantly affected the development of skin lesions and reduced mortality.