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Homework from last week
Last week I asked you to send me examples of long and complex sentences. Please send me some!
IA901 2012 Session EightSemantics
From Ferdinand de Saussure’s Course in General Linguistics
tree
word / referent
oink!
word / referent
oink!
Essex University
word / referent
????
word / referent
hope
word / referent
tree
word / referent
tree
word / denotata
Sense relations
“Sense is an internal meaning relation. Sense relations hold
between words within the vocabulary.”
(Jackson and Zé Amvela, 2000 : 106)
HOMOPHONY
HOMONYMY
POLYSEMY
flour and flower, meat and meet
South Bank and Lloyds Bank
Mickey Mouse, wireless mouse, head in headache and head in headteacher
Did you match any of these words and expressions?
What is the relationship between these sets of pairs?
HOMOPHONY
HOMONYMY
POLYSEMY
flour and flower, meat and meet
South Bank and Lloyds Bank
Mickey Mouse, wireless mouse, head in headache and head in headteacher
HYPONYMY flower and rosetree and oakbuilding and house
MERONYMY house and dining roomhand and knuckleday and afternoonplant and shoot
Did you match any of these words and expressions?
What is the relationship between these sets of pairs?
HYPONYMY flower and rosetree and oakbuilding and house
MERONYMY house and dining roomhand and knuckleday and afternoonplant and shoot
METAPHOR Life is a…
METAPHOR Life is a…
Hope is a…
METAPHOR Life is a…
Hope is a…
Opportunity is a…
METAPHOR Life is a…
Hope is a…
Opportunity is a…
Time is…
METAPHOR Life is a…
Hope is a…
Opportunity is a…
Time is…
Love is a…
METAPHOR andMETONYMY
When do babies start crawling?The traffic crawled to a halt.The morning crawled past.
The UK Government and Downing StreetThe US President and The White House
WordAssociation
What’s the first thing that comes into your head when you see / hear the word…
puppy baby
cake tree
father
Synonyms
You will see a number of word clouds. In each cloud, match words with their synonyms, and try to find a connection between all the words in the cloud.
What is the theme that unites these example synonyms?
Synonym 1 Connotation Synonym 2
ambiguousfamoushatemisusenewobtainproudrecollectionsimulate
+
deliberatedisreputably
=
equivocalnotoriousloatheabusenovelprocurehaughtyreminiscencefeign
Synonym 1 Connotation Synonym 2
ambiguousfamoushatemisusenewobtainproudrecollectionsimulate
+
deliberatedisreputablywith disgust
=
equivocalnotoriousloatheabusenovelprocurehaughtyreminiscencefeign
Synonym 1 Connotation Synonym 2
ambiguousfamoushatemisusenewobtainproudrecollectionsimulate
+
deliberatedisreputablywith disgustprivilege of power
=
equivocalnotoriousloatheabusenovelprocurehaughtyreminiscencefeign
Synonym 1 Connotation Synonym 2
ambiguousfamoushatemisusenewobtainproudrecollectionsimulate
+
deliberatedisreputablywith disgustprivilege of powerstrikingly =
equivocalnotoriousloatheabusenovelprocurehaughtyreminiscencefeign
Synonym 1 Connotation Synonym 2
ambiguousfamoushatemisusenewobtainproudrecollectionsimulate
+
deliberatedisreputablywith disgustprivilege of powerstrikinglywith effort
=
equivocalnotoriousloatheabusenovelprocurehaughtyreminiscencefeign
Synonym 1 Connotation Synonym 2
ambiguousfamoushatemisusenewobtainproudrecollectionsimulate
+
deliberatedisreputablywith disgustprivilege of powerstrikinglywith effortwith distain
=
equivocalnotoriousloatheabusenovelprocurehaughtyreminiscencefeign
Synonym 1 Connotation Synonym 2
ambiguousfamoushatemisusenewobtainproudrecollectionsimulate
+
deliberatedisreputablywith disgustprivilege of powerstrikinglywith effortwith distainwith pleasure
=
equivocalnotoriousloatheabusenovelprocurehaughtyreminiscencefeign
Synonym 1 Connotation Synonym 2
ambiguousfamoushatemisusenewobtainproudrecollectionsimulate
+
deliberatedisreputablywith disgustprivilege of powerstrikinglywith effortwith distainwith pleasurewith craftiness
=
equivocalnotoriousloatheabusenovelprocurehaughtyreminiscencefeign
Antonyms
What’s the opposite of…?
What do the words in each box have in common?
To recap…
SYNONYMY (LOOSE)
(STRICT)
find and discover
pavement and sidewalk
famous and notoriousnew and novel
western and occidental
heaven and sky, ghost and spirit
GRADABLE ANTONYMS
COMPLEMENTARY ANTONYMS
CONVERSES
happy and unhappy, logical and illogical
long and short, young and old, beautiful and ugly
alive and dead, asleep and awake
above and below, husband and wife
Sense
What is a fish?
What components define a fish?
Item / Components Human Mature Male
man + + +
woman + + -
boy + - +
girl + - -
COMPONENTIAL ANALYSIS
What’s the difference between a knife, fork, spoon, and chopsticks?
COMPONENTIAL ANALYSIS
Item / component
cutlery can be used to eat soup
has a handle
comes as a pair
cuts safe for children
has prongs (tines)
knife + - + - + - -
fork + - + - - - +
spoon + + + - - + -
chopsticks + - - + - - -
What’s the difference between…. cook,boil,bake,fry,braise,stew,grill,andpoach?
Item / components
pan dish covered uses liquid
uses water
uses oil inside the oven
on a hob
heat applied from above
can be done to eggs
cook + / - + / - + / - + / - + / - + / - + / - + / - + / - + / -
boil + - - + + - - + - +
bake - + - - - - + - - -
fry + - - + - + - + - +
braise - - + + - + -/+ -/+ - -
stew + + + + - - -/+ -/+ - -
grill +/- +/- - - - - -/+ - + -
poach + - - + + - - + - +
Definitions and difficulties
COMPONENTIAL ANALYSIS
Item / component
cutlery can be used to eat soup
has a handle
comes as a pair
cuts safe for children
has prongs
knife + - + - + - -
fork + - + - - - +
spoon + + + - - + -
chopsticks + - - + - - -
A ______ is a piece of cutlery which has a handle and is used for cutting food.
It neither has prongs nor comes in pairs. It cannot be used to eat soup and it
is not safe for children to use.
But…is this a spoon?
…is this a cat?
PROTOTYPES
Imagine a bird… Does it look like this?
PROTOTYPES
PROTOTYPES
Beg, entreat, beseech, implore, supplicate and importune all
signify the making of an appeal which is likely to be refused or
demurred at. A person ________for what he/she cannot claim as
a right; ________ suggests earnestness, insistence, and sometimes
self-abasement. By ________ing someone, one hopes to persuade
him / her by earnest pleading and reasoning. ________ and
________ convey eager anxiety which seeks to inspire sympathy or
pity. ________may be stronger than ________, with a suggestion
of tearfulness or evident anguish. ________ adds to ________ a
humble, prayerful attitude…________ denotes persistence with
one’s requests to the point of annoyance or even harassment.
begs
beg
entreat
Beseech
implore
Implore beseech
Supplicate entreat
Importune
(from the 1991 Longman Dictionary of the English Language)
Can you identify the following four words from their definitions, taken from the Cambridge Advanced Learner’s Dictionary Online?
1._____________: of a high standard or quality [≠ bad, poor]
2._____________: [uncountable] a feeling of unhappiness because something is not as good as you expected, or has not happened in the way you hoped
3._____________: when something _____________, there is an event, especially one that is not planned [= occur]
4._____________: to happen
SEMANTIC PRIMITIVES
from Jackson and Zé Amvela (2000 : 127) after Wierzbicka (1996)
Semantic fields
????
Semantic sets and collocation
Hoey (2005)
Train as a…
Hoey (2005)
traintrainstrainedtraining
as a teacher doctornurselawyerpainterdancerbarristerchefBraille shorthand typist
Hoey (2005)
traintrainstrainedtraining
as a teacher doctornurselawyerpainterdancerbarristerchefBraille shorthand typistSKILLED ROLE OR OCCUPATION
Semantic Set(from Francis et al, 1996)
Verbs following the pattern VERB + for + NP
Purpose of + for NOUN (Willis)
endure, keep, live, last
extend, stretch
wait
plan, arrange, provide
prepare, study, train
pay, answer, apologise
report, sign on, show up, enrol
hunt, look, shop, listen
beg, send, shout, call
act, fight, play, speak
substitute, stand in
pray, speak up, vote
feel, grieve
Semantic Set(from Francis et al, 1996)
Verbs following the pattern VERB + for + NP
Purpose of + for NOUN (Willis)
LAST endure, keep, live, last TIME
LAST extend, stretch DISTANCE
WAIT wait REASON WHY
PLAN plan, arrange, provide REASON WHY
PREPARE prepare, study, train REASON WHY
COMPENSATE pay, answer, apologise REASON WHY
VOLUNTEER report, sign on, show up, enrol REASON WHY
SEARCH hunt, look, shop, listen ASK / LOOK FOR
ASK beg, send, shout, call ASK / LOOK FOR
WORK act, fight, play, speak WHO WANTS OR NEEDS
DEPUTISE substitute, stand in WHO WANTS OR NEEDS
ARGUE pray, speak up, vote WHO WANTS OR NEEDS
CARE feel, grieve WHO WANTS OR NEEDS
Back to the sentence…
Hoey (2005) takes the opening sentence from a Bill Bryson travel book:
In winter Hammerfest is a thirty-hour ride by bus from Oslo, though why anyone would want to go there in winter is a question worth considering.
and compares it to:
Through winter, rides between Oslo and Hammerfest use thirty hours up in a bus, though why travellers would select to ride there then might be pondered.
The explanation is provided by attention to COLLOCATION and COLLIGATION.
For example, Hoey’s corpus tells him that:
• 59% of uses of IN WINTER relate to a clause whose verb is PRESENT SIMPLE
• 54% of uses of IN THE WINTER relate to a clause whose verb is PAST SIMPLE
• IN WINTER is more likely to occur with “relational process verbs” than “material process verbs”
What do you already know about the University of Essex? Make notes on your answers to the following questions:
Where is Essex university? How many campuses are there?
How old is it?How many students are there? (who are they?)
Is the university famous for anything?
Is it a good university?
Do you know any interesting 'facts' about the university?
GRAMMAR AND VOCABULARY : PATTERNS AND SENTENCE STRUCTURE
Students from families with incomes
of up to £25,000 will be entitled to a
more generous student maintenance
grant of up to £3,250, which is non-
repayable.
GRAMMAR AND VOCABULARY : PATTERNS AND SENTENCE STRUCTURE
Students from families with incomes
of up to £25,000 will be entitled to a
more generous student maintenance
grant of up to £3,250, which is non-
repayable.
GRAMMAR AND VOCABULARY : PATTERNS AND SENTENCE STRUCTURE
Students from families with incomes
of up to £25,000 will be entitled to a
more generous student maintenance
grant of up to £3,250, which is non-
repayable.
GRAMMAR AND VOCABULARY : PATTERNS AND SENTENCE STRUCTURE
Students from families with incomes
of up to £25,000 will be entitled to a
more generous student maintenance
grant of up to £3,250, which is non-
repayable.
GRAMMAR AND VOCABULARY : PATTERNS AND SENTENCE STRUCTURE
Students from families with incomes
of up to £25,000 will be entitled to a
more generous student maintenance
grant of up to £3,250, which is non-
repayable.
GRAMMAR AND VOCABULARY : PATTERNS AND SENTENCE STRUCTURE
Students from families with incomes
of up to £25,000 will be entitled to a
more generous student maintenance
grant of up to £3,250, which is non-
repayable.
GRAMMAR AND VOCABULARY : PATTERNS AND SENTENCE STRUCTURE
Students from families with incomes
of up to £25,000 will be entitled to a
more generous student maintenance
grant of up to £3,250, which is non-
repayable.
GRAMMAR AND VOCABULARY : PATTERNS AND SENTENCE STRUCTURE
Students from families with incomes
of up to £25,000 will be entitled to a
more generous student maintenance
grant of up to £3,250, which is non-
repayable.
GRAMMAR AND VOCABULARY : PATTERNS AND SENTENCE STRUCTURE
Students from families with incomes
of up to £25,000 will be entitled to a
more generous student maintenance
grant of up to £3,250, which is non-
repayable.
GRAMMAR AND VOCABULARY : PATTERNS AND SENTENCE STRUCTURE
Students from families with incomes
of up to £25,000 will be entitled to a
more generous student maintenance
grant of up to £3,250, which is non-
repayable.
GRAMMAR AND VOCABULARY : PATTERNS AND SENTENCE STRUCTURE
Students from families with incomes
of up to £25,000 will be entitled to a
more generous student maintenance
grant of up to £3,250, which is non-
repayable.
GRAMMAR AND VOCABULARY : PATTERNS AND SENTENCE STRUCTURE
Students from families with incomes
of up to £25,000 will be entitled to a
more generous student maintenance
grant of up to £3,250, which is non-
repayable.
GRAMMAR AND VOCABULARY : PATTERNS AND SENTENCE STRUCTURE
Students from families with incomes
of up to £25,000 will be entitled to a
more generous student maintenance
grant of up to £3,250, which is non-
repayable.
GRAMMAR AND VOCABULARY : PATTERNS AND SENTENCE STRUCTURE
Students from families with incomes
of up to £25,000 will be entitled to a
more generous student maintenance
grant of up to £3,250, which is non-
repayable.
GRAMMAR AND VOCABULARY : PATTERNS AND SENTENCE STRUCTURE
Students from families with incomes
of up to £25,000 will be entitled to a
more generous student maintenance
grant of up to £3,250, which is non-
repayable.
References and further reading
Ballard, K. 2007 The Frameworks of English, 2nd Edition, Palgrave MacMillan
Cobb, T. 2004 The Compleat Lexical Tutor. Available online at http://tesl-ej.org/ej31/m2.html [Accessed 27 November 2011]
Culpeper, J. et al (eds) 2009 English Language: Description, Variation and Context. Palgrave Macmillan
Francis, S., Hunston, S. and Manning, E. 1996 Grammar Patterns 1: Verbs. Harper Collins
Hoey, M. 2005 Lexical Priming, Routledge
Jackson, H. and Ze Amvela, E. 2000 Words, Meaning and Vocabulary : An Introduction to Modern English Lexicology, Continuum
Leech, G. 1974 Semantics, Penguin
Schmitt, N. 2000 Vocabulary in Language Teaching. Cambridge University Press
Wierzbicka, A. 1996 Semantics: Primes and Universals. Oxford University Press
Willis, D. 2003 Rules, Patterns and Words, Cambridge University Press
Yule, G. 1985 The Study of Language, Cambridge University Press
Don’t forget…
…to send me some examples of long and complex sentences.