History of Instructional Tecnology

8/3/2019 History of Instructional Tecnology

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The Development ofInstructional

Technological Tools in

Teaching and LearningScienceMOHD TAHKIM BIN ZULKIPLI

ABDUL HALIM BIN AHMAD


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HISTORY OF

TECHNOLOGY INSCIENCE EDUCATIONFor more than three centuries, technologyhas been used to facilitate childrensacquisition of scientific knowlwdge.

Johann Comenius is the first to proposethat we learn about the world through oursenses and concluded that real objects and

illustrations ought to be used tosupplement oral and written instruction.

Comenius wrote the the first illustrated

textbooks, the visible world in picture in1650s.


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The Visible World in Pictures (OrbisSensualium Pictus


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The widespread use of technology to

facilitate science instruction occurred withthe advent of the museum school.

The first of American museum schoolopened in 1905 in St Louis, Missouri.

The purpose of this school was to serve ascentral administrative unit for visualinstruction through the distribution of

portable museum exhibits, slides, films,stereographs, prints, charts and otherinstructional materials


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Technology Timeline for ScienceEducation1890s- Laboratory movement in science

(using Magic Lantern)

The magic lantern has a concavemirror in front of a light source

that gathers light and projects itthrough a slide. Main light sources used duringthe time it was invented in thelate 16th century were candles or

oil lamps.

Magic lantern image of

Lahore Railway Station,Lahore circa 1895

he Rat Swallower,presented by LaternaMagica Galantee Show.

Technology Timeline for ScienceEducation
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahore_Railway_Stationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahorehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahorehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahore_Railway_Station


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Technology Timeline for ScienceEducation1900s-Instructional films clips

Documentary films constitute abroad category of nonfictionalmotion pictures intendedto document some aspect ofreality, primarily for the purposes ofinstruction or maintaining ahistorical record. A 'documentaryfilm' was originally shot on film

stock.


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Technology Timeline for ScienceEducation1910s-Progressive school movement

(Educational radio broadcast/Tape recorder)

THE FIRST BROADCAST: In 1906 at Brant Rock MA, Fessenden plays his violin, sings asong, reads a bible verse or two into a wireless telephone of his own invention. This isthe first broadcast and it happens Christmas Eve, 1906. It is a broadcast because it isdesigned for more than one listener (not 2-way) it is pre-announced. His goal is to find

financial backers.LEE DE FOREST: Probably the most important person in the development of radio, deForest does two important demonstrations of wireless telephone; (1) in 1907 he equipsthe Navy fleet with his wireless telephone, an arc transmitter, and plays phonographrecords to shore stations as the fleet comes into ports like San Francisco, and (2) in NYChe broadcasts on several occasions well-known opera singers to an audience ofreporters. He wants to bring culture into homes.CHARLES HERROLD: In San Jose, Herrold in April 1910 is quoted in a notarized affidavit

published in a national magazine, "we have given wireless phonograph concerts toamateur men in Santa Clara Valley," one of the very first published references to what wenow know as the activities of radio broadcasting to an audience of more than one. Heoperates a wireless training schools, The Herrold College of Wireless and Engineering in abuilding at the corner of First and San Fernando.CHARLES HERROLD: Between 1912 and 1917 Herrold and his students are broadcastingmusic and talk on a regular schedule to a growing San Jose audience. College radio. Healso broadcasts every day to receiving stations at the Pan Pacific International Exhibition

in 1915.
http://www.leedeforest.org/http://www.charlesherrold.org/http://www.charlesherrold.org/http://www.leedeforest.org/


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Technology Timeline for ScienceEducation1930s- Slide projectors

A slide projector,showing the lens andslide holder.

A single slide, showinga color transparency ina plastic frame


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Technology Timeline for ScienceEducation1940s- Training films and overhead projectors

A training film is a form ofeducational film ashort subjectdocumentary movie, that provides anintroduction to a topic. Both narrative documentary anddramatisation styles may be used, sometimes both in thesame production. While most educational films were madeto be used in schools, training films were made and used bythe military, and civilian industry.An overhead projector is a variant ofslide projector thatis used to display images to an audience.

The first overhead projector was used for police identificationwork. It used a cellophane roll over a 9-inch stage allowingfacial characteristics to be rolled across the stage. The U.S.Armyin 1945 was the first to use it in quantity for training asWorld War II wound down. It began to be widely used inschools and businesses in the late 1950s and early 1960s.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educational_filmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_subjecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Documentary_moviehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dramatizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slide_projectorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Armyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Armyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_IIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_IIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Armyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Armyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slide_projectorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dramatizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Documentary_moviehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_subjecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educational_film


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The overhead projector facilitates an easy low-costinteractive environment for educators. Teaching

materials can be pre-printed on plastic sheets, uponwhich the educator can directly write using a non-permanent, washable color marking pen. This savestime, since the transparency can be pre-printed andused repetitively, rather than having materials

written manually before each class.


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1950sThe Sputnik crisis is the name for the American

reaction to the success of the Sputnik program. Itwas a key event during the Cold War that beganon October 4, 1957 when the Soviet Unionlaunched Sputnik 1, the first artificial Earth

satellite. Less than a year after the Sputnik launch,Congress passed theNational Defense Education Act (NDEA). The actwas a four-year program that poured billions ofdollars into the U.S. education system. In 1953 the

government spent $153 million, colleges took $10million of that funding; however, by 1960 thecombined funding grew almost sixfold because ofthe NDEA.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sputnik_programhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sputnik_1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Defense_Education_Acthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Defense_Education_Acthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sputnik_1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sputnik_program


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1950sAn educational film is a film or movie whose

primary purpose is to educate. Educational filmshave been used in classrooms as an alternative toother teaching methods. Many educational filmsshown in schools are part of long series - for

example, films demonstrating scientific principlesand experiments tend to be episodic, with eachepisode devoted to a specific experiment orprinciple.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teaching_methodshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teaching_methodshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film


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1950sMany school children in Britain in the late 1980s

and early 1990s watched hundreds of episodes ofBritish-made educational films (all very similar instyle and production) over the course of theirprimary school careers. As a result, the delivery-

style and distinctive colour-palette ("scientific"looking neutral-blue backgrounds etc.) of thesefilms is instantly recognisable to any child of theappropriate generation. This was used to greateffect by the series Look Around You which

parodies these films.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schoolchildrenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_schoolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Look_Around_Youhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Look_Around_Youhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_schoolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schoolchildren


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1950sProgrammed instruction is the name of the

technology invented by the behavioristB.F. Skinner to improve teaching. It is based onhis theory ofverbal behavior as a means toaccelerate and increase conventional educationallearning. It typically consists of self-teaching withthe aid of a specialized textbook orteaching machine that presents materialstructured in a logical and empirically developedsequence or sequences.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B.F._Skinnerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verbal_behaviorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instructional_technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instructional_technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verbal_behaviorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B.F._Skinner


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1950sProgrammed instruction allows students to

progress through a unit of study at their own rate,checking their own answers and advancing onlyafter answering correctly. In one simplified form ofPI, after each step, they are presented with aquestion to test their comprehension, then areimmediately shown the correct answer or givenadditional information.


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1960sControlled readers: It is a machine that passes a

filmstrip with a short story on it through at acertain rate. As the reader improves at that rate, itcan be reset to go faster. It is an amazingly simpleconcept and amazingly effective. Also, apparently,a thing of the past. I wish they would bring themback, or offer a similar program on the computer. Ihave a student who would so benefit from one. Itcan show a line at a time, or will scan also.


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1960sA movie projector is an opto-mechanical

device for displaying moving pictures byprojecting them on a projection screen. Most ofthe optical and mechanical elements, except forthe illumination and sound devices, are presentin movie cameras.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movie_screenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movie_camerahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movie_camerahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movie_screenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optics


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1960sA listening station is a facility established to

monitor radio and microwave signals and analysetheir content to secure information andintelligence for use by the security and diplomaticcommunity and others or to make localtransmissions more widely available, thus theLondon pirate listening station streams London FMpirate transmissions via the internet to the globalcommunity.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microwavehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microwave


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1970sEducational television is the use of

television programs in the field ofdistance education. It may be in the form ofindividual television programs or dedicatedspecialty channels that is often associated withcable television in the United States asPublic, educational, and government access (PEG)channel providers.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public,_educational,_and_government_accesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_programhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distance_educationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_programshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specialty_channelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cable_television_in_the_United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public,_educational,_and_government_accesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public,_educational,_and_government_accesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cable_television_in_the_United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specialty_channelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_programshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distance_educationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_program


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1970sMany children's television series are educational,

ranging from dedicated learning programs tothose that indirectly teach the viewers. Someseries are written to have a specific moral behindevery episode, often explained at the end by thecharacter that learned the lesson.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children's_television_serieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children's_television_series


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1980sA computer is a programmablemachine

designed to sequentially and automatically carryout a sequence of arithmetic or logical operations.

The particular sequence of operations can bechanged readily, allowing the computer to solvemore than one kind of problem. An important classof computer operations on some computingplatforms is the accepting of input from humanoperators and the output of results formatted forhuman consumption. The interface between the

computer and the human operator is known asthe user interface.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_programhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_interfacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_interfacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_program


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1980sThe first electronic digital computers were

developed in the mid-20th century (19401945).Originally, they were the size of a large room,consuming as much power as several hundredmodern personal computers .
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_computerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_computerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital


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1980sA camcorder (videocamera recorder) is an

electronic device that combines a video cameraand a video recorder into one unit. Equipment

manufacturers do not seem to have strictguidelines for the term usage. Marketing materialsmay present a video recording device asa camcorder, but the delivery package wouldidentify content as video camera recorder.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_camerahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_tape_recorderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_tape_recorderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_camera


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1980sThe earliest camcorders employed analog

recording onto videotape. Tape-basedcamcorders use removable media in the form ofvideo cassettes. Nowadays, digital recording hasbecome the norm, with tape being graduallyreplaced with other storage media such asinternal flash memory, hard drive, and SD card.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_memoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videotapehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_memoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_drivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secure_Digitalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secure_Digitalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_drivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_memoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videotape


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1980s

The videocassette recorder (or VCR, alsoknown as the video recorder), is a type ofelectro-mechanical device that uses removablevideocassettes that contain magnetic tape forrecordinganalog audio and analog video frombroadcast television so that the images andsound can be played back at a more convenienttime
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videocassettehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_tapehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog_audiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog_videohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcast_televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcast_televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog_videohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog_audiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog_audiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_tapehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videocassette


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1990s

Telecommunication is the use ofinformationtransmission over significant distances tocommunicate. In earlier times, telecommunicationsinvolved the use of visual signals, such asbeacons,smoke signals, semaphore telegraphs, signal flags,

and optical heliographs, or audio messages viacoded drumbeats, lung-blown horns, or sent by loudwhistles, for example. In the modern age ofelectricity and electronics, telecommunications nowalso includes the use of electrical devices such astelegraphs, telephones, and teleprinters, the use ofradio and microwave communications, as well asfiber optics and their associated electronics, plusthe use of the orbiting satellites and the Internet.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_(telecommunications)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaconhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoke_signalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semaphore_linehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_flaghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliographhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_telegraphhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teleprinterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microwave_transmissionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_fiberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_satellitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_satellitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_fiberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microwave_transmissionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teleprinterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_telegraphhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliographhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_flaghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semaphore_linehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoke_signalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaconhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_(telecommunications)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information


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1990s

A revolution inwireless telecommunications began in thefirst decade of the 20th century withpioneering developments in wireless radio

communications by Nikola Tesla andGuglielmoMarconi.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_communicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wirelesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_communicationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Teslahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Teslahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_communicationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wirelesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_communication


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1990sThe Internet is a worldwide network of computers

and computer networks that can communicatewith each other using the Internet Protocol. Anycomputer on the Internet has a unique IP addressthat can be used by other computers to route

information to it. Hence, any computer on theInternet can send a message to any othercomputer using its IP address. These messagescarry with them the originating computer's IPaddress allowing for two-way communication. TheInternet is thus an exchange of messages betweencomputers.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Protocolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP_addresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP_addresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Protocol


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1990s

The Internet works in part because ofprotocolsthat govern how the computers and routerscommunicate with each other. The nature ofcomputer network communication lends itself to alayered approach where individual protocols in the

protocol stack run more-or-less independently ofother protocols. This allows lower-level protocolsto be customized for the network situation whilenot changing the way higher-level protocols

operate. A practical example of why this isimportant is because it allows an Internet browserto run the same code regardless of whether the

computer it is running on is connected to theInternet through an Ethernet or Wi-Fi

connection
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_protocolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_browserhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_browserhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_protocol


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1990s

At the network layer, things becomestandardized with the Internet Protocol(IP) being adopted for logical addressing.For the World Wide Web, these "IP

addresses" are derived from the humanreadable form using theDomain Name System (e.g. 72.14.207.99

is derived from www.google.com). At the

moment, the most widely used version ofthe Internet Protocol is version four but amove to version six is imminent.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_addresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_Name_Systemhttp://72.14.207.99/http://www.google.com/http://www.google.com/http://72.14.207.99/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_Name_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_address


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1990s

At the application layer, are many of theprotocols Internet users would befamiliar with such as HTTP (webbrowsing),POP3 (e-mail), FTP (filetransfer), IRC (Internet chat),BitTorrent (file sharing) and OSCAR(instant messaging).
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTPhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/POP3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_Transfer_Protocolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BitTorrent_(protocol)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OSCAR_protocolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OSCAR_protocolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BitTorrent_(protocol)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_Transfer_Protocolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/POP3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP


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1990sComputer-based learning uses several information

technology platforms. Computer-based multimedialearning is limited only in terms of accessibility tothe Internet and a computer with the capacity touse the various learning technologies available.Although not a comprehensive list, five mainfactors define computer-based multimedialearning: interactive learning games, messageboards and linking, video conferencing, chattingand file exchanging, and knowledge management

software.


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THE DEVELOPMENT OF TECHNOLOGIESUSED IN TEACHING UP TO 1990

DEVELOPMENT YEAR INGENERAL USE

1 Teacher 1500 BC (atleast)

2 Printed book 14503 Postal service 1850

4 Blackboard (chalk) 1850

5 Telephone 1890

6 Radio 1920

7 Film 1920

8 Broadcast television 1950

9 Cable TV 1950

1 Audio-cassette 1


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THE DEVELOPMENT OF TECHNOLOGIESUSED IN TEACHING UP TO 1990


12 Satellite TV 1975

13 Laser video discs 1975

14 Audio-conferencing 197515 Personal computers 1980

16 Audio-graphics 1980

17 Viewdata/ Teletext 1980

18 Computer conferencing(CMC)

1980

19 Compact discs (CDs) 1985

20 E-mail 1985

1 Video-con erencin 1


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THE DEVELOPMENT OF TECHNOLOGIESUSED IN TEACHING FROM 1990

DEVELOPMENT YEAR IN GENERALUSE

1 Internet 1990

2 World Wide Web 1990

3 Simulation and games 1990

4 Learning managementsystem

1995

5 Browsers/ web portals 1995

6 Wireless network 1995

7 Mobile phone 1995

8 Learning objects/ OERs 1995

9 Fibre optic cables 2000


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THE DEVELOPMENT OF TECHNOLOGIESUSED IN TEACHING FROM 1990


12 Social software 2002

13 Virtual reality 2003

14 E-Portfolios 200515 Clickers 2005

16 You tube 2005

17 Lecture capture 2008

18 E-books 2009

19 Cloud computing 2010

20 Learning analytics 2011


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History of Instructional Tecnology