History of the 99th Reconnaissance Squadron

8/9/2019 History of the 99th Reconnaissance Squadron

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HISTORY

OF THE

99TH RECONNAISSANCE SQUADRON

By

Coy F. Cross II

9th Reconnaissance Wing History Office


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Table of Contents

The Great War .... 2

World War II .. 5

The Birth of the Air Force . 8

Strategic Reconnaissance, Again ... 9

Lineage . 12

Emblem ..... 13

99th Squadron Commanders . 14

Squadron Aircraft . 18

Decorations .. 21

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The Great War

Organized as the 99th Aero Squadron at Kelly Field, Texas on 21 August

1917, the 99th moved to Garden City, New Jersey in Early November and sailed for

France on 14 November. After training in the Sopwith and the Salmson, the

squadron began flying combat missions in June 1918. In July the 99ths 3rd Flight,

consisting of seven Salmsons, seven pilots, seven observers and their maintenance

crews moved from Luxouil-les-Bains, France to Dogneville. The flight, assigned

to the 33rd French Corps, flew reconnaissance missions and directed artillery fire in

support of U.S. Army, 5th Divisions offensive against German soldiers entrenched

at Frapelle.

From Dogneville, the 3rd Flight flew photographic missions more than 40

kilometers behind enemy lines. No other unit, in this sector, had ever

photographed deeper than ten kilometers before. When the 5th Division began its

attack on 17 August 1918, the 3rd kept two aircraft airborne throughout the day.

One observed enemy positions and directed artillery fire. The other maintained

contact with Allied infantry and advised headquarters of the line-of-advance.

Since the ground troops never displayed panels to show their position, pilots often

had to fly low enough to distinguish between friendly and enemy uniforms. This

exposed the aircraft and crew to heavy machine-gun and rifle fire. Contact crews

often aided the ground offensive by attacking machine-gun sites and firing at

enemy troops. After the successful offensive, 3rd Flight crews photographed the

new front lines.

Observers developed an effective means of communicating their information

to the ground commanders. They first radioed the data to their ground station.

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Pilots then flew over the unit command post and observers dropped a written

message confirming the radio call. They next flew over corps headquarters and

dropped another note verifying their radio communication. Despite what seemed

to be an efficient method, aviators and artillery troops often had difficulty

communicating and seldom made an effective team.

The 99th also aided the 5th Corps during the St. Mihiel offensive from 12

through 16 September. The squadron had moved to Souilly on 7 September.

German soldiers were well entrenched and prepared for a prolonged defense of

their positions. Before the attack, crews flew photographic reconnaissance

missions taking oblique shots of enemy positions. As the ground offensive began

on 12 September, a heavy mist, low-hanging clouds and intermittent rain severely

hampered aerial observation. Nevertheless, 99th pilots flew visual observation and

artillery adjustment missions throughout the day.

Sever weather also affected aerial operations on 13 September, but skies

cleared the following day. So the 99th flew infantry contact, artillery adjustment,

photographic and visual reconnaissance missions. Flying eight kilometers deep

behind enemy lines, crews produced photographs that clearly defined enemy

positions. Some of Germanys best aviators operated in this area, but Allied crews

successfully defended themselves and completed their mission. On 15 September,

foul weather returned and limited flights to visual operations and artillery

adjustments.

On 20 September the 99th Aero Squadron moved to Foucaucourt and

prepared to help the 5 th Corps in the Argonne-Meuse offensive. Again, the German

soldiers opposed the attack from barbed-wire-protected trenches. Also, additional

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enemy pursuit, observation and bombardment forces meant most of the Kaisers

best aviation units defended the area.

When the ground attack began on 26 September, inclement weather

restricted flight operations. Rain, haze and fog usually obscured the ground from

then until 11 November. Since cloud cover severely limited photographic

reconnaissance, headquarters confined missions to a few, well-defined and

extremely important areas. Aircraft and pilots often stood ready to fly, waiting in

vain for any break in the clouds. When weather permitted, crews took oblique

photographs along enemy lines. If the need for information was great, pilots flew

even in heavy cloud cover hoping for a chance break to take that important picture.

Pursuit planes protected observation aircraft during these missions. The

large number of enemy pursuit aircraft operating in the area made an attack during

photographic flights almost a certainty. The pursuit protectors often flew about

500 meters above the observation aircraft. This gave them an advantage against

enemy attackers. Photographic aircraft also flew during large bombing and pursuit

operations to take advantage of the amassed firepower. The four black crosses on

the 9th Reconnaissance Wings emblem represent 1st and 99th Squadrons

participation at St. Mihiel, Argonne-Meuse, Champagne-Marne and Aisne-Marne.

The 99th Aero Squadron remained in France until 8 May 1919, then moved

to Mitchel Field, New York. The unit became the 99th Observation Squadron in

1923. During the 1920s the proficiency of squadron aircrews deteriorated until the

99th had no one proficient enough to participate in the 1929 bombing and gunnery

matches. The 99th Observation Squadron was attached to the 9 th Observation

Group on 9 November 1928 and assigned to the group on 15 February 1929. With

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the creation of the GHQ Air Force on 1 March 1935, the group became the 9 th

Bombardment Group and the 99th became a bombardment squadron.

With the new mission came new airplanes. The observation squadron had

flown British-made de Havilland DH-4s and Royal Aircraft Establishment SE-5s

(Scouting Experimental). Both were World War I-vintage aircraft. The new

bombardment squadron received American-made Martin B-10s in 1936 and

Douglas B-18s in 1938. Squadron members trained hard learning the tactics and

maneuvers of their new aircraft and new mission.

World War II

As hostilities increased in Europe and German U=boats threatened

worldwide shipping, the Army transferred the 9 th Group to the Panama Canal Zone

to protect U.S. interests. The group and the 99th, equipped with B-18s, were now

bombardment (medium) units. On 3 December 1941, the 99th moved to Zandery

Field, Surinam, on the northeast coast of South America, and began flying anti-

submarine patrols over the Caribbean Sea.

The squadron returned to the U.S. in October 1942. The 99th trained in B-

17s at Orlando, Floridas Army Air Force School of Applied Tactics. In March

1943, the squadron started training cadres of other bombardment units on

formation flying and high altitude precision bombing. After training other units for

a year, the 99th moved to Dalhart Army Air Field (AAF), Texas and then on to

McCook AAF, Nebraska in May 1944.

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At McCook, the squadron received B-29s and began training in earnest for

its own combat deployment. After six months in the new airplane, the 99th

transferred to North Field, Tinian, in the Marianas, just east of the Philippines.

Arriving at Tinian on 28 December 1944, the 99th Bombardment Squadron (Very

Heavy) did not have to wait long for action. On 27, 29 and 31 January 1945, the

squadron flew bombing raids against Japanese installations in the northern

Marianas. The 99th attacked a Japanese seaplane base on Moen, an island in the

Truks, on 9 February. Three days later the unit bombed heavy gun emplacements

on Iwo Jima, in preparation for the amphibious assault on that island.

On 14 February 1945 squadron B-29s, each carrying an experienced naval

officer as observer, searched for Japanese picket ships as the U.S. Navy planned an

aircraft carrier attack against Japans main islands. Five days later the 99ths Super

Fortresses struck Japan inflicting heavy damage on a well-defended aircraft factory

in Tokyo.

On 25 February the 99th joined an all-out Allied effort against Tokoys port

and industrial areas. For the remaining months of the war, squadron B-29s

repeatedly struck Japanese aircraft factories, chemical plants, naval bases and

airdromes. Stiff opposition from heavy anti-aircraft fire, flak boats and fighter

planes failed to deter 99th crews in their attempt to end the war. These raids

destroyed large portions of Nagoya, Osaka, Kobye, Tokyo and other cities.

During these months the 99th won tow Distinguished Unit Citations. The

first came of operations on 15-16 April 1945. Kawasaki, Japan furnished

components for Tokyo and Yokohamas heavy industry. The objective was to

destroy Kawasakis industrial area. Located between two heavily defended areas,

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the city itself was very well protected. To add to the missions difficulty, pilots

had to fly the 1,500 miles from Tinian to Japan at low-level, at night, over water.

Severe turbulence affected the mechanical navigation equipment, but the B-29s

stayed on course.

The 99th was part of the last element over the target. By then Japanese

defenders were fully alerted and knew the direction of attack and the bombers

approximate altitude. Closely coordinated searchlights and anti-aircraft guns

subjected squadron aircraft to intense fire before they reached the target, over the

target, and after their breakaway. Accurate fire from flak boats added to the

danger. Also, approximately 56 Japanese fighters inflicted heavy damage. In all,

of the 33 bombers the 9th Bombardment Group launched on the mission, Japanese

defenders destroyed four and heavily damaged six others.

The squadron won the second award in mine-laying operations a month

later. Allied planners hoped that mining the seas around Japan would isolate the

island nation and deprive her of vital resources from conquered territories in China,

Manchuria and Korea. Mining could also interrupt sea traffic on the Inland Seas

and block important ports. The Shimonoseki Straits, which controlled access to

the Inland Seas, and the waters around Honshu and Kyushus harbors were the

target areas.

The 99th flew sorties on alternate nights between 13 and 28 May 1945.

Flying at 5,500 feet, in inclement weather, against targets defended by heavy anti-

aircraft fire and fighters made accurate mine-laying difficult. Despite adverse

weather, heavy flak, and suicide attacks by Japanese fighter pilots, the squadron

helped mine the Shimonoseki Straits while other units mined the harbors. Crews

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devised new techniques and often improvised to overcome the obstacles. This

operation crippled Japans efforts to ship food, raw materials, war supplies, troops,

and combat equipment to and from the homeland.

Between January and August 1945, 99th squadron B-29s repeatedly attacked

Japan. Bombing missions stopped after Japan surrendered, but the squadron

remained at Tinian and flew people and supplies around the Pacific Theater. The

99th moved to Guam on 17 Mar 1946 and inactivated there on 20 October 1948.

The Birth of the Air Force

Following World War II, the National Security Act of 1947 created the Air

Force as a sister service to the Army and Navy. The Air Force established the 9th

Strategic Reconnaissance Wing at Fairfield-Suisun (later Travis) AFB, California

on 25 April 1949 and activated it on 1 May as a Strategic Air Command (SAC)

unit. The Air Force also activated and redesignated the 9th Group to the 9th

Strategic Reconnaissance Group, which included the 1st, 5th and 99th Strategic

Reconnaissance Squadrons. The squadrons flew RB-29s and a few RB-36s. Their

mission was to conduct visual, photographic, electronic, and weather

reconnaissance operations. Squadron reconnaissance operations were short-lived,

however.

On 1 April 1950, the Air Force redesignated the wing as the 9th

Bombardment Wing and the 99th as the 99th Bombardment Squadron. In February

1951, the Air Force realigned its flying operations and placed the flying squadrons

directly under the wing. The 9th Bombardment Group immediately went into

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records status and then inactivated on 16 June 1952. On 4 January 1955, the Air

Force bestowed the 9th Groups lineage and honors on the 9th Bombardment Wing.

The 99th continued to fly B-29s at Fairfield-Suisun AFB until 1 May 1953,

when SAC assumed jurisdiction over Mountain Home AFB, Idaho. The command

transferred the wing and its squadrons to Mountain Home. The wind immediately

began preparing for the arrival of its new aircraft, the B-47 Stratojet. By June

1955, the 99th Bombardment Squadron had replaced its B-29s with new B-47s. To

prove its mission-readiness, the squadron joined in a 60-day mobility test and

deployed to England.

In November 1955 the 99th and other wing squadrons demonstrated the

Stragetic Air Commands ability to strike anywhere in the world. Refueling in-air,

squadron B-47s flew the 8,300 miles from Mountain Home AFB to New Zealand

non-stop. This was the longest deployment for any SAC unit or aircraft until that

time. The 99th Bombardment Squadron was an important part of SACs alert force

to deter aggression during the Cold War.

The 99th flew nuclear deterrent missions for ten years. In November 1965,

SAC agreed to transfer Mountain Home AFB to the Tactical Air Command. The

99ths B-47s transferred to other units and by 1 February 1966 all squadron aircraft

were gone. But the squadron was not destined to disappear.

Strategic Reconnaissance

As the squadron phased-out Mountain Home AFB, plans were already afoot

for a rebirth and a new mission. In January 1966 the first SR-71 had landed at

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Beale AFB, California. This new aircraft gave SAC a reconnaissance capability

that far exceeded any then available in terms of speed, altitude, and coverage. The

SR-71 flew at more than three times the speed of sound (Mach 3+) at altitudes

above 80,000 feet. It carried the most advanced observation equipment in the

world.

The 4200th Strategic Reconnaissance Wing (SRW) activated at Beale AFB

on 1 January 1965 as the SR-71s parent unit. In October 1965 Fifteenth Air Force

suggested the Air Force redesignated the 9th Bombardment Wing as the 9th

Strategic Reconnaissance Wing to continue the wings proud history. The Air

Force agreed and on 25 June 1966 the wing became the 9th Strategic

Reconnaissance Wing and the 99th a strategic reconnaissance squadron. The 9th

SRW replaced the 4200th SRW at Beale AFB.

The 99th helped move the SR-71 to mission-ready status. By March 1967

the aircraft was ready. The SR-71 quickly deployed to Okinawa and began flying

operational missions over Southeast Asia. Squadron pilots and reconnaissance

systems operator gathered photographic and electronic data for U.S. commanders

in Viet Nam from 1967 until 1 April 1971 when the 99th inactivated.

On 1 November 1972 the 99th activated as a 100th Strategic Reconnaissance

Wing unit at U-Tapao AB, Thailand. The squadron flew U-2s, DC-130s and CH-

3s on classified missions over Southeast Asia until 30 June 1976. When the U-2

joined the SR-71 under the 9th Strategic Reconnaissance Wing at Beale AFB, the

99th Strategic Reconnaissance Squadron returned home.

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The U-2, although slower than the SR-71, cost much less to operate and

provided more on-station time. As intelligence collection increased throughout

the 1980s, 99th U-2 pilots manned detachments at sites around the world. With the

SR-71s retirement in 1990, the U-2 assumed responsibility for all of Americas

manned high-altitude reconnaissance.

During Operation Desert Shield, 99th Squadron pilots immediately moved to

Saudi Arabia and flew their first missions of 19 August 1990, just 17 days after

Iraq invaded Kuwait. Throughout Desert Shield/Storm, squadron pilots provided

vital reconnaissance that kept coalition commanders informed on the positions and

movement of Iraqi troops. This information made air attacks more effective and

helped reduce casualties in the ground war.

Today, 99th Reconnaissance Squadron pilots, male and female, spend nearly

half their time on temporary assignment around the world. They daily fly

operational missions from Cyprus, France, Saudi Arabia and Korea. Pilots of the

99th are Americas Eyes and Ears Around the World.

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Lineage

ORGANIZED: 99th Aero Squadron 21 Aug 1917

REDESIGNATED: 99th Squadron 14 Mar 1921

REDESIGNATED: 99th Observation Squadron 25 Jan 1923

INACTIVATED: 31 Jul 1927

ACTIVATED: 9 Nov 1928

REDESIGNATED: 99th Bombardment Squadron 1 Mar 1935

REDESIGNATED: 99th Bombardment Sqd (Medium) 6 Dec 1939

REDESIGNATED: 99th

Bombardment Sqd (Heavy) 20 Nov 1940REDESIGNATED: 99th Bombardment Sqd (Very Heavy)

28 Mar 1944

INACTIVATED: 20 Oct 1948

ACTIVATED & REDESIGNATED:

99th Strategic Reconnaissance Sqd (Photographic) 1 May 1949

REDESIGNATED: 99th Bombardment Sqd (Heavy) 1 Apr 1950

REDESIGNATED: 99th Bombardment Sqd (Medium) 2 Oct 1950

REDESIGNATED: 99th Strategic Reconnaissance Sqd 25 Jun 1966

INACTIVATED: 1 Apr 1971

ACTIVATED: 1 Nov 1972

REDESIGNATED: 99th Reconnaissance Squadron 1 Sep 1991

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Emblem

EMBLEM: Red and Blue Buffalo, approved 4 March 1924 from World War Iemblem.

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99th Squadron Commanders

1st Lt W T White 21 Aug 1917

Capt William E Goodman Jr 29 Sep 1917

1st Lt Andrew B Shiland 23 Feb 1918

Maj Arthur R Christie 30 Mar 1918

1st Lt James E Meredith 6 Aug 1918

Capt Lyle S Powell 9 Nov 1918

1st Lt Leo D Quackenbush 28 Feb 1919

1st

Lt Edward Jenkins 9 Jun 1919Capt Horace N Heison 6 Oct 1920

2d Lt Ray A Dunn 17 Nov 1920

2d Lt Paul C Wilkins 30 Dec 1920

1st Lt Ray A Dunn 30 Mar 1921

1st Lt Earl J Carpenter 22 Aug 1921

1st Lt Howard K Ramey 7 Nov 1921

Lt Courtney Whitney 12 Dec 1921

Maj George E Lovell 15 Aug 1922

Capt Clearton H Reynolds 16 Apr 1923

Maj Millard F Harmon 30 Jun-18 Jul 1925

Unknown 19 Jul 1925-22 Jun 1927

None (not manned) 23 Jun-31 Jul 1927

Unknown 9 Nov 1928-Sep 1929

1st Lt Frederick W Evans Sep 1929-Aug 1933

Unknown Aug 1933-1935

Capt Leo F Post ca 1 Mar 1935

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Maj Samuel M Cornell 2 Jul 1936

Capt Fay R Upthegrove 30 Aug-21 Oct 1940

Unknown 25 Oct 1939-22 Apr 1940

Capt Fay R Upthegrove 23 Apr-21 Oct 1940

Unknown 22 Oct 1940-1941

Maj Gerald E Williams (by 21 Oct) 1941

Maj Walter W Gross 4 Jan 1942

Lt Col Eugene C Rice 14 Apr 1942

Capt Richard H Gunckel 18 Apr 1942

1st Lt John W Stock 20 Apr 1942

Capt Richard H Gunckel 29 Apr 1942

Lt Col Randolph L Wood 5 May 1942

Maj Harry L Caswell 15 Aug 1942

Maj Harry C Morrison 9 Sep-31 Oct 1942

None (not manned) 31 Oct 1942-20 Jan 1943

Unknown 20 Jan-7 Feb 1943

1st Lt Erwin W Huber 8 Feb 1943

Maj James I Hopkins Jr 17 Jun 1943

Maj James T McKee 18 Jun 1943-18 Jan 1944

Unknown 19-20 Jan 1944

Lt Col John W Chiles 21 Jan 1944

Maj James I Hopkins Jr 28 Feb 1944

Maj Harold M Brecht ca Apr 1944

Maj Folmer J Sogaard 9 Jun 1944

Maj William L Hall 8 Jul 1944

Maj Lewis J Wright 8 Mar-Aug 1945

Unknown, ca Sep 1945-Aug 1946

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None (not manned) Aug-26 Sep 1946

Capt Robert T Henning 27 Sep 1946

Maj Kenneth E Hill 23 Nov 1946

Capt Joseph B Webb 17 Mar-25 Apr 1947

None (not manned) 26 Apr 1947-20 Oct 1948

Capt Carl F Hynek 1 May 1949

Capt Henry L Choate May 1949

Maj James M Smith ca 1 Jun 1949

Lt Col Francis E Tiller 5 Sept 1949

Maj Mason A Dula 30 Jun 1950

Lt Col Rufus H Holloway ca 7 Jul 1950

Maj Frank M Wyman 7 Aug 1950

Lt Col Rufus H Holloway 20 Sep 1950

Capt Roger H Smith 9 Apr 1951

Lt Col Rufus H Holloway ca 19 Jun 1951

Lt Col Mason A Dula 27 Aug 1951

Lt Col Eldridge G Shelton 14 Jun 1952

Lt Col Mason A Dula ca 22 Sep 1958

Lt Col John P Wolfe Feb 1953

Maj Robert L Rund 1 Mar 1956

Lt Col Glenn F Stephens ca 30 Jun 1957

Lt Col Earl A Lilley Apr 1958

Lt Col Glenn F Stephens Oct 1958

Lt Col Sherwin G Desens 1 Oct 1961

Lt Col Maurice E Saunders 15 Dec 1961

Lt Col John W Grow Jr, ca Aug 1964-25 Jun 1966

None (not manned) 25 Jun-Sep 1966

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Lt Col John B Boynton ca Sep 1966

Lt Col Robert G Sowers ca Jun 1967

Lt Col John C Kennon 25 Mar 1968

Lt Col Harlon A Hain 5 Dec 1969-1 Apr 1971

Col Jack E Gatewood 1 Nov 1972

Col Buddy L Brown 18 Dec 1972

Col Russell S Morton 12 Dec 1973

Col Roger L Cooper 2 Dec 1974

Lt Col David C Young 3 Oct 1975-Apr 1976

None (not manned) Apr-30 Jun 1976

LT Col George V. Freese 1 Jul 1976

Lt Col Jerry L. Sinclair 30 Sep 1977

Lt Col William F. Horton Jr 21 Dec 1978

Lt Col James E Wrenn 22 Aug 1980

Lt Col Wilbur F. Furr Jr 2 Jul 1982

Lt Col Kenneth L. Stanford 21 Nov 1984

Lt Col Larry W. Driskill 4 Aug 1986

Lt Col Mark W. Fischer 19 Jul 1988

Lt Col Richard H. Bishop 18 May 1990

Lt Col Stephen M. Peterson 21 Jun 1991

Maj Kenneth R. Flye 4 May 1992

Lt Col Bruce W. Carmichael 30 Jul 1992

Lt Col Edward A. Walby 9 May 1994

Lt Col John J. Jacobson 23 Aug 1996

Lt Col Paul W. Nelson 3 Jun 1998

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Squadron Aircraft

Sopwith Camel I 1917

Salmson 2 1918 1919

DH-4 1919 1927

SE-5 1919 1927

0-1, 0-2, 0-11, 0-25, 0-31 1928 1936

0-38, 0-39, 0-40, 0-43 1928 1936

Y-1-0-35, Y-1-0-40 1928 1936

B-10, OA-4 1936 1938B-18, OA-8, P-12 1938 1942

P-40 1941 1942

B-25, B-26 1943

B-17, B-29 1943 1945

RB-17 1943 1944

RB-29 1949 1950

B-47 1954 1966

SR-71 1966 1971

DC-130 1972 1975

CH-3 1972 1975

Drones 1972 1975

U-2R 1972 1977

TR-1 1981 1991

U-2S 1994

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Stations

Kelley Field, Texas 1917

Garden City, New York 1917

France:

Haussimont 1918

Amanty 1918

Luxeuil-Les-Bains 1918

Souilly 1918

Foucaucort 1918Parois 1918

Belrain 1918

Chaumont-Les-Belles 1918

Chaumont 1918

Colombey-Les-Belles 1918

Sadirac 1919

Mitchell Field, New York 1919

Hazlehurst, New York 1919

Camp Alfred Vail, New Jersey 1919

Bolling Field, D.C. 1919

Mitchell Field, New York 1928

Rio Hato, Panama 1940

Piarco Field, Trinidad 1941

Zanderij Field, Surinam 1942

Orlando Air Base, Florida 1942

Montbrook Army Airfield, Florida 1943

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Kissimmee Army Airfield, Florida 1943

Brooksville Army Airfield, Florida 1944

Orlando Air Base, Florida 1944

Dalhart Army Airfield, Texas 1944

McCook Army Airfield, Kansas 1944

North Field, Tinian 1944

Clark Field, Luzon 1946

Harmon Field, Guam 1947

Fairfield-Suisun AFB (Travis), CA 1949

Mountain Home AFB, Idaho 1953

Beale AFB, California 1966

U-Tapao RTNAF, Thailand 1972

Beale AFB, California 1976

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Decorations

Distinguished Unit Citation:

Kawasaki, Japan --15 April 16 April 1945Shimonoseki Straits, Japan -- 13 May 28 May 1945

Presidential Unit Citation:

31 March 1968 31 December 1968

Air Force Outstanding Unit Award:

1 January 1957 31 January 1968

1 July 1967 30 June 1968

1 July 1970 1 April 19711 November 1972 30 June 1973 (with valor)

1 November 1972 28 January 1973 (with valor)

1 July 1975 30 June 1976

1 July 1976 30 June 1977

1 July 1981 30 June 1982

1 July 1983 30 June 1984

1 July 1985 30 June 1986

1 July 1986 30 June 1987

1 July 1989 30 June 1990

1 July 1993 30 June 19941 July 1994 30 June 1995

Campaign Streamers:

WWI:

St. Mihiel

Meuse-Argonne

Alsace

Lorraine

WWII:Antisubmarine

Eastern Mandates

Western Pacific

Air Offensive Japan

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History of the 99th Reconnaissance Squadron