History of AnimationComputer Animation

Lecture #2

Oh-young SongSejong University

Related Courses

■ Computer Graphics ●Handling the basics●Focusing on realism

■ Virtual Reality●Focusing on Immersion

■ Human Computer Interaction●Focusing on Interaction

Early Animation

■ Do you know this?

How about these?

Phenakistiscope - 1832 Zeotrope - 1834

Maybe you know this.

Kineograph (flipbook) - 1868

From Lasseter’s Paper

From Lasseter’s Paper

From Lasseter’s Paper

From Lasseter’s Paper

From Lasseter’s Paper

A History of Animation

■ 1887: Goodwin invented nitrate celluloid film (For cell animation)

A History of Animation

■ 1887: Goodwin invented nitrate celluloid film

■ 1892: Reynard invented Praxinoscope

A History of Animation

■ 1887: Goodwin invented nitrate celluloid film

■ 1892: Reynard invented Praxinoscope■ 1893: Edison invented the Kinetscope

●Only one viewer at a time■ 1894: Lumiere invented the

cinematograph●Camera + Project + Printer

A History of Animation

■ 1900: THE ENCHANTED DRAWING● Live action films + replacement

technique■ 1906: HUMOROUS PHASES OF FUNNY

FACES● The first animation recorded

frame by frame

http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/oahtml/oahome.html

A History of Animation

■ 1925: “The Adventures of Prince Achmed”● Lotte Reiniger, 1st feature animation● Silhouette animation

A History of Computer Animation

■ 1885: CRT (Cathode Ray Tube)■ 1960: William F. Boeing coins

“Computer Graphics”■ 1961: John Whitney, “Father of

Computer Graphics”

John Whitney

A History of Computer Animation

■ 1885: CRT (Cathode Ray Tube)■ 1960: William F. Boeing coins

“Computer Graphics”■ 1961: John Whitney, “Father of

Computer Graphics” ●w/ Saul Bass, Intro. to Alfred Hitchcock’s

Vertigo■ 1961: Spacewars, 1st video game■ 1963: Ivan Sutherland, Sketchpad

Sketchpad

■ Created by Ivan Sutherland (1963)●Sketchpad: A man-machine graphical

communication system

Sketchpad

■ Created by Ivan Sutherland■ First GUI

●Using lightpen●Icons●Copying

●Rubber-banding of lines●Zoom in-out●Line, Arc

A History of Computer Animation

■ 1974: z-buffer, Ed Catmull■ 1980: Tron, 1st feature film by CG

A History of Computer Animation

■ 1974: z-buffer, Ed Catmull■ 1980: Tron, 1st feature film by CG ■ 1986: Luxo Jr.

●1987: nominated for Academy Awards●1987: Silver Berlin Bear in Berlin

International Film Festival■ 1995: Toy Story, 1st full CG feature

film

Short films of Pixar

■ http://www.pixar.com/shorts/

How to Create Expressive Animation ?

■ Bill Tytla at the Walt Disney Studio, June 28, 1937.●"There is no particular mystery in

animation.., it's really very simple, it is about the hardest in the world to do"

Principles of Animation

■ “The Illusion of Life”, by Thomas Johnson and Ollie Johnson

Principles of Animation

■ “The Illusion of Life”, by Thomas Johnson and Ollie Johnson

■ Principles of Traditional Animation Applied to 3D Computer Animation, John Lasseter, Siggraph 87.

11 Principles■ Squash and Stretch■ Timing■ Anticipation■ Staging■ Follow Through

■ Pose to Pose■ Slow In, Show Out■ Arcs■ Exaggeration■ Secondary Action■ Appeal

Squash and Stretch

■ Movement emphasizes rigidity●Preserve volume

Squash and Stretch

Squash and Stretch

Squash and Stretch

Timing

■ Timing, or the speed of an action gives meaning to movement● Weight, Scaling, Emotion

Timing■ Two keyframes of a head

●No: hit by a tremendous force●ONE: hit by a frying pan●TWO: nervous tic●THREE: dodging a brick●FOUR: a crisp order “Move it!”●FIVE: friendly “Come on-hurry”●SIX: tracing a pretty girl●SEVEN: Getting a better look●EIGHT: Searching for the peanut butter●NINE: Considering thoughtfully ●TEN: stretch a sore muscle

Anticipation

■ The preparation of an action●Revealing●Indicating Speed, Weight●Directing Attention

Aniticipation

Anticipation

Anticipation

Staging

■ Staging is the presentation of an idea so that it is completely and unmistakably clear.●Readability●Personality●Mood

Follow Through

■ The termination of an action●Weight and drag●Initiation●Overlapping

Pose-to-Pose

■ Keyframes

Slow In, Slow Out

■ The spacing of the inbetweens●Non-linear interpolation

Slow In, Slow Out

■ The spacing of the inbetweens●Non-linear interpolation

Arcs

■ The visual path of action from one extreme to another is always described by an arc

Arcs

Exaggeration

■ Exaggerate the essence of the action●Action, emotion, shape, color, sound, …

Secondary Action

■ An action that results directly from another action

Secondary Action

Appeal

■ The animated character has appeal.●A quality of charm●Pleasing design●Simplicity

■ It doesn’t mean that the character/animation should be realistic.

Luxo Jr. vs Final Fantasy

Uncanny Valley

■ Human psychological reaction to animation●Coined by Japanese roboticist Masahiro

Mori●Emotional response against similarity to

human appearance and movement

Uncanny Valley

CG Techinques for Animation

■ What can CG do for the principles ?●Keyframing

◊ Timing, Arc, Slow In & Out

●Geometric deformation ◊ Squash and Stretch

●Rendering◊ Staging

●Physics based techniques◊ Secondary Action

Physics-based Techniques■ Rigid body ● 10-plank_test_withcontact_c.avi● 1000ring.avi● tank_straight_comp.avi

■ Deformable body ● buddha_gear.avi● warping.mov● hair.mov● movie1.avi● BreakingObjects.avi,Materials.avi

■ Fluid● Burning_Paper.avi● glass00.avi● melting_ice.avi● torus_cage.avi● pouring4.avi● water-curtain-front_new.avi● goop-et-web.avi● Derivative Particles.mov● vfx.mov, rnd.mov

Discussion

■ Are they all?

■ Personality●Story, Character >>> Technique