Holt Call to Freedom Chapter 17: Manifest Destiny and War 1840-1860

Holt Call to FreedomHolt Call to FreedomChapter 17: Manifest Destiny and WarChapter 17: Manifest Destiny and War

1840-18601840-1860

17.1 Manifest Destiny and 17.1 Manifest Destiny and ExpansionExpansion

Objectives:Objectives:Analyze how Americans’ belief in Analyze how Americans’ belief in

manifest destiny affected western manifest destiny affected western expansion.expansion.

Explain how the United States Explain how the United States acquired Oregon and Texas.acquired Oregon and Texas.

Discuss events that led to the Discuss events that led to the Mexican War.Mexican War.

© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 2

I. The Roots of Manifest DestinyI. The Roots of Manifest Destiny

A.A. Manifest DestinyManifest Destiny – the belief that – the belief that nothing would stop the United nothing would stop the United States from expanding to the Pacific States from expanding to the Pacific OceanOcean

B.B. Term first used by New York Term first used by New York newspaper editor newspaper editor John O’SullivanJohn O’Sullivan


Source: http://lfa.atu.edu/ssphil/people/ssjw/front/md.htm

C. Origins of Manifest DestinyC. Origins of Manifest Destiny

1.1. Found in Americans’ economic, Found in Americans’ economic, political, and social experiencespolitical, and social experiences

2.2. Puritans believed that their society Puritans believed that their society was a special promised land, which was a special promised land, which would serve as a religious example would serve as a religious example to the rest of the world.to the rest of the world.


C. Origins of Manifest DestinyC. Origins of Manifest Destiny

3.3. During the American Revolution, During the American Revolution, Patriots believed that the United Patriots believed that the United States would prove to the world that States would prove to the world that democracy could work in a large democracy could work in a large and growing countryand growing country

4.4. Desire for farmland and new Desire for farmland and new markets for goods also promoted markets for goods also promoted expansion.expansion.


II. Gone WestII. Gone West

A.A. By the 1840s many Americans By the 1840s many Americans accepted the idea of Manifest accepted the idea of Manifest Destiny.Destiny.

B.B. Settlers moved into areas outside of Settlers moved into areas outside of the United States, such as California, the United States, such as California, Oregon and Texas.Oregon and Texas.

C.C. Ignored the fact that American Ignored the fact that American Indians and Mexicans already lived Indians and Mexicans already lived in these areasin these areas


III. The Election of 1844III. The Election of 1844

Source: http://teachpol.tcnj.edu/amer_pol_hist/fi/00000096.jpg

A. John TylerA. John Tyler

1.1. Made western expansion an Made western expansion an election issue by supporting Texas election issue by supporting Texas annexationannexation

2.2. Was vice president; became Was vice president; became president when President Harrison president when President Harrison died in 1841died in 1841


Source: http://teachpol.tcnj.edu/amer_pol_hist/fi/tyler.jpg

B. Henry ClayB. Henry Clay1.1. Selected over Tyler as the Whig Selected over Tyler as the Whig

presidential candidatepresidential candidate

2.2. Initially opposed Texas annexation, Initially opposed Texas annexation, but later supported it without but later supported it without enthusiasmenthusiasm


Source: http://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/resources/graphic/large/HenryClay5.jpg

C. James K. PolkC. James K. Polk

1.1. Democratic presidential candidate Democratic presidential candidate who wanted to acquire Texas and who wanted to acquire Texas and OregonOregon

2.2. Defeated Clay by a narrow marginDefeated Clay by a narrow margin


Source: http://teachpol.tcnj.edu/amer_pol_hist/fi/00000098.jpg

III. The Election of 1844III. The Election of 1844

D.D. Manifest Destiny played an Manifest Destiny played an important role in the election.important role in the election.


IV. Acquiring New TerritoryIV. Acquiring New Territory


A. Oregon CountryA. Oregon Country1.1. Great Britain and the United States Great Britain and the United States

disagreed over the U.S.-Canada disagreed over the U.S.-Canada border in Oregon, and war seemed border in Oregon, and war seemed possible.possible.

2.2. In 1846 the two nations signed a In 1846 the two nations signed a treaty giving the United States all treaty giving the United States all Oregon land south of the 49Oregon land south of the 49thth parallel; drew border between parallel; drew border between Canada and the United StatesCanada and the United States


B. TexasB. Texas

1.1. The United States and Texas The United States and Texas approved annexation, and Texas approved annexation, and Texas became the 28became the 28thth state in 1845 state in 1845

2.2. Annexation angered the Mexican Annexation angered the Mexican government, however.government, however.


V. War Breaks OutV. War Breaks Out


A. Mexico’s ResponseA. Mexico’s Response

1.1. Cut diplomatic ties with United Cut diplomatic ties with United States, ordered U.S. Settlers out of States, ordered U.S. Settlers out of CaliforniaCalifornia

2.2. Claimed the border between Texas Claimed the border between Texas and Mexico was the Nueces River, and Mexico was the Nueces River, which was farther north than the which was farther north than the Rio Grande, the border the United Rio Grande, the border the United States claimedStates claimed


Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Wpdms_republic_of_texas.png

B. WarB. War1.1. Polk ordered Polk ordered General Zachary General Zachary

TaylorTaylor into the disputed border into the disputed border region.region.

2.2. Polk unsuccessfully tried to buy Polk unsuccessfully tried to buy California and New Mexico from California and New Mexico from Mexico.Mexico.

3.3. Congress declared war in 1846, Congress declared war in 1846, after American and Mexican after American and Mexican soldiers clashed.soldiers clashed.


http://home.sandiego.edu/~landeros/mexican/taylor.JPG

17.2 The Mexican War17.2 The Mexican WarObjectives:Objectives:Describe Americans’ reactions to the Describe Americans’ reactions to the

declaration of war against Mexico.declaration of war against Mexico.Examine the major events and Examine the major events and

battles of the war.battles of the war.Explain the terms of the treaty that Explain the terms of the treaty that

ended the Mexican War.ended the Mexican War.


I. Response to WarI. Response to War


A. War with MexicoA. War with Mexico

1.1. Although outnumbered, the U.S. Although outnumbered, the U.S. Army had better weapons and Army had better weapons and equipment than Mexican forces did.equipment than Mexican forces did.

2.2. Some 200,000 Americans Some 200,000 Americans volunteered to fight.volunteered to fight.

3.3. First U.S. war fought mainly on First U.S. war fought mainly on foreign soilforeign soil


A. War with MexicoA. War with Mexico

4.4. First U.S. war covered by many First U.S. war covered by many newspapers, and one of the first newspapers, and one of the first wars to be photographedwars to be photographed

5.5. War stirred patriotic fervor among War stirred patriotic fervor among many Americans.many Americans.


Source: http://homepage.univie.ac.at/kurt.mayer/graphics/MexWarl.jpg

B. Opposition to the WarB. Opposition to the War

1.1. Many Whig Party members thought Many Whig Party members thought the war was unjustified and the war was unjustified and unneeded.unneeded.

2.2. Writer Writer Henry David ThoreauHenry David Thoreau was was jailed for refusing to pay taxes, jailed for refusing to pay taxes, which he believed would support a which he believed would support a war that he considered unjust.war that he considered unjust.


Source: http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/history/virtual/portrait/thoreau.jpg

B. Opposition to the WarB. Opposition to the War3.3. Northern abolitionists opposed the Northern abolitionists opposed the

war because they feared war because they feared southerners would try to establish southerners would try to establish slavery in any new territories slavery in any new territories acquired as a result of the war.acquired as a result of the war.

4.4. Some pro-slavery southerners, Some pro-slavery southerners, such as John C. Calhoun, also such as John C. Calhoun, also opposed the war because they opposed the war because they worried that new territories might worried that new territories might ban slavery.ban slavery.


Source: http://www.newgenevacenter.org/portrait/calhoun.jpg

II. American VictoriesII. American Victories

A.A. After winning battles north of the After winning battles north of the Rio Grande, Zachary Taylor led his Rio Grande, Zachary Taylor led his troops across the river and troops across the river and occupied the town of Matamoros.occupied the town of Matamoros.

B.B. Brigadier General Brigadier General Stephen KearnyStephen Kearny captured Santa Fe and headed for captured Santa Fe and headed for California.California.


Source: http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/atlas_texas/kearny_doniphan_campaigns.jpg

Taylor (blue line)

Kearny (red line)

http://www.etsu.edu/cas/history/resources/Private/Faculty/Fac_To1877ChapterDocFiles/ChapterImages/Ch11kearny.jpg

C. CaliforniaC. California

1.1. American settlers led the American settlers led the Bear Flag Bear Flag RevoltRevolt against California. against California.

2.2. U.S. Army explorer U.S. Army explorer John C. FrémontJohn C. Frémont encouraged Americans to join the encouraged Americans to join the revolt.revolt.


Source: http://www.ourhealdsburg.com/history/flags_files/california.jpg

The State Flag of California The 1846 First Bear Flag served as the model for our current state flag which was adopted as the

State Flag in 1911.

The First Bear Flag 1846 The flag flew over the town of Sonoma from June 14 until it was replaced on July 9, 1846 by the Stars and

Stripes.

C. CaliforniaC. California

3.3. Meanwhile, U.S. naval forces and Meanwhile, U.S. naval forces and Kearny’s troops captured several Kearny’s troops captured several towns. towns.

4.4. Americans claimed control of Americans claimed control of California in August 1846.California in August 1846.


III. The War’s EndIII. The War’s End

A.A. Taylor’s forces defeated General Taylor’s forces defeated General Santa Anna’s army at Buena Vista in Santa Anna’s army at Buena Vista in Mexico.Mexico.


http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/mex-war/santa-anna-1.gif

General Santa Anna

Source: http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/atlas_texas/kearny_doniphan_campaigns.jpg

B. PoliticsB. Politics

1.1. President Polk, a Democrat, feared President Polk, a Democrat, feared that General Taylor, a Whig, was that General Taylor, a Whig, was becoming too popular and might becoming too popular and might run for the presidency.run for the presidency.

2.2. As a result of this and other As a result of this and other reasons, Polk replaced Taylor with reasons, Polk replaced Taylor with Winfield ScottWinfield Scott..


Source: http://www.sonofthesouth.net/leefoundation/civil-war/1861/july/general-winfield-scott.jpg

C. Final BattlesC. Final Battles

1.1. Scott’s forces captured the key port Scott’s forces captured the key port city of Veracruz, Mexico.city of Veracruz, Mexico.

2.2. After a major battle, American After a major battle, American troops took Mexico City in troops took Mexico City in September 1847.September 1847.


Source: http://www.socialstudiesforkids.com/graphics/mexicanwaroperationsmap.jpg

IV. More New TerritoriesIV. More New Territories

A.A. The The Treaty of Guadalupe HidalgoTreaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, , signed in February 1848, marked signed in February 1848, marked the peace.the peace.


B. TermsB. Terms

1.1. United States received the United States received the Mexican Mexican Cession,Cession, land that included the land that included the present-day states of California, present-day states of California, Nevada, and Utah; most of Arizona Nevada, and Utah; most of Arizona and New Mexico; and parts of and New Mexico; and parts of Colorado and Wyoming.Colorado and Wyoming.

2.2. The Rio Grande was established as The Rio Grande was established as the U.S.-Mexico border in Texas.the U.S.-Mexico border in Texas.


Source: http://www.notredamehs.com/TeachResource/Branigan/mexican_cession%5B1%5D.jpg

B. TermsB. Terms

3.3. The United States paid Mexico $15 The United States paid Mexico $15 million and assumed claims of more million and assumed claims of more than $3 million held by American than $3 million held by American citizens against Mexico.citizens against Mexico.


IV. More New TerritoriesIV. More New Territories

C.C. In 1853 the United States negotiated In 1853 the United States negotiated the the Gadsden PurchaseGadsden Purchase, paying , paying Mexico $10 million for the southern Mexico $10 million for the southern parts of what are now Arizona and parts of what are now Arizona and New Mexico.New Mexico.


Source: http://www.oldmesilla.org/assets/images/gadsden-purchase-map.jpg

17.3 More Settlers Head West17.3 More Settlers Head WestObjectives:Objectives:Analyze the conflicts caused by new Analyze the conflicts caused by new

U.S. settlement in the Southwest.U.S. settlement in the Southwest.Discuss the interaction between Discuss the interaction between

various cultures in the Southwest.various cultures in the Southwest.Explain why the Mormons moved to Explain why the Mormons moved to

the West and what they achieved the West and what they achieved there.there.


I. Conflicts over LandI. Conflicts over Land

A.A. American settlers, traders, and American settlers, traders, and speculators flooded into the speculators flooded into the Mexican Cession.Mexican Cession.


Source: http://members.tripod.com/mexicancession/links/linkhead.gif

Source: http://www.worldbook.com/features/lewisandclark/assets/mexicancession.gif

B. Treatment of Mexicans in the SouthwestB. Treatment of Mexicans in the Southwest

1.1. The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo protected property rights of protected property rights of residents in the Mexican Cession.residents in the Mexican Cession.

2.2. U.S. government often made U.S. government often made Mexican American landowners Mexican American landowners defend their property rights in defend their property rights in court, which bankrupted many of court, which bankrupted many of the landowners.the landowners.


B. Treatment of Mexicans in the SouthwestB. Treatment of Mexicans in the Southwest

3.3. New settlers often ignored Mexican New settlers often ignored Mexican legal traditions, such as community legal traditions, such as community property and community water property and community water rights.rights.

4.4. To protect their property, some To protect their property, some Tejanos married into powerful Anglo Tejanos married into powerful Anglo families.families.


C. Treatment of American C. Treatment of American Indians in the SouthwestIndians in the Southwest

1.1. New white settlers often took New white settlers often took control of water resources and control of water resources and grazing lands.grazing lands.

2.2. Settlers rarely showed respect for Settlers rarely showed respect for Indian burial grounds and holy Indian burial grounds and holy places.places.


C. Treatment of American C. Treatment of American Indians in the SouthwestIndians in the Southwest

3.3. American Indian raiding parties American Indian raiding parties sometimes attacked settlements.sometimes attacked settlements.

4.4. Settlers fought back, sometimes Settlers fought back, sometimes attacking Indian groups or villages attacking Indian groups or villages not involved in the raids, which led not involved in the raids, which led to new conflicts.to new conflicts.


II. Cultural EncountersII. Cultural Encounters

A.A. American Indian, Mexican, and American Indian, Mexican, and Anglo cultures came together and Anglo cultures came together and influenced one another in the influenced one another in the Southwest.Southwest.


B. Mexican and American Indian InfluencesB. Mexican and American Indian Influences

1.1. The Spanish language was The Spanish language was important in trade and daily life.important in trade and daily life.

2.2. Many place-names reflected the Many place-names reflected the Mexican and American Indian Mexican and American Indian heritage.heritage.

3.3. American and European settlers American and European settlers adopted some Mexican holidays.adopted some Mexican holidays.


B. Mexican and American Indian InfluencesB. Mexican and American Indian Influences

4.4. Mexican Americans taught Mexican Americans taught Americans mining and ranching Americans mining and ranching techniques.techniques.

5.5. The Spanish adopted from the The Spanish adopted from the Pueblo the use of adobe as a Pueblo the use of adobe as a building material.building material.

6.6. New settlers adopted Mexican and New settlers adopted Mexican and American Indian foods, such as American Indian foods, such as tamales.tamales.


C. TradeC. Trade

1.1. Brought people from different Brought people from different communities and cultures together communities and cultures together and altered the economy of the and altered the economy of the Southwest.Southwest.

2.2. The Navajo became known as The Navajo became known as skilled silversmiths, a craft they had skilled silversmiths, a craft they had learned from Mexican American learned from Mexican American settlers.settlers.


C. TradeC. Trade

3.3. Americans brought manufactured Americans brought manufactured goods, such as firearms, and new goods, such as firearms, and new breeds of animals to the Southwest.breeds of animals to the Southwest.


III. The MormonsIII. The Mormons

A.A. In 1830 In 1830 Joseph SmithJoseph Smith founded the founded the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints, whose members Day Saints, whose members became known as became known as MormonsMormons..


Source: http://www.pbs.org/americanprophet/images/joseph-smith.jpg

B. PersecutionB. Persecution

1.1. Were persecuted for some of their Were persecuted for some of their beliefs and practices, such as beliefs and practices, such as polygamypolygamy

2.2. To escape, moved from New York to To escape, moved from New York to Ohio, then to Missouri, and then to Ohio, then to Missouri, and then to IllinoisIllinois

3.3. An anti-Mormon mob murdered An anti-Mormon mob murdered Smith in Illinois in 1844.Smith in Illinois in 1844.


B. PersecutionB. Persecution

4.4. Brigham YoungBrigham Young became the head of became the head of the church after Smith’s death.the church after Smith’s death.

5.5. Young chose Utah, then Mexican Young chose Utah, then Mexican territory, as the new home for the territory, as the new home for the Mormons.Mormons.


Source: http://class.et.byu.edu/it431/labs/byoung_low.png

C. Moving WestC. Moving West

1.1. Mormons followed a route that Mormons followed a route that became known as the became known as the Mormon Trail.Mormon Trail.

2.2. Founded Salt Lake City, which Founded Salt Lake City, which became the main Mormon became the main Mormon communitycommunity


Source: http://go.hrw.com/venus_images/M12a02.gif

17.4 The Gold Rush17.4 The Gold RushObjectives:Objectives:Discuss why many people headed Discuss why many people headed

west to California in 1849.west to California in 1849.Describe what life was like in gold Describe what life was like in gold

rush mining camps and towns.rush mining camps and towns.Analyze how the gold rush changed Analyze how the gold rush changed

California.California.


I. The Forty-NinersI. The Forty-Niners


A. GoldA. Gold

1.1. Gold was discovered at Sutter’s Mill Gold was discovered at Sutter’s Mill in January 1848.in January 1848.

2.2. President Polk confirmed the President Polk confirmed the discovery in a speech that discovery in a speech that December.December.


Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Sutters_Mill.jpg

B. The California Gold RushB. The California Gold Rush

1.1. Caused a huge increase in the Caused a huge increase in the population of Californiapopulation of California

2.2. Began in 1849 and drew some Began in 1849 and drew some 80,000 gold-seekers, known as 80,000 gold-seekers, known as forty-ninersforty-niners

3.3. Nearly 80 percent of the forty-niners Nearly 80 percent of the forty-niners were U.S. citizens.were U.S. citizens.


Source: http://images.encarta.msn.com/xrefmedia/sharemed/targets/images/pho/t012/T012961A.jpg

C. Getting to CaliforniaC. Getting to California

1.1. Easterners and Europeans usually Easterners and Europeans usually took sea routes.took sea routes.

2.2. One route went around the Cape of One route went around the Cape of Good Hope and took six to nine Good Hope and took six to nine months.months.


http://homepages.uni-tuebingen.de/student/frederik.munzel/Bilder/076%20Cape%20of%20good%20Hope.jpg

C. Getting to CaliforniaC. Getting to California

3.3. Another route combined sea travel Another route combined sea travel with a land trip across Central with a land trip across Central America.America.

4.4. Americans from the Midwest Americans from the Midwest usually took wagon trains to usually took wagon trains to California.California.


D. San FranciscoD. San Francisco

1.1. Became a stopping point and trade Became a stopping point and trade center for forty-niners and other center for forty-niners and other travelerstravelers

2.2. Grew from 800 residents in 1848 to Grew from 800 residents in 1848 to 25,000 in 185025,000 in 1850

© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 79http://www.sfgov.org/site/visitor_index.asp?id=8081

II. Gold FeverII. Gold Fever


A. MiningA. Mining

1.1. Forty-niners would Forty-niners would prospectprospect, or , or search for gold, along streams or in search for gold, along streams or in shallow minesshallow mines

2.2. Disagreements over mining rights Disagreements over mining rights could lead to violent confrontations.could lead to violent confrontations.


Source: http://www.aoc.gov/images/gold.jpg

II. Gold FeverII. Gold Fever

B.B. California’s yearly gold production California’s yearly gold production peaked at more than $60 million in peaked at more than $60 million in 1853.1853.


III. Mining Camps and TownsIII. Mining Camps and Towns


A. Mining TownsA. Mining Towns

1.1. Often lacked law enforcementOften lacked law enforcement

2.2. Could be violent and dangerous Could be violent and dangerous placesplaces


Source: http://history.osu.edu/projects/coal/AnthraciteCoalCommunities/MiningTown.jpg

B. WomenB. Women

1.1. Only about five percent of gold rush Only about five percent of gold rush immigrants were women and immigrants were women and children.children.

2.2. Some married women made the Some married women made the journey to California with their journey to California with their husbands.husbands.


Source: http://history.osu.edu/projects/coal/AnthraciteCoalCommunities/life.htm

25 Families are supplied by this hydrant.

C. Making MoneyC. Making Money

1.1. Many people made money by Many people made money by selling goods and services to selling goods and services to miners.miners.

2.2. Some women made money by doing Some women made money by doing laundry and cooking meals.laundry and cooking meals.

3.3. Severe inflation led to prices such Severe inflation led to prices such as $1 for a single egg.as $1 for a single egg.


D. Biddy MasonD. Biddy Mason

1.1. Biddy Mason and her family arrived Biddy Mason and her family arrived in California as slaves.in California as slaves.

2.2. They gained their liberty, and Mason They gained their liberty, and Mason worked as a nurse and did domestic worked as a nurse and did domestic work.work.

3.3. Mason invested in land and became Mason invested in land and became one of California’s wealthiest one of California’s wealthiest landowners.landowners.


Source: http://www.liu.edu/cwis/cwp/library/african/west/masonb_l.jpg

IV. Immigrants to CaliforniaIV. Immigrants to California


A. Chinese immigrantsA. Chinese immigrants

1.1. Came to escape famine and Came to escape famine and economic hardships in economic hardships in southeastern Chinasoutheastern China

2.2. Suffered discrimination and Suffered discrimination and violence in Californiaviolence in California

3.3. Worked in the mines, and many also Worked in the mines, and many also opened their own businessesopened their own businesses


IV. Immigrants to CaliforniaIV. Immigrants to California

B.B. Immigrants also arrived from Immigrants also arrived from Europe, Mexico, and South Europe, Mexico, and South America.America.


V. Growth in the WestV. Growth in the West

A.A. The California Gold Rush led to a The California Gold Rush led to a population boom.population boom.

B.B. As the gold rush faded, California As the gold rush faded, California society became more stable.society became more stable.


Source: http://www.goldrush.com/~joann/women1.jpg

V. Growth in the WestV. Growth in the West

C.C. Many new arrivals treated Many new arrivals treated Californios and American Indians Californios and American Indians badly.badly.

D.D. California had the population California had the population necessary to apply for statehood in necessary to apply for statehood in 1850.1850.


Documents

Holt Call to Freedom Chapter 17: Manifest Destiny and War 1840-1860