Chapter 11.1 Introduction: For the last few years the wireless world has been bombarded daily with information about a new generation of radio frequency(RF) technologies that would profoundly impact ,if not revolutionize,the way we live and contact our businesses. The wireless-networking standard technology called Bluetooth has quietly become a common way to replace the wires on short distances. With a gadget such as a smart phone (Android Phone) or a tablet featured with a Bluetooth module, a wireless connection is the easiest way to send and receive information. And because this technology spread in the prototyping culture, it’s often used to control things wirelessly.

This project work explains how to control the electrical appliances using an Android device. Operating conventional wall switches is difficult for physically handicapped or elder people. This project provides the solution to this problem by integrating all the electrical appliances to a control unit that can be operated by an Android application device (Android smart phone or Tablet). Proposed system controls the electrical loads based on the data transmitted by the Android device. An android application should be installed in user’s mobile or tablet to control the electrical loads. Using this android application user can send the commands to the Bluetooth module to control the electrical loads. Wireless technology used in this project is Bluetooth. It can also be called as “Android based Home Automation System” or “Remote Password Operated Electronic Home Appliances Control System”.

1.2 Motivation and Background:

Bangladesh is a developing country. In fact Bangladesh is under developing country. Still we are lagging behind from our neighboring countries. There are various reasons for this situation. It is not possible

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to make change Bangladesh over night. But if we can take and do some pragmatic job step by step then it will be possible to transform Bangladesh into a progressive country. As a Bangladeshi civilian we should do it.

To build Bangladesh as a progressive country we have to keep eyes and make improve must those which are still being ignored. As an Engineer our focus firstly goes on “Improving Technology” .The term “Improving Technology” really means a lot to do with it. If we look a little bit on the facilities for elderly and handicapped people of our country, we see a poor picture of their struggling life still in this modern age of technology.

There is no statistics of buildings which have facilities and structures for the conveniences of the elderly and people with moving disabilities. So we have tried a little bit to facilitate their way of life using technology which really makes them feel independent and relax. It actually eases their life style with a single touch on the screen of a smart phone.

Let’s have a look on the aim of this project from technological point of view. If we think how cool it would be if we are able to control our AC appliances just with a touch of our Android smart phone. All we need to tap on our phone and we can easily switch ON/OFF our lights, fans and other home appliances. AVR micro-controllers provide a great platform to build such interesting projects and we have used ATMEGA32 micro-controller which is based on AVR.

Why prefer Bluetooth??1. Its Secured.2. Easy to use.3. It works in short distance range (i.e. up to 10mtrs.)4. Anyone can find free blue tooth apps on android and many more.

Another joking reason of making such a project would be simple because some of us are way too lazy and want to control things sitting at one place. Don't want always to get up to the switch boards just to switch things ON and OFF.

Chapter 2

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2.1 Project outline:Chapter 2 briefly outlines the working principle of the project with associated block diagrams to facilitate the understanding of rest of the project work.

In chapter 3 detail descriptions of each and every component are discussed with necessary working principle, circuitry, block diagrams and pin diagrams.

Chapter 4 introduces the simulation software required for the project. This chapter also explains the software features and uses in the project with associated sample circuit.

In chapter 5 ,the coding of the circuit and simulation of the main control circuit is introduced. Here it is also showed with screenshots that coding is successfully compiled or not on software.

Chapter 6 contains Experiment and results of the hardware implementation. We have also discussed on the limitations of the project circuit.

Basides limitations there are many advantages of the project and the last chapter 7 of this paper contains the applications, advantages and related works of the project. It also attaches the references from where we have collected some ideas and outlines of this projects.

2.2 Brief description of working principle: This project is a fine combination of Android mobile technology and embedded system. User can control Home appliances using Android mobile. An application should be installed on his/her Android mobile handset to control various home appliances. User can send commands using that application. Wireless controlling technique used in this project is Bluetooth technology. This project consists Bluetooth receiver. This Bluetooth device is connected to the circuit which has a decoder. This decoder sends code for respective command sent by user. Then the respective device connected to the circuit will be turned on or off depending on the command given.

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2.3 Functional Block Diagram:

Block Diagram:

Real life Functional block diagram

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So from the above description and two block diagrams it’s very clear that which components are required for hardware implementation of this project.

Now we can enlist the necessary equipments on the following section.

2.4 Required Equipments:

This project mainly consists of following blocks:

Atmega32 microcontroller Bluetooth Module HC05 Relay(5V DC SPDT Relay) Bulb Holder Wire BC 547 transistor Android phone Bluetooth controller app Android app 1k resistor 7805 Power Supply circuit

This chapter briefly describes the fundamental components with associated images, pin diagrams and also explains internal configurations. It also explains the main functioning of these equipments.

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Chapter 33.1 MicrocontrollerBefore describing the components of the project a question arises on our mind that what is Microcontroller? So let’s start answering this question.

A device which includes a central processing unit (CPU), memory, and (generally) an assortment of I/O peripherals (UART, ADC, DAC, general-purpose I/O, I2C, etc.) in a tightly-coupled standalone package.

ATmega32 microcontroller

The ATmega32 is a low-power CMOS 8-bit microcontroller based on the AVR enhanced RISC architecture. By executing powerful instructions in a single clock cycle. The ATmega32 achieves throughputs approaching 1 MIPS per MHz allowing the system designer to optimize power consumption versus processing speed.

3.1.1 Features :

High-performance, Low-power AVR® 8-bit Microcontroller• Advanced RISC Architecture– 131 Powerful Instructions – Most Single-clock Cycle Execution– 32 x 8 General Purpose Working Registers – Fully Static Operation– Up to 16 MIPS Throughput at 16 MHz– On-chip 2-cycle Multiplier

• Nonvolatile Program and Data Memories– 32K Bytes of In-System Self-Programmable Flash

Endurance: 10,000 Write/Erase Cycles– Optional Boot Code Section with Independent Lock Bits

In-System Programming by On-chip Boot Program

True Read-While-Write Operation– 1024 Bytes EEPROM Endurance: 100,000 Write/Erase Cycles– 2K Byte Internal SRAM– Programming Lock for Software Security

• JTAG (IEEE std. 1149.1 Compliant) Interface

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– Boundary-scan Capabilities According to the JTAG Standard– Extensive On-chip Debug Support– Programming of Flash, EEPROM, Fuses, and Lock Bits through the JTAG Interface

• Peripheral Features – Two 8-bit Timer/Counters with Separate Prescalers and Compare Modes– One 16-bit Timer/Counter with Separate Prescaler, Compare Mode, and Capture Mode– Real Time Counter with Separate Oscillator– Four PWM Channels– 8-channel, 10-bit ADC

8 Single-ended Channels7 Differential Channels in TQFP Package Only2 Differential Channels with Programmable Gain at 1x, 10x, or 200x– Byte-oriented Two-wire Serial Interface– Programmable Serial USART– Master/Slave SPI Serial Interface– Programmable Watchdog Timer with Separate On-chip Oscillator– On-chip Analog Comparator

• Special Microcontroller Features– Power-on Reset and Programmable Brown-out Detection– Internal Calibrated RC Oscillator– External and Internal Interrupt Sources– Six Sleep Modes: Idle, ADC Noise Reduction, Power-save, Power-down, Standby and Extended Standby

• I/O and Packages– 32 Programmable I/O Lines– 40-pin PDIP, 44-lead TQFP, and 44-pad MLF

• Operating Voltages– 2.7 - 5.5V for ATmega32L– 4.5 - 5.5V for ATmega32

• Speed Grades– 0 - 8 MHz for ATmega32L– 0 - 16 MHz for ATmega32

• Power Consumption at 1 MHz, 3V, 25C for ATmega32L– Active: 1.1 mA– Idle Mode: 0.35 mA– Power-down Mode: < 1 μA

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3.1.2 Pin configuration

Fig.3.1.1 Atmega32 Microcontroller IC

Fig.3.1.2 pin diagram of Atmega32 IC

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3.1.3 Pin Descriptions

VCC Digital supply voltage

GND Ground

Port A (PA7.. PA0) :

Port A serves as the analog inputs to the A/D Converter. Port A also serves as an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port, if the A/D

Converter is not used. Port pins can provide internal pull-up resistors (selected for each

bit). The Port A output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics

with both high sink and source capability. When pins PA0 to PA7 are used as inputs and are externally pulled

low, they will source current if the internal pull-up resistors are activated.

The Port A pins are tri-stated when a reset condition becomes active, even if the clock is not running.

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Port B (PB7.. PB0) :

Port B is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors (selected for each

bit). The Port B output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics

with both high sink and source capability.

As inputs, Port B pins that are externally pulled low will source current if the pull-up resistors are activated.

The Port B pins are tri-stated when a reset condition becomes active, even if the clock is not running.

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Port C (PC7..PC0) :

Port C is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors (selected for each

bit). The Port C output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics

with both high sink and source capability. As inputs, Port C pins that are externally pulled low will source current if the pull-up resistors are activated. The Port C pins are

tri-stated when a reset condition becomes active, even if the clock is not running. If the JTAG interface is enabled, the pull-up resistors on pins

PC5(TDI), PC3(TMS) and PC2(TCK) will be activated even if a reset occurs.

The TD0 pin is tri-stated unless TAP states that shift out data are entered.

Port D (PD7..PD0) :

Port D is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors (selected for each

bit). The Port D output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics

with both high sink and source capability. As inputs, Port D pins that are externally pulled low will source

current if the pull-up resistors are activated. The Port D pins are tri-stated when a reset condition becomes

active, even if the clock is not running.

RESET : Reset Input. A low level on this pin for longer than the minimum

pulse length will generate a reset, even if the clock is not running. Shorter pulses are not guaranteed to generate a reset.

XTAL1 : Input to the inverting Oscillator amplifier and input to the internal

clock operating circuit.

XTAL2 :

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Output from the inverting Oscillator amplifier.

AVCC : AVCC is the supply voltage pin for Port A and the A/D Converter. It

should be externally connected to VCC, even if the ADC is not used. If the ADC is used, it should be connected to VCC through a low-pass filter.

AREF :AREF is the analog reference pin for the A/D Converter.

Why we have chosen Atmel AVR based microcontroller over others microcontroller?

There are many others Family of Microcontrollers but we have used AVR based microcontroller for the above reasons.

The AVR family has a lot of good, inexpensive, hobbyist-friendly devices with nice peripherals, low power consumption, and good cross-platform support.

Good: They work well. Easy to program in C for most basic functions. Adequate documentation.

Inexpensive: Lots of $3-$5 parts, available from major distributors in small quantity.

Hobbyist friendly: Parts in through-hole packages-- a big contrast to many of the chip families out there today. Newer AVR (e.g., xmega) devices are less so.

Nice peripherals: Built-in oscillator, flash memory, on-board RAM, serial ports, ADC, EEPROM, and the other goodies that make it possible to run a single MCU on a protoboard to do basic stuff, without too much hassle.

Low power consumption. AVR's major pitch point these days. Suckers can run on a battery almost forever if you know what you're doing.

Good cross-platform support: The AVR was designed with C support in mind-- not as an afterthought. GCC support came early, and a big open source community developed around that. It's still one of the best MCUs that you can develop from any platform with free tools. This is a big one with respect to the other families, many

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of which use proprietary compilers or have lackluster gcc support. Even PIC was pretty late to the game with good free C compilers.

3.2 Bluetooth Module HC -05

The Bluetooth module used in this project is HC-05 V1.02 .HC-05 module is an easy to use Bluetooth SPP (Serial Port Protocol) module, designed for transparent wireless serial connection setup.

Serial port Bluetooth module is fully qualified Bluetooth V2.0+EDR (Enhanced Data Rate) 3Mbps Modulation with complete 2.4GHz radio transceiver and baseband. It uses CSR Bluecore 04-External single chip Bluetooth system with CMOS technology and with AFH(Adaptive Frequency Hopping Feature). It has the footprint as small as 12.7mmx27mm. Hope it will simplify your overall design/development cycle.

3.2.1 Hardware Features

Typical -80dBm sensitivity Up to +4dBm RF transmit power Low Power 1.8V Operation ,1.8 to 3.6V I/O PIO control UART interface with programmable baud rate With integrated antenna With edge connector

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Fig.3.2.1 pin configuration Bluetooth Module HC-05

Fig.3.2.2 PCB connection of HC-05 module IC

3.2.2 Software Features

Default Baud rate: 38400, Data bits:8, Stop bit: 1,Parity:No parity. Supported baud rate:

9600,19200,38400,57600,115200,230400,460800. Given a rising pulse in PIO0, device will be disconnected. Status instruction port PIO1: low-disconnected, high-connected. PIO10 and PIO11 can be connected to red and blue led separately.

When master and slave are paired, red and blue led blinks 1time/2s in interval, while disconnected only blue led blinks 2times/s.

Auto-connect to the last device on power as default. Permit pairing device to connect as default. Auto-pairing PINCODE:”0000” as default . Auto-reconnect in 30 min when disconnected as a result of beyond

the range of connection.

3.3 Relay

3.3.1: What are relays ?

A relay is an electromagnetic switch operated by a relatively small electric current that can turn on or off a much larger electric current. The heart of a relay is an electromagnet (a coil of wire that becomes a temporary magnet when electricity flows through it).

We can think of a relay as a kind of electric lever : switch it on with a tiny current and it switches on ("leverages") another appliance using a much bigger current.

Why is that useful? As the name suggests, many sensors are incredibly sensitive pieces of electronic equipment and produce

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only small electric currents. But often we need them to drive bigger pieces of apparatus that use bigger currents. Relays bridge the gap, making it possible for small currents to activate larger ones. That means relays can work either as switches (turning things on and off) or as amplifiers (converting small currents into larger ones).

3.3.2 Pin configuration of relay

The relay switch connections are usually labeled as COM ,normally closed (NC) and normally open (NO).

COM/POLE= Common, NC and NO always connect to this, it is the moving part of the switch. NC = Normally Closed, COM/POLE is connected to this when the relay coil is not magnetized. NO = Normally Open, COM/POLE is connected to this when the relay coil is MAGNETIZED and vice versa.

General purpose relays operate with AC or DC current, at common voltages such as 12V, 24V, 48V, 120V and 230V, and they can control currents ranging from 2A-30A. These relays are economical, easy to replace and allow a wide range of switch configuration.

1,3= Coil connected Pins

2= Movable contact

2,5= Normally Closed

2,3= Normally open

Fig.3.3.1 Pin configuration of relay

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It is seen that there is coil between pin 1 & 3.

If the coil is not drawn there, then another way to understand the coil connected pins is to put a ohm meter across pin 1 and 3 and observe the resistance between these 2 pins.

The resistance is too low in this point as it is only 2 ends of a coil.

Fig:3.3.2 Pin Description of relay

3.3.3 Testing of NC/NO connection

To understand the normally close and normally open connection we need a voltmeter. And it should be set in the diode mood.

Fig.3.3.3 When the voltmeter is connected across pin 2 & 5 is seen the voltage across it is ZERO.which means they are shorted.So, it is NORMALLY CLOSED

Fig.3.3.4 When the voltmeter is connected across pin 2 & 4 is seen the voltage across it is ZERO.which means they are OPEN.So, it is NORMALLY OPEN

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3.3.4 How relays work

Here are two simple animations illustrating how relays use one circuit to switch on a second circuit.When power flows through the first circuit (1), it activates the electromagnet (brown), generating a magnetic field (blue) that attracts a contact (red) and activates the second circuit (2). When the power is switched off, a spring pulls the contact back up to its original position, switching the second circuit off again.

Fig.3.3.5 Switching on the second circuit.

Fig.3.3.6 Switching off the first circuit.

This is an example of a "normally open" (NO) relay: the contacts in the second circuit are not connected by default, and switch on only when a current flows through the magnet. Other relays are "normally closed" (NC; the contacts are connected so a current flows through them by default) and switch off only when the magnet is activated, pulling or pushing the contacts apart. Normally open relays are the most common.

Here's another animation showing how a relay links two circuits together. It's essentially the same thing drawn in a slightly different way. On the left side, there's an input circuit powered by a switch or a sensor of some kind. When this circuit is activated, it feeds current to an electromagnet that pulls a metal switch closed and activates the second,

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output circuit (on the right side). The relatively small current in the input circuit thus activates the larger current in the output circuit:

Fig. 3.3.7 Animation of relay on-off switching circuit

So this is the main working principle of relay which we have discussed elaborately with associated circuitry. Now the question is that how the relay is driven? Answer sounds simple .The relay requires a driving circuitry using Transistor. So the next topic will be on “Relay Driving Circuitry”.

3.3.5 How to drive a relay using Microcontrollers

This post will outline how we can drive a relay using micro-controllers like AVR. Concepts are same for any other micro-controller too. Working principle of relay have been already discussed.So now we can come to the point.

Before you connect a relay to a microcontroller, you need to first make a few decisions. Key ones are listed below:

1. What will be connected to the relay output and how much current is required for the relay output.

2. How much current is required to energize the relay and what is the voltage rating.

The voltage and current required to energize the relay should be in range (e.g. 5V DC – 12 VDC). We should pick the ones that can run on 5V (since we can use the same power supply as microcontroller). Most relays we have come across are rated 6V, but work fine on 5V too.

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In our project the relay which we have used is rated as 5VDC, 5A. This means, that the coil needs about 5V to energize can take a load current of upto 5A. One question remains, how much current is required to energize the relay. Some sellers will write the “Coil Rated Current” else we have to check the datasheet. The rated coil current for this model as per the datasheet was about 40mA. Therefore, we need to provide 5V DC and a flow of about (max.) 40mA should be enough to energize the relay.

This is where, the next item comes is – a power transistor. We will use a transistor as a driver to provide the required current to the relay. Ensure that the ratings of the transistor, far exceed the coil ratings of the relay (meaning, the CE voltage must be much larger than 5V DC and the collector current must be much larger than 40mA).

3.3.6 How to create the driver circuit

Once such transistor is BC 547. We will use this transistor as a switch. The microcontroller will provide the on/off signal to the base of this transistor. This transistor will be driven to saturation and full current will start to flow. The picture below outlines the circuit.

Fig.3.3.8 Relay driver Circuit

The transistor collector is connected to the relay coil. The transistor base is driven by a microcontroller pin. When the microcontroller wants to switch on the relay, it provides 5V (logic high) at its output pin. The output pin is connected to the base of the transistor. The transistor goes

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into saturation and current starts to flow from Vcc to ground (logically) via the coil and the transistor (CE). This energizes the relay and point C now switches and connects to point A, completing the LED circuit.

If no signal is present, then the transistor is cut-off, no current flows through the relay coil and thus, point C is in contact with point B, keeping the LED off.

3.3.7 How to calculate component values

One crucial aspect to note here is what is the value of the resistor R. Consider it this way, if you are driving the point M in Fig 3 from a microcontroller that works on 5V (as these days, they also work on 3.3 V), then the drop across the resistance is 5V – 0.7V = 4.3 V (0.7 V drops across BE of the transistor).

If the hFE of the transistor (typical value) is 9.3 (from the datasheet of our transistor for this), then it means, that based current is amplified 9 times and that is the current flows in the collector. Now, for the given relay, we need about 40mA. Therefore, the base current should be:

Ib = IC/9Inserting the values we get Ib = 40 mA/9Or Ib = 4.3 mA

Now, you need 4.3 mA across 4.3 V, which translates to a resistance of about 1kFinal point – 0.2 mA is what is needed at the base and that should be sourced from the microcontroller. Any microcontroller will be able to deliver this !

So now following topic will briefly describe the BC547 transistor .

3.4 BC547 Transistor BC547 is an NPN bi-polar junction transistor. A transistor, stands for transfer of resistance, is commonly used to amplify current. A small current at its base controls a larger current at collector & emitter terminals.

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BC547 is mainly used for amplification and switching purposes. It has a maximum current gain of 800. Its equivalent transistors are BC548 and BC549.

The transistor terminals require a fixed DC voltage to operate in the desired region of its characteristic curves. This is known as the biasing. For amplification applications, the transistor is biased such that it is partly on for all input conditions. The input signal at base is amplified and taken at the emitter. BC547 is used in common emitter configuration for amplifiers. The voltage divider is the commonly used biasing mode. For switching applications, transistor is biased so that it remains fully on if there is a signal at its base. In the absence of base signal, it gets completely off. 

3.4.1 Pin Diagram:  

Fig.3.4.1 Pin diagram of BC547 transistor IC

3.5 Android Phone/Smart Phone The main hardware component on which the whole project is

dependent is nothing but an Android Phone. So now the question is what special feature an android phone can provide us to automate home appliances?

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An Android phone is a smartphone running on Google's open-source Android Operating system. Many different manufacturers make Android phones, including HTC, Motorola, and Samsung. Dozens and dozens of different Android phones are now available.

With over 1 billion Android devices already activated, Android represents an incredible opportunity for developers. Developers develop Android Apps which can be easily run using Android Mobile and it’s the main functioning of Android Phone in our project.

Now we can come to the point that how an Android App can be developed. The next topic will elaborately describe the procedure of developing an android app with proper diagram.

3.6 Bluetooth controller apps (Android apps)The procedure of developing Bluetooth controller apps (Android Apps) is illustrated in this article .

The steps are stated as follows :

1. Getting started with MIT App Inventor 2 through browsing.

2. Create Apps using one’s itself email id.

3. Then create new project importing .aia file from pc/laptop.

4. The code is either built in or someone can develope himself/herself learning tutorial of developing Android apps through Browsing.

The following diagram illustrates the steps accordingly stated above.

Step 1:

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Step 2 :

Step :3

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3.7 BULBA 60W bulb has been used as a test light in our project to observe wheather the circuit works or not .

Fig.3.7.1 Test Bulb (60W) used in the project

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3.8 HOlDER To hold the bulb a holder made of plastic on the outside has been used in the circuit.

Fig.3.8.1 Holder

3.9 Resistor In this project resistors has been used mainly for limiting the base current thus biasing the transistor BC547.

1k resistors has been used to drive 4 different loads (2 lights,2 fans).

Fig 3.10.1 1k Resistor used in the circuit .

3.10 Power Supply

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Five volts power supply w.r.t ground is needed for the operation of the microcontroller. Fig 3.11.1 shows the schematic of the power supply used by the microcontroller.

Fig.3.11.1 7805 power supply circuit

Chapter 4To successfully complete the task of Hardware implementation ,Software simulation is required greatly.

What actually Software simulation facilitates? Now we can come to the point.

Simulation software is based on the process of modeling a real phenomenon with a set of mathematical formulas. It is, essentially, a program that allows the user to observe an operation through simulation without actually performing that operation.

If we think professionally that using software simulations, one can show their customer how everything works in his/her program. Also he/she can make it interactive, clients will be able to take a closer look at the features that interest them most.

In our project we have mainly used Proteus version 8 as Simulation Software. Other associated required software along with it are stated below.

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4.1 Circuit Software Requirements :

Proteus Atmel Studio 7 software

4.1.1 Proteus version 8

Proteus ISIS is the best simulation software in the world for various designs with electronics & microcontroller. It is mainly popular because of availability of almost all microcontrollers in it. So it is a handy tool to test programs and embedded designs for electronics hobbyist & expert. We can simulate our programming of microcontroller in Proteus 8 Simulation Software. After simulating our circuit using Proteus Software we can directly make PCB design with it so it could be an all in one package for students and hobbyists.

Example:

For an example we can observe a simple circuit of “Led Brightness control” in Proteus Simulation software. So lets see how it works. A screenshot of such schematic simulation is shown here.

Led Brightness Control using Microcontroller

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Fig.4.1.1 Simulation circuit in Proteus of

4.1.2 Atmel Studio 7 softwareAtmel Studio 7 is the integrated development platform (IDP) for developing and debugging Atmel® SMART ARM®-based and Atmel AVR® microcontroller (MCU) applications. Studio 7 supports all AVR and Atmel SMART MCUs. The Atmel Studio 7 IDP gives you a seamless and easy-to-use environment to write, build and debug your applications written in C/C++ or assembly code. It also connects seamlessly to Atmel debuggers and development kits.

Additionally, Atmel Studio includes Atmel Gallery, an online apps store that allows you to extend your development environment with plug-ins developed by Atmel as well as by third-party tool and embedded software vendors. Atmel Studio 7 can also able seamlessly import our Atmega32 sketches as C++ projects, providing a simple transition path from Maker space to Marketplace.

Key Features Support for 300+ Atmel AVR and Atmel SMART ARM-based

devices Vast source code library, including drivers, communication stacks,

1,600+ project examples with source code, graphic services and touch functionality through Atmel Software Framework (ASF)

IDE extensions through Atmel Gallery, the online apps store, for development tools and embedded software from Atmel and third parties

Tune capacitive touch designs, validate system performance, monitor power consumption, and real-time data and trace graphing with Atmel QTouch Composer

Configure and test the performance of wireless designs with the Wireless Composer running on the target

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Write and debug C/C++ and assembly code with the integrated compiler

Advanced debugging features include complex data breakpoints, nonintrusive trace support (SAM3 and SAM4 devices), statistical code profiling, interrupt trace/monitoring, polled data tracing (Cortex-M0+ devices), real-time variable tracking with optional times tamping, and integration of Percepio Tracealyzer for leading-edge debug data visualization and RTOS awareness

Integrated editor with visual assist New project wizard allowing projects created from scratch or from

a large library of design examples In-system programming and debugging provides interface to all

Atmel in-circuit programmers and debuggers Create transparent debug views into CPU and peripherals for easy

code development and debugging Full chip simulation for an accurate model of CPU, interrupts,

peripherals, and external stimuli

Chapter 5From the previous chapter we have already come to know the details of each hardware components regarding in this project. We have also observed the procedure of executing software simulators too. So now we have a rough idea about the project . Lets focus on the detail view.

In this chapter we are going to explain elaborately the whole procedure of implementing the project step by step with associated circuit diagram and algorithm.

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5.1 Bluetooth Operated Electronic Home Appliances Control Circuit Principle

In this project Bluetooth module HC-05 is interfaced to ATmega32 microcontroller. This Bluetooth receives the commands from the Android application device using wireless communication. The program which is written to the ATmega32 microcontroller communicates with Bluetooth module serially to receive the commands. Microcontroller switches the electrical loads automatically based on the commands received from the Bluetooth.

5.2 Android Based Home Automation System   Circuit Block Diagram

Fig.5.2.1 Block diagram of Home Automation System using Android Apps

5.3 Proposed Circuit of Android Based Home Automation Project

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Fig.5.3.1 Proposed circuit

5.4 Android Based Home Automation System   Circuit Design

This project consists of a microcontroller, three 5V relays, two lamps, a DC motor and Bluetooth module. Here Atmega32 microcontroller is used. It is an 8 bit microcontroller and it requires supply voltage of 5V DC. Use 7805 power supply circuit to provide 5V DC to the microcontroller showed in Fig.3.11.1. We can use 9V DC battery or 12V, 1A adapter to provide the supply to the circuit. For the above circuit additionally it needs to connect reset circuit and crystal circuit to the controller to work properly.

Bluetooth module TX and RX pins are connected to the RXD and TXD pins of controller. Vcc pin is connected to the 5V and GND pin is connected to ground. Controller communicates with Bluetooth module using serial communication (UART protocol). Use a baud rate of 9600 to communicate with Bluetooth. If anyone wants to change the Bluetooth name and password then he/she needs to use Bluetooth AT commands.

Below are the few Bluetooth AT commands:

AT — Responds OK. (Used to test the Bluetooth module)

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AT+RESET — Responds OK. (Used to reset the module) AT+NAME? — Responds with the module name. AT+NAME = <name> — Responds OK. Name should be less than

or equal to 20 characters. AT+PSWD? — Responds with the existing password. AT+PSWD =<password> — Sets module pairing password.

AT — Responds OK. (Used to test the Bluetooth module) AT+RESET — Responds OK. (Used to reset the module) AT+NAME? — Responds with the module name. AT+NAME = <name> — Responds OK. Name should be less than

or equal to 20 characters. AT+PSWD? — Responds with the existing password. AT+PSWD =<password> — Sets module pairing password.

Electrical loads (Lamp and DC motor) are connected to the P2.1 and P2.0 through the relays. Here relays are used to switch AC loads using small DC voltages. NPN transistors are used to drive the relays.

5.5 Home Appliances Control Project Algorithm

1. Initialize UART protocol.2. Now read the data from Bluetooth module.3. Compare the received string with predefined strings and

accordingly switch the electrical loads.

Very simple Algorithm! But still now a lot of works have to be done before implementation of hardware or real life control circuit.

To write a program on Atmel Studio7 and create a hex file. Then Need to check the circuit design on Proteus Simulation

Software. If software runs successfully we can finally implement the

hardware. Test the circuit using Led Bulbs Then connect to the main control board of our home and lastly Enjoy the Apps .

5.5.1 Program Code on Atmel Studio 7

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#include <avr/io.h>

#include "UART.h"

#include "Servo_16_BitPWM.h"

#include <util/delay.h>

int main(void)

{

MCUCSR|= (1<<JTD);// disable JTAG

MCUCSR|= (1<<JTD);//JTAG interface shares PC2, PC3, PC4 and PC5 of ATmega16.

// To use these four pins for general I/O operations, JTAG must be disabled.

DDRC=0xff;

DDRA |=0xff;

DDRD |=1<<PD6;

unsigned char byte_received;

uart_init(); //Initialize UART communication

Servo_init();//Initialize PWM for servo

while(1)

{

PORTA |=1<<PA7;

if ((UCSRA) & (1<<RXC))

{

byte_received=uart_recieve();

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USART_Flush(); //After receiving one byte FIFO buffer is cleared

switch (byte_received)

{

case 1 :

{

PORTA |= 1<<PA0;

}

break;

case 2 :

{

PORTA &=~(1<<PA0);

}

break;

case 3 :

{

PORTA |= 1<<PA1;

}

break;

case 4 :

{

PORTA &=~(1<<PA1);

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}

break;

case 5 :

{

PORTA |= 1<<PA2;

}

break;

case 6 :

{

PORTA &=~(1<<PA2);

}

break;

case 7 :

{

PORTA |= 1<<PA3;

}

break;

case 8 :

{

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PORTA &=~(1<<PA3);

}

break;

case 9 :

{

PORTA |= 1<<PA4;

}

break;

case 10 :

{

PORTA &=~(1<<PA4);

}

break;

case 11 :

{

PORTA |= 1<<PA5;

}

break;

case 12 :

{

PORTA &=~(1<<PA5);

}

break;

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/*

if (received_byte==1)

{

PORTC |=1<<PC1;

PORTC |=1<<PC0;

PORTC |=1<<PC3;

}

else if(received_byte==2)

{

PORTC &=~(1<<PC1);

PORTC &=~(1<<PC0);

PORTC &=~(1<<PC3);

}

*/

}//end of switch

}//end of if

}//end of while

return 0;

}

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5.5.2 Run Program on Atmel Studio 7

Fig.5.5.2 Program screenshot on Atmel Studio

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Fig 5.5.3: Program successfully compiled

It’s now just time to check the circuit design using a simulation software.As our program is successfully compiled now we can create a hex file which is the prerequisite for both simulation and hardware implementation.

5.5.3 Software Simulation On Proteus

We can now simulate the Home Appliances Control Circuit on Proteus Version 8 Software. The screenshot of Simulation circuit is attached here too.

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Fig. 5.5.1 Simulation Circuit

We have already come to the end. The next topic will be on the Experiment and Result of the project circuit illustrated on the following chapter.

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Chapter 6:We have finally reached our goal. we have to implement the hardware as all equipments are at our hand. So in a nutshell the whole procedure is as follows :

6.1 How   Bluetooth Controlled Electronic Home Appliances Circuit Works?

1. Write the program to the Atmel Studio 7 software and create .hex file.

2.  Burn program to the controller with help of flash magic.3.  Now give the connections as per the circuit diagram.4. While making the connections, ensure that there is no any common

connection between DC and AC supplies.5. Use 7805 power supply circuit to provide regulated 5V DC to the

microcontroller.6.  Switch on the both AC and DC supplies.7. Now relay output pins gets 220V so do not touch the load

connected pins.8. Install Bluetooth apk file in android device.9. Now pair android device with Bluetooth module.10. Send data to switch on the electrical loads.

Experiment : Steps are stated below with associated screenshots .Step 1 and 2 are already explained in the previous chapter.

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Step 3: Circuit Connection

Step 4: Bluetooth Connection

Connection established

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Controlling 60W bulb (Light1)

Controlling another Device (Light/Fan/Door)

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6.2 Results

Finally we have successfully implemented the circuit. Now it has to be synchronized to the main control circuit board at our home. 32 different types of loads can controlled using this device.

6.3 Limitations of this Project Circuit In this project the distance between control unit and android device is limited. As

bluetooth technology works only for short range say 10m. Only Android/Smart phone supports this Android App. So normal multimedia,

windows phone cant activate this apps thus they are not benefited anyway. Manual Switch should be changed otherwise ambiguous situation may result . Say someone wants to switch off the fan, he/she touches the option F1 on apps.

The fan switches on but what’s about the switch of the main control board? Is it still off or on? We have to solve this problem using SPDT switch.

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Chapter 7We have already observed the experiments and discussed about the results of the project circuit. Limitations of the circuit have also explained too. Nevertheless this circuit has also some advantages, future scope of improvement and now we are going to focus on it.

7.1 Bluetooth Controlled Electronic Home Appliances Project Applications & Advantages :

Home automation - This project can be used to control various devices in the Home

Can also be used for security purpose after modification (we can control gate system or we can interface wireless camera and can control it using our mobile)

Can control device from a long distance, thus it gives ease of access.

Faster operation and efficient. No need to carry separate remote or any other controlling unit.

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Using this project we can control all the loads using a single touch on a Android based handset.

7.2 Future Plan Based on this project

We have successfully developed the Bluetooth controlled Home Appliances System. Which has few limitations due to short range of bluetooth technology. The activation of this controlling requires one’s presence at home. Isn’t it too good if we can control light, fan,ac of our home sitting in our office??

Ya, answer is here. Our next plan is “The development of Global System for Mobile Communication(GSM)-based home appliance control for smart home system”. The main aim of the prototype development will be to reduce electricity wastage. GSM module is used for receiving short message service (SMS) from user’s mobile phone that automatically enable the controller to take any further action such as to switch ON and OFF the home appliances such as light, air-conditioner etc. The system will be integrated with microcontroller and GSM network interface using embedded C language. MicroC software can be utilized to accomplish the integration. The system will be activated when user sends the SMS to controller at home. Upon receiving the SMS command, the microcontroller unit then automatically’ll control the electrical home appliances by switching ON or OFF the device according to the user direction. In other words, it’ll read message from the mobile phone and respond to control the devices according to the received message. The prototype can be successfully developed and implemented as it seems as like as the recent one. It can provide an effective mechanism in utilizing the energy source efficiently.

Conclusion

In conclusion, this low cost system is designed to improve the standard living in home. The remote control function by smart phone provides help and assistance especially to disabled and elderly. In order to provide safety protection to the user, a low voltage activating switches is replaced current electrical switches. Moreover, implementation of wireless Bluetooth connection in control board allows the system install in more simple way. The control board is directly installed beside the

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electrical switches whereby the switching connection is controlled by relay. Furthermore, flexible types of connections can be designed as backup connections to the system. The connected GUIs(Graphical User Interface) are synchronized to the control board. They indicate the real-time switches status. The system is designed in user-friendly interface. The easy to use interface on Window and Android GUI provides simple control by the elderly and disabled people. For future work, GSM technology based Home Automation can be developed which has been already discussed in the previous section. All the future work is expected without spending extra cost, makes sure of safety and security too.

Related Works :There are many related works . we can enlist them as follows :

1. Remote Control operated Home Automation System with microcontroller.

2. Remote Control operated Home Automation System without microcontroller.

3. Cellular phone controlled Home Automation System without microcontroller.

4. GSM technology based Home Automation System with microcontroller.

References [1] J. Mander, and D. Picopoulos, “Bluetooth Piconet Applications.” [2] R. Piyare, and M. Tazil, “Bluetooth Based Home Automation System using Cell Phone,” in Consumer Electronics, pp. 192-195, 2011.[3] Kailash Pati Dutta, Pankaj Rai, and Vineet Shekher, “Microcontroller Based Voice Activated Wireless Automation System” in Proc. VSRD-IJEE, [4] https://developer.android.com/guide/topics/connectivity/bluetooth.html

[5]http://www.instructables.com/id/Home-Automation-using-Bluetooth/

[3] http://circuitdigest.com/microcontroller-projects/bluetooth-controlled-home-automation-using-8051

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[6] http://www.electronicshub.org/bluetooth-controlled-electronic-home-appliances/

[7] http://www.projectsof8051.com/home-appliances-controlling-using-android-mobile-viabluetooth/

[8] http://www.datasheetcatalog.com/datasheets_pdf/A/T/M/E/ATMEGA32.shtml

[9]http://www.explainthatstuff.com/howrelayswork.html

[10] https://vsblogs.wordpress.com/2014/03/02/how-to-drive-a-relay-using-microcontrollers/

[12]http://www.engineersgarage.com/electronic-components/transistor-bc547-datasheet

[13] http://www.electronicshub.org/mobile-controlled-home-appliances-without-microcontroller/

[14] http://www.circuitsgallery.com/2015/04/bluetooth-android-home-automation.html

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