HISTORY OF COMPUTER

HISTORY OF COMPUTERWhat do you think is the first computer?

MECHANICAL COMPUTERSABACUSIts only value is that it aids the memory of the human performing the calculation.the oldest surviving abacus was used in 300 B.C. by the Babylonians

ABACUS

5 lower rings on each rod = 5 fingers2 upper rings = 2 handsNAPIERS BONESLogarithm values carved on ivory sticksInvented in 1617 by a Scotsman named John Napier

Logarithm technology that allows multiplication to be performed via additionNAPIERS BONES

SLIDE RULEDeveloped by William Oughtredfirst built in England in 1632 and still in use in the 1960's by the NASA engineers of the Mercury, Gemini, and Apollo programs which landed men on the moonUsed for multiplication, division, roots, and trigonometrySLIDE RULE

CALCULATING CLOCKInvented by a German professor named Wilhelm Schickard in 1623. This device got little publicity because Schickard died soon afterward in the bubonic plagueCALCULATING CLOCK

PASCALINEInvented in 1642 by Blaise Pascal (19 years old)as an aid for his father who was a tax collectorCould only do additionUsed gear mechanismAn inaccurate machine

This technology is still used this day in car odometers.PASCALINE

STEPPED RECKONERInvented by German, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (co-inventor with Newton of calculus and an advocate for the use of binary number system in computers)Employed the decimal number systemUsed the fluted drum mechanism instead of gear mechanism (ten flutes arranged around the circumference in a stair-step fashion)STEPPED RECKONER

POWER LOOMInvented in 1801 by a Frenchman named Joseph Marie JacquardA machine that bases its weave upon a pattern automatically read from punched wooden cards, held together in a long row by rope.

POWER LOOM

DIFFERENCE ENGINEInvented in 1822 by an English mathematiciannamed Charles BabbageA machine the size of a roomUsed steam mechanismDIFFERENCE ENGINEFunded by the govt to correct 1000 errors on a set tableCompletion was very difficultWas never finished37

ANALYTIC ENGINEStill, by Charles BabbageA programmable machine the size of a houseUsed steam mechanism (6 steam engines)Used Jacquards punched card technologyANALYTIC ENGINEInstead of thread, each hole could be programmed with problem statements41"Store" and the "MillThe Store was where numbers were heldThe Mill was where they were "woven" into new resultsANALYTIC ENGINEStore and MillIn a modern computer these same parts are called thememory unitand thecentral processing unit(CPU)42daughter of the famous poet Lord ByronAda would later become the Countess Lady Lovelace by marriageFirst computer programmer in historyADA BYRONHOLLERITH DESKInvented by Herman HollerithConsisted of three main parts:CARD READER which sensed the holes in the cardsGEARS which could count (using Pascal's mechanism which we still see in car odometers)DIAL INDICATOR (a car speedometer is a dial indicator) to display the results of the countHOLLERITH DESK45

Winning machine for CENSUS (1790 9 mos census, 1880 7.5 years census)Hollerith's technique was successful and the 1890 census was completed in only 3 years at a savings of 5 million dollars.47

Hollerith built a company, the Tabulating Machine Company which, after a few buyouts, eventually became International Business Machines, known today asIBM. HOLLERITH DESK49

The Hollerith census machine was the first machine to ever be featured on a magazine cover (August 30, 1890).HOLLERITH DESK51

HARVARD MARK IOr simply, MARK IBut the U.S. military desired a mechanical calculator more optimized for scientific computation. 53Built as a partnership between Harvard and IBM in 1944Howard Aiken was the principal designerMark I was not fully electronic but it is the first programmable digital computer made in the U.S.Operated on numbers that were 23 digits wide. It could add or subtract two of these numbers in three-tenths of a second, multiply them in four seconds, and divide them in ten secondsHARVARD MARK Ihome computers can store 30 million numbers in RAM and another 10 billion numbers on their hard disk54

Ran non-stop for 15 years

weighed 5 tons one adult elephantincorporated 500 miles of wirehalf the length of the Philippines8 feet tallheight of a ceiling

51 feet long50 ft rotating shaft running its lengthHARVARD MARK I

One of the primary programmers for the Mark IHopper found the first computer "bug": a dead moth that had gotten into the Mark I and whose wings were blocking the reading of the holes in the paper tapeGRACE HOPPER

In 1953, Grace Hopper invented the first high-level language, "Flow-matic". This language eventually became COBOL.GRACE HOPPERA high-level language is designed to be more understandable by humans than is the binary language understood by the computing machinery. A high-level language is worthless without a program -- known as acompiler-- to translate it into the binary language of the computer and hence Grace Hopper also constructed the world's first compiler. 61ATANASOFF-BERRY COMPUTERBuilt in 1937 by Professor J. V. Atanasoff and his graduate student, Clifford BerryFirst attempt of building an all-electronic computing machineCould solve 29 equationsFirst computer to store dataFirst to employ binary arithmeticNot programmableATANASOFF-BERRY COMPUTER- appropriate for only one type of mathematical problemand it was not further pursued after World War IIIt's inventors didn't even bother to preserve the machine and it was dismantled by those who moved into the room where it lay abandoned.63

COLOSSUSbuilt during World War II by Britain for the purpose of breaking the cryptographic codes used by GermanyCOLOSSUS

Z1Built by a German, Konrad Zuse, in his parents home some time between 1936 and 1938Zuses work on Z1 was published in English and therefore, overshadowed Harvard Mark I, Atanasoff-Berry Computer, and Colossus.Z1

ENIACElectronic Numerical Integrator and CalculatorThe forefather of today's all-electronic digital computersbuilt at the University of Pennsylvania between 1943 and 1945 by two professors,John MauchlyandJ. Presper EckertAlso used paper card readers20x40 ft, weighed 30 tons, and used more than 19,000 vacuum tubesENIAC

Programming the ENIACTo reprogram the ENIAC you had to rearrange the patch cords that you can observe on the left in the prior photo, and the settings of 3000 switches77

ENIAC's first task was to compute whether or not it was possible to build a hydrogen bombThe first ENIAC program remains classified to this dayENIACEDVACElectronic Discrete Variable Automatic ComputerEckert and Mauchly teamed up with John von NeumannPioneered the stored program technologyEDVAC

UNIVACUniversal Automatic ComputerFirst commercial, mass-produced computerHousehold word for computerFirst computer to use magnetic tapeUNIVACIn 1960s, UNIVACs sales went down when IBM and seven other computer companies sold computers in the marketIBM was so famous but it was brought down when it made a mistake in buying an unknown company named MicrosoftUNIVAC

MICRO ELECTRONICS REVOLUTIONIt is a computer that is fabricated on an integrated circuit (IC).The first microprocessor was developed atIntelin 1971. What is a microprocessor?

IBM decided to standardize on the Intel microprocessors for their line of PCs in 1981. The Intel Pentium 4 used in today's PCs is still compatible with the Intel 8088 used in IBM's first PC.91Aiken estimated six electronic digital computers would be sufficient to satisfy the computing needs of the entire United StatesIBM STRETCH (1959)

Government and military use93

Made by Steve WozniakBested IBM STRETCH (portable and cheap $600)95ACORNFirst IBM personal computer(1981)

LISAApples PC (1983)First PC with graphical user interface (GUI)

GAVILAN SCFirst laptop (1983)Gavilan Computer Corporation