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Historical Inquiry ED 6902 Jeff Whipple ED 6902

Historical Inquiry

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Page 1: Historical Inquiry

Historical InquiryED 6902

Jeff WhippleED 6902

Page 2: Historical Inquiry

Historical InquiryED 6902

ed6902.wikispaces.com

Page 3: Historical Inquiry

Historical InquiryED 6902

Historical Inquiry

1812181218671867

1497149719171917

1984198419451945

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Historical InquiryED 6902

Historical Inquiry

Too much past to remember all of it.

Historical research has evolved to provide a systematic way to locate,

evaluate, harvest, synthesize and create new understandings

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Historical InquiryED 6902

Finding Historical “Truth”

“You got your history, I got mine”

Henry Ford

History is subjective - debate over ability to find “truth”

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Finding Historical “Truth”

• discovery / heuresticconstructivist

• criticism of sources

• synthesis and exposition

Three Major Operations in historical inquiry

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The “stories” lead to the “question”

• researchers curious about history, review artifacts

• the research question most often arises from the content

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Critical Analysis

““Tyranny of the printed page”Tyranny of the printed page”

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Historical InquiryED 6902

SCIM Method

Historical InquiryHistorical Inquiry

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Government of QuebecGovernment of Quebec

The Prime MinisterThe Prime Minister

Quebec City, October 16, 1970Quebec City, October 16, 1970

Mr Prime Minister,Mr Prime Minister,

During the last few days the people of Quebec have been greatly shocked by the kidnapping of Mr. James R. Cross, representative of theDuring the last few days the people of Quebec have been greatly shocked by the kidnapping of Mr. James R. Cross, representative of theBritish Government in Montreal, and the Hon. Pierre Laporte, Minister of Labour and Manpower and Minister of Immigration of Quebec, as well British Government in Montreal, and the Hon. Pierre Laporte, Minister of Labour and Manpower and Minister of Immigration of Quebec, as well as by the threats to the security of the state and individuals expressed in communiqués issued by the Front de Liberation du Quebec or on its \as by the threats to the security of the state and individuals expressed in communiqués issued by the Front de Liberation du Quebec or on its \behalf, and finally by all the circumstances surrounding these events.behalf, and finally by all the circumstances surrounding these events.

After consultation with authorities directly responsible for the administra tion of justice in Quebec, the Quebec Government is convinced that After consultation with authorities directly responsible for the administra tion of justice in Quebec, the Quebec Government is convinced that the law , as it stands now, is inadequate to meet this situation satisfactorily.the law , as it stands now, is inadequate to meet this situation satisfactorily.

Under the circumstances, on behalf of the Government of Quebec, I request that emergency powers be provided as soon as possible so that Under the circumstances, on behalf of the Government of Quebec, I request that emergency powers be provided as soon as possible so that more effective steps may be taken. I request particularly that such powers encompass the authority to apprehend and keep in custody more effective steps may be taken. I request particularly that such powers encompass the authority to apprehend and keep in custody individuals who, the Attorney General of Quebec has valid reasons to believe, are determined to overthrow the government through violence individuals who, the Attorney General of Quebec has valid reasons to believe, are determined to overthrow the government through violence and illegal means. According to the information we have and which is available to you, we are facing a concerted effort to intimidate and and illegal means. According to the information we have and which is available to you, we are facing a concerted effort to intimidate and overthrow the government and the democratic institutions of this province through planned and systematic illegal action, including insurrection. overthrow the government and the democratic institutions of this province through planned and systematic illegal action, including insurrection. It is obvious that those participating in this concerted effort completely reject the principle of freedom under the rule of law.It is obvious that those participating in this concerted effort completely reject the principle of freedom under the rule of law.

The Quebec Government is convinced that such powers are necessary to meet the present emergency. Not only are two completely innocent The Quebec Government is convinced that such powers are necessary to meet the present emergency. Not only are two completely innocent men threatened with death, but we are also faced with an attempt by a minority to destroy social order through criminal action; it is for those men threatened with death, but we are also faced with an attempt by a minority to destroy social order through criminal action; it is for those reasons that our government is making the present request.reasons that our government is making the present request.

The government is confident that, through such powers, it will be able to put an immediate stop to intimidation and terror and to ensure peace The government is confident that, through such powers, it will be able to put an immediate stop to intimidation and terror and to ensure peace and security for all citizens.and security for all citizens.

Please accept, Mr. Prime Minister, my very best regards.Please accept, Mr. Prime Minister, my very best regards.

Robert Bourassa, PremierRobert Bourassa, Premier

link

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Collaborating

After SCIMAfter SCIMSynthesize data to create storySynthesize data to create story

Similarities and differences Accounting factors Conclusions drawn Additional information or sources necessary

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Benchmarks

Key Components of Key Components of Historical ThinkingHistorical Thinking

http://www.histori.ca/benchmarks/

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Benchmark # 1

HistoricalHistorical

SignificanceSignificance

What can it tell us about a larger story?

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Reliability of Sources

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Primary Source EvidencePrimary Source EvidenceThe Litter of History

Looking for Evidence, not information

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Benchmark # 2

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Reliability of Sources

Indications of originality of sourceIndications of originality of source

Chronological proximity to event Chronological proximity to event Older is better!Older is better!

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Reliability of Sources

If various sources contain same message, credibility increased

Indication of tendency, or a motivation for bias

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Criticism: Reliability

Time: When was source produced?

Localization: Where was it produced?

Authorship: Who produced it?

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Criticism: Reliability

Analysis: From what pre-existing materials was it produced

Integrity: What was it’s original form?

Credibility: evidential value

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Continuity Continuity and Changeand Change

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Benchmark # 3

View history as change over time, NOT a series of dates, events

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Cause & ConsequenceCause & Consequence

What were the actions, beliefs and circumstances that led to events

Individuals / groups promote, shape and resist change

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Benchmark # 4

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Historical PerspectiveHistorical Perspective

Benchmark # 5

“The past is a foreign country”

Understanding the social, cultural and intellectual settings

that shaped lives

“Historical empathy”

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Moral DimensionsMoral Dimensions

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Benchmark # 6

To what extent should we make moral judgements?

Do historical events place responsibilities upon us

today?

If story is meaningful, we should expect to learn something.

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Application of the Benchmarks

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Primary SourcesHistorical SignificanceContinuity and ChangeCause and ConsequenceHistorical PerspectiveMoral Consequences

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Artifact Review

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Artifact 1

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Artifact 2

A New Way of Life

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Artifact 3

"A great many canoes filled with the Natives were about the ships all day, and a trade commenced betwixt us and them,

which was carried on with the Strictest honisty on boath sides. Their articles were the Skins of various animals, such as Bears,

Wolfs, Foxes, Dear, Rackoons, Polecats, Martins and in particular the Sea Beaver, the same as is found on the coast of

Kamtchatka."

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Artifact 4

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Engaging in Historical Inquiry

SSummarizingummarizing

CContextualizingontextualizing

IInferringnferring

MMonitoringonitoring

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The Last Spike

Book published in 1971Book published in 1971

Historical Inquiry / narrative formatHistorical Inquiry / narrative format

Historian & Author Pierre BurtonHistorian & Author Pierre Burton

Documents the political, cultural, Documents the political, cultural, social and economic stories of the social and economic stories of the building of the railway across building of the railway across western Canada.western Canada.

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Data Collection

Used Primary sourcesUsed Primary sources Public archives (federal and provincial), Public archives (federal and provincial),

parliamentary libraryparliamentary library Unpublished personal papersUnpublished personal papers Letters, diaries in CPR archivesLetters, diaries in CPR archives

Used Secondary sources to Used Secondary sources to supportsupport Articles from newspapers, magazines Articles from newspapers, magazines

and periodicalsand periodicals BooksBooks

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Data Collection

Used contacts and assistanceUsed contacts and assistance Support systemSupport system Various sources and connectionsVarious sources and connections

ObstaclesObstacles CPR refused Burton access to all files, CPR refused Burton access to all files,

said it wasn’t in the “public interest”said it wasn’t in the “public interest”

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Assessment of study

StrengthsStrengths Exhaustive primary source materialsExhaustive primary source materials Wide-spread audienceWide-spread audience Strong historical significanceStrong historical significance

WeaknessesWeaknesses Entertaining narrative form may detract Entertaining narrative form may detract

from legitimacyfrom legitimacy

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Assessment of study

Ethical IssuesEthical Issues Commercial nature of the published Commercial nature of the published

form, later formed partial basis for CBC form, later formed partial basis for CBC filmfilm

Contribution to the FieldContribution to the Field Made Canadian history “popular”Made Canadian history “popular” Exhaustive narrative of a critical Exhaustive narrative of a critical

component to growth of Canadacomponent to growth of Canada

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Historical Inquiry

SummarySummaryConstructivistConstructivistHistorical Thinking - BenchmarksHistorical Thinking - Benchmarks

Primary Sources & Other EvidencePrimary Sources & Other Evidence

SCIM - Interpreting HistorySCIM - Interpreting HistoryCollaboration - Constructing a StoryCollaboration - Constructing a StoryChallenge of authenticity and provenance of Challenge of authenticity and provenance of

understandingsunderstandings

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Acknowledgements

Dr. Ted Christou, Faculty of EducationDr. Ted Christou, Faculty of Education

Dr. Evie Plaice, Faculties of Education & Dr. Evie Plaice, Faculties of Education & AnthropologyAnthropology

Heidi Ryder, History Teacher, James M. Hill High Heidi Ryder, History Teacher, James M. Hill High School, MiramichiSchool, Miramichi

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