Horwath & Schonherr - 2011

5/24/2018 Horwath & Schonherr - 2011

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Wind energy in Romania

Energia eolian n Romnia

Klaus Krammer

Head of Austrian & German DeskAustrian certied tax accountant(Steuerberater)

Tel: +40 /21/ 310 06 69E-mail: [email protected]

Monica Cojocaru

Senior AssociateTel: + 40 21 319 67 90E-mail: [email protected]

Simona Chirica, PhD

Senior AssociateTel: + 40 21 319 67 90E-mail: [email protected]

Anca Velicu

AssociateTel: + 40 21 319 67 90E-mail: [email protected]

Claudia Stanciu-Stnciulescu

Partner


Cristina Petrescu

Partner


RAPORT2 0 1 1REPORTSEPTEMBRIE

Contact:


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Index of contentsCuprins

Wind energy in Romania, Europe and Worldwide .............. 04

1 Wind energy in Romania, Europe and worldwide ................... 052 Wind energy sector in Europe .............................................. 073 The wind energy sector in Romania ...................................... 09

Energia eolian n Romnia, Europa i n lume ........................ 04

1 Energia eolian n Romnia, Europa i n lume ....................... 052 Situaia sectorului de energie eolian n Europa ...................... 073 Situaia sectorului de energie eolian n Romnia ................... 09

Legal regulations .................................................................... 11

1 Preparation of the investment project and construction of a windfarm .................................................................................... 121.1 Right to dispose of real property ........................................... 121.1.1 Ownership right ................................................................... 121.1.2 Supercies right .................................................................. 131.1.2.1 Supercies right vs. right of use (lease) .......................... 131.1.3 Usufruct .............................................................................. 131.1.3 Examination of the wind force ....................................... 161.1.4 Conventional and statutory right of usage and easements .. 141.1.4.1 Exercise of easement and usage rights over third ownersproperties, as provided under the Energy Law and GD 135 .......... 14

1.2 Romanian Land Register ................................................... 151.3 Issues that might impede/delay the investment process .... 161.3.1 Public property ................................................................... 161.3.2 Restitution claims/litigations affecting the land ................. 161.3.3 Instatement of ownership title; restrictions ........................ 171.3.4 Historical monument status ............................................... 171.3.5 Archaeological status ......................................................... 181.3.6 Lack of city planning certicate .......................................... 181.4 Wind assessment .................................................................. 181.5 Building Permit..................................................................... 191.6 Zoning classication ............................................................ 191.7 Environmental regulations .................................................... 201.7.1 Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) ........................... 201.7.2 Nature protection and landscape conservation .................. 201.8 Grid connection ..................................................................... 201.9 Setting-up authorisation ....................................................... 212 Wind farm operation ............................................................... 222.1 Operation licence ................................................................. 222.2 Environmental ...................................................................... 222.3 Sale of energy .................................................................... 223 Support scheme and green certicates trading ................... 233.1 General remarks on the support scheme ...............................233.2 Beneciaries of the GCs system ......................................... 233.3 Trading of GCs ....................................................................... 243.4 Proposed amendments to the support scheme .................... 254 European Union law as regards the wind energy industry ..... 26

Prevederi legale ...................................................................... 11

1 Pregtirea proiectului de investiie i construcia unei centraleeoliene ...................................................................................... 121.1 Dreptul de a dispune de proprietate ..................................... 121.1.1 Dreptul de proprietate ........................................................ 121.1.2 Dreptul de supercie ........................................................ 131.1.2.1 Dreptul de supercie vs. dreptul de folosin (locaiune) ..... 131.1.3 Uzufructul ........................................................................ 131.1.4 Drepturile convenionale i legale de uz i servitute .......... 141.1.4.1 Exercitarea drepturilor de uz i servitute asupra terenuriloraate n proprietatea privat a terilor, conform Legii Energiei iHotrrii de Guvern nr. 135 ........................................................ 14

1.2 Cartea funciar n Romnia ............................................... 151.3 Situaii care ar putea mpiedica/ntrzia investiia ............ 161.3.1 Proprietatea public .......................................................... 161.3.2 Cereri de restituire/litigii cu privire la terenuri ..................... 161.3.3 Constituirea titlului de proprietate; interdicii ..................... 171.3.4 Regimul monumentelor istorice ........................................ 171.3.5 Regimul arheologic ........................................................... 181.3.6 Lipsa certicatului de urbanism ........................................ 181.4 Evaluarea potenialului eolian ............................................... 181.5 Autorizaia de construire ....................................................... 191.6 Planicare urbanistic ........................................................... 191.7 Prevederi cu privire la mediu ................................................ 201.7.1 Evaluarea impactului asupra mediului (EIA) .................... 201.7.2 Protecia naturii i conservarea peisajului ...................... 201.8 Racordarea la reea ............................................................. 201.9 Autorizaia de ninare ...................................................... 212 Operarea centralei eoliene ............................................... 222.1 Licena de exploatare ......................................................... 222.2 Mediu .................................................................................. 222.3 Vnzarea de energie .............................................................. 223 Sistemul de promovare i tranzacionarea certicatelor verzi .. 233 1 Remarci generale cu privire la sistemul de promovare .........233.2 Beneciarii sistemului de CV .................................................. 233.3 Tranzacionarea de CV .......................................................... 243.4 Propuneri de modicare a sistemului de promovare ............... 254. Legislaia Uniunii Europene privind industria energiei eoliene .. 26

Sources of nancing for wind investment ............................. 27

1 Programmes conanced by the EU ...................................... 282 National Funds ..................................................................... 303 Other institutions which offer nancing for wind park projects . 31

Surse de nanare a investiiilor n energii eoliene ............... 27

1 Programe conanate de UE .................................................. 282 Fonduri naionale .................................................................... 303 Alte instituii care ofer nanri pentru proiectele de parcurieoliene ..................................................................................... 31

Business limitations and prospects ..................................... 34

1 Grid capacity and connection ................................................ 352 Technical amendments to wind farm specications .............. 363 Environmental protection ...................................................... 384 Social protests ...................................................................... 395 Infrastructural limitations ....................................................... 396 Length of procedure ............................................................... 417 Obstacles to Investments Romania in the context of the EU .... 438 Dispersion of Sources ............................................................. 449 Tax issues ............................................................................... 4810 The Protability of Wind Energy ..............................................50

List of Acronyms ........................................................................ 58

Constrngeri poteniale i perspective ............................... 34

1 Capacitatea reelei i racordarea ............................................ 352 Amendamente tehnice la specicaiile parcurilor eoliene .... 363 Protecia mediului ..................................................................... 384 Proteste sociale ........................................................................ 395 Limitrile de infrastructur ........................................................ 396 Durata procedurii .................................................................... 417 Obstacole n calea investiiilor - Romnia, n contextul UE ........ 438 Dispersia surselor ................................................................... 449 Probleme scale ...................................................................... 4810 Protabilitatea energiei eoliene .............................................. 50

Lista abrevierilor ....................................................................... 58

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Fondat n 1950 n Viena, Schoenherra devenit una dintre cele mai importante case de avocatur din Austria i EuropaCentral i de Est i este una dintre puinele case de avocatur din Europa care a dezvoltat o reea de birouri n Europa Centrali de Est. Astzi, jumtate din cei 310 avocai ai Schoenherr lucreaz n birourile din afara Austriei. Schoenherr a debutat nBucureti (actualmente Schoenherr i Asociaii SCA) n 1996, ind la acea vreme una dintre primele case de avocatur care aimplementat n Romnia standarde calitative occidentale de consultan juridic. De-a lungul anilor, Schoenherr i Asociaii SCAa fost implicat n numeroase proiecte de anvergur i a acordat asisten n probleme de natur juridic din cele mai variate. Seimpune a menionate achiziiile unor mari companii din industria grea sau industria alimentar, precum i proiecte de anvergurn domeniul consultanei juridice i al litigiilor n dezvoltarea unor i mportante reele de staii de distribuie de carburani ori desupermarketuri de ctre corporaii multinaionale. Schoenherr este una din primele 10 case de avocatur de afaceri din Romania(conform Ziarului Financiar/martie 2011).

Schoenherrwas founded in 1950 in Vienna and has grown to become a leading corporate law rm in Austria and Centraland Eastern Europe. Operating through ofces in Belgrade, Bratislava, Brussels, Bucharest, Budapest, Kyiv, Ljubljana, Prague,Soa, Vienna, Warsaw and Zagreb (cooperation ofce), Schoenherr is a truly European rm. Today, about half of the rms 310lawyers are based in ofces outside Austria. In Romania, Schoenherr started its operations in 1996, being at the time amongthe rst law rms offering legal services at Western quality standards. Throughout the years, Schoenherr i Asociaii has beeninvolved in projects of the biggest magnitude and offered legal solutions to problems of the most diverse types. The rm assistedthe acquisitions of important companies in the heavy industry or food and beverage. Also, its team of lawyers advised multinationalcorporations on the development of supermarket chains or fuel distribution stations. Today, Schoenherr is among the top 10 lawrms in Romania (according to Ziarul Financiar business newspaper, March 2011).

TPA Horwatheste o rm internaional de consultan, contabilitate i audit. Am ninat birourile din Romnia n 1998,devenind astzi una dintre cele mai importante companii din Romnia n domeniul nostru de activitate. Serviciile oferite de ctreo echip tnr i dinamic de 70 de consultani, includ contabilitate, servicii privind resurse umane i salarizare, raportare IFRS,audit nanciar, consultan scal i nanciar, consultan juridic, cu sediul n Bucureti, acoperim toate regiunile Romniei.TPA Horwath Romnia ofer o abordare integrat a nevoilor i nvestitorilor strini, specic mediului de afaceri din Romnia, pentruo mai bun calitate a asistenei administrativ-contabile, dar i pentru o practic multidisciplinar de calitate, n scopul optimizriiaccesului investitorilor strini pe piaa romneasc.Grupul TPA Horwath, cu sediul central la Viena n Austria, este un grup ce si desfoar activitatea de la nivel local la nivel global.Cele 11 birouri regionale din Austria sunt completate de 9 birouri naionale din rile Europei Centrale i de Est: Bulgaria, Croaia,Republica Ceh, Ungaria, Polonia, Serbia, Slovacia, Slovenia i Romnia. Aceast reea regional ne permite s servim c lienii nfuncie de expansiunea afacerilor lor i de interesele lor regionale i globale. Avem mai mult de 950 de angajai specializ ai n 10ri CEE i suntem astfel una din companiile de top din regiune n domeniile noastre. n plus, grupul TPA Horwath este membrual reelei de rme de specialitate independente Crowe Horwath International. La nivel mondial, Crowe Horwath International esteclasat n Topul primelor 10 reele de contabilitate i audit, nsumnd peste 140 de rme, 640 de birouri regionale, 28.000 deangajai profesioniti, prezent n peste 100 de ri din toat lumea.

TPA Horwathis an international consultancy, accounting and audit rm. We established our ofces in Romania in 1998 andhave since become one of the leading companies in the country in our eld of activity. Our core services include accounting,payroll, IFRS reporting, auditing, nancial and tax consulting, legal consulting, all of which are provided by a young and dynamicteam of over 70 speci alized consultants. The Romanian ofce of TPA Horwath was set up to offer an integrated solution that meetsthe needs of foreign investors in Romania in terms of higher quality administrative and accountancy assistance, and a qualitymultidisciplinary practice that optimizes foreign investors access to the Romanian market.

The TPA Horwath Group, which is based in Vienna, Austria, acts both locally and globally. Its 11 ofces in Austria are complementedby 9 other country ofces in the CEE region: Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia andRomania. TPAs CEE regional network enables it to assist its clients with their expansion plans and to meet their regional andglobal needs. With over 950 professionals in 10 countries, it is one of the leading advisory groups in the region. TPA Horwathis also a member of the Crowe Horwath International network. Crowe Horwath International ranks among the top 10 globalaccounting networks thanks to its over 140 independent accounting and advisory service rms and nearly 640 ofces and over28,000 professionals and staff in more than 100 countries around the world.

Asociaia Romn pentru Energie Eolianeste o organizaie non-guvernamental ce sprijin i promoveazdezvoltarea energiei eoliene. Scopul su este acela de a crea condiii favorabile pentru investiiile n doneniul energiei eolienedin Romnia i pentru extinderea durabilitii n ceea ce privete utilizarea energiei eoliene ca surs regenerabil a electricitii.Bazele Asociaiei au fost puse de un grup de persoane interesate de implementarea tehnologiei eoliene n Romnia i esteuna dintre cele mai eciente organizaii cu putere de inuen asupra conturrii unui cadru legislativ adecvat pentru a permitedezvoltarea i exploatarea surselor de energie regenerabil din Romnia, n special a energiei eoliene. Printre cei 92 de membriiai Asociaiei, se numr companii de top active pe piaa romneasc a energiei eoliene: investitori, dezvoltatori, productori deturbine i componente, att din Romnia ct i din strintate.

The Romanian Wind Energy Association is a non-governmental organization supporting and promoting windpower development. Its aim is to create favorable c onditions for investing in wind power in Romania and for sustainable increasein use of wind energy as clean source for generation of electricity. The Association has been established by a group of peopleinterested in implementation of wind power technologies in Romania. It is one of the most effective organizations lobbying forcreation of a suitable legal framework allowing for development and operation of renewable energy sources in Romania, inparticular of wind power. Among 92 members of the Association there are leading companies active on the wind power market inRomania: investors, developers, turbine and components manufacturers, both from Romania and abroad.


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Energia eolian n Romnia | Wind energy in Romania 3

Introducere Introduction

Although its rst professional wind farm projectswere only developed a few years ago, Romaniaswind energy sector is currently undergoing dynamicchanges and beginning to play an increasinglyimportant role. In the coming years, Romania willundoubtedly have a real chance to become one ofthe leading users of this form of renewable energyin Europe. At the end of 2010 its wind power stationcapacity amounted to 462 MW, a 33-fold increasesince the end of 2009, when Romania had an installedwind capacity of just 14 MW.

The countrys most dominant region in terms ofgenerating wind capacity is Dobrogea, on the BlackSea coast.

This incredibly dynamic growth in installed wind farmcapacity is allowing Romania to make progress andgetting ahead of a number of European countries.The favourable environmental conditions, growingnumber of permits being issued and signicantnumber of projects already underway ensure thismarket will continue to develop at a fast pace duringthe coming years.

On a European level, by the end of 2010 thecombined installed wind power capacity throughoutEurope had reached 84,278 MW. The EuropeanWind Energy Association (EWEA) estimated thevalue of investment in wind farms in 2010 at EUR12,7 billion, which corresponds to a 10% increase incapacity compared with the previous year. For thepurposes of comparison, the total capacity of windfarms worldwide amounts to 197 GW.

There is a continual increase in the size of the windprojects being implemented in Romania, somethingreected in the extremely high rate of growth incapacity in 2010, compared with the previous year,of 1,071%, while the period January-May 2011 hasseen capacity increase by as much as 161.72 % overthe entire year 2010. As a consequence, Romaniais one of the fastest growing countries in the EU in

this respect: 448 MW were installed in 2010, bringingthe total installed wind capacity to 462 MW (33 timesmore than in 2009). Halfway through 2011 there werealready 570 MW of operational capacity, a gureexpected to rise to 1,000 MW by the end of the year.

The wind energy market creates jobs, and not only inareas related to wind farm installation and servicing:there are an increasing number of companies andbusinesses beginning to conduct research anddevelopment operations related to renewable energy.

n momentul actual, sectorul de energie eolian estesupus unor schimbri dinamice, n poda faptului cprimele proiecte profesionale de parcuri eoliene aufost dezvoltate n Romnia cu doar civa ani n urm,ncepnd s joace un rol din ce n ce mai important.Cu siguran, n anii ce vor urma, Romnia are ansereale de a deveni unul dintre principalii utilizatori dinEuropa ai unei astfel de energii regenerabile. La nalulanului 2010 capacitatea staiilor de energie eoliancrescuse la 462 MW, ind de 33 de ori mai mare fade cea a sfritului anului 2009, cnd Romnia aveainstalat o capacitate eolian de 14 MW.Zona n care predomin capacitatea de energieregenerabil generat este Dobrogea, pe coastaMrii Negre.

Aceast dinamic n ascensiune n ceea ce privetecapacitatea instalat a parcurilor eoliene, faceposibil progresul Romniei comparativ cu multe rieuropene. Condiiile de mediu favorabile, numrulcrescut de licene i proiecte n execuie, asigurdezvoltarea pieei ntr-un ritm alert n urmtorii ani.

Pn la sfritul anului 2010, capacitatea total deenergie eolian instalat pe ntinsul Europei atinsese84.278 MW. Asociaia European a Energiei Eoliene(AEEE) a estimat valoarea investiiilor n parcurileeoliene n 2010 la 12,7 miliarde euro, ceea cecorespunde unei creteri a capacitii cu 10%, fade anul precedent. Pentru o simpl comparaie,capacitatea total a parcurilor eoliene la nivel globalatinge 197 GW.

Romnia atest implementarea proiectelor pe o scardin ce n ce mai mare, iar rata creterii capacitiin 2010 comparat cu cea a anului pre-cedent afost ridicat, respectiv de 1.071%, iar pe parcursulperioadei ianuarie-mai 2011, capacitatea a crescut cu161,72% n raport cu ntreg anul 2010. Prin urmare,Romnia nregistreaz una dintre cele mai rapidecreteri n cadrul UE, n acest domeniu: 448 MW au

fost instalai n 2010, astfel nct capacitatea totalinstalat a atins 462 MW (de 33 de ori mai mult dectn 2009). La sfritul primului semestru din 2011, erauoperaionali 570 MW i se preconizeaz ca pn lanele anului 2011, puterea energetic eolian sating 1.000 MW.

Piaa energiei eoliene ofer locuri de munc, nu numain domeniul instalrii parcurilor sau al serviciilor.Din ce n ce mai multe companii i uniti de afaceri aunceput s dirijeze operaii de cercetare i dezvoltareasociate energiei regenerabile.


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4 Energia eolian n Romnia | Wind energy in Romania Energia eolian n Romnia | Wind energy in Romania 5

Energia eoliann Romnia, Europai n lume

Wind energyin Romania, Europeand worldwide

Wind energy in Romania,Europe and worldwide

Energia eolian n Romnia,Europa i n lume

Situaia sectorului de energie eolian la nivelmondial

Capacitatea centralelor energetice eoliene la nivelglobal a crescut n 2010 cu o ptrime n comparaiecu anul precedent i a atins nivelul de 197 GW.Potrivit informaiilor oferite de Consiliul Global alEnergiei Eoliene (CGEE), China a fost n anul2010 cea mai larg pia, adaugnd impresionantacapacitate de 18,9 GW, ntrecnd Statele Unite idevenind ara cu cea mai mare capacitate pe piaaenergiei eoliene. La nivel global, liderii sunt: China(44,7 GW), Statele Unite (40,2 GW), Germania (27,2GW) i Spania (20,7 GW).

The wind energy sector worldwide

The global wind power plant capacity in 2010increased by 1/4 on the previous year to reach 197GW.Based on the information provided by the GlobalWind Energy Council (GWEC), China was the worldslargest market for wind power in 2010, adding astaggering 18.9 GW of new capacity and edging pastthe US to become top country in terms of wind powerworldwide. The worlds top countries in wind powerproduction include China (44.7 GW), the UnitedStates (40.2 GW), Germany (27.2 GW) and Spain(20.7 GW).

rile cu cea mai ridicat capacitate a parcurilor eoliene la nivel mondialCountries with the highest wind farm capacities worldwide

Sursa: Consiliul Global al Energiei EolieneSource: Global Wind Energy Council

1

CAPITOLPART

1

ara / CountryCapacitatea centralelor energetice eoliene [MW] /

Wind power plant capacity [MW]

China /China 44 733

USA / USA 40 180

Germania /Germany 27 214

Spania /Spain 20 676

India /India 13 065

Italia /Italy 5 797

Frana /France 5 660

UK /UK 5 204

Portugalia /Portugal 3 898

Danemarca /Denmark 3 752

Totalul de mai sus /Total of the above 170 179

Restul lumii /Rest of the world 26 860

Total n lume /Total worldwide 197 039


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Capacitatea parcurilor eoliene la nivel mondial [MW]Wind farm capacity worldwide [MW]

Capacitatea parcurilor eoliene n Europa [MW]Wind farm capacity in Europe [MW]




For the rst year since 2007, wind energy in 2010was not the leading sector in terms of the value ofthe capacity of new facilities based on ecologicalelectrical energy sources. Wind constituted 16.8% ofthe capacity of all new energy sources.

In 2010, the dynamic trend in wind energy use wasconrmed by a 17% increase in wind farm capacity.The European Wind Energy Association (EWEA)estimates the value of new installations in the EU(capacity 9,918 MW) at EUR 12.7 billion.

The total capacity of all renewable energy sourcesin Europe at the end of 2010 had increased by52,855 MW to 876,023 MW, of which wind energyrepresented 84,278 MW (9.6%).

The EWEA estimates specify that during an averagewind power density year in Europe, wind farms arecurrently able to satisfy 5.3% of the EUs electricitydemand. By replacing fossil fuels, wind energy canbe used to rapidly reduce pollution and the emissionof greenhouse gases.Worldwide wind energy forecast

In its ve-year forecast, the GWEC expects windcapacity to grow beyond the level of 400 GW between2010 and 2014, mainly as a result of development inChina, United States and Europe.

Of the three scenarios for wind energy developmentpresented by the GWEC, the reference forecastassumes a growth in capacity of up to 573 GWby 2030. The most optimistic forecast assumesa combined installed capacity of 2,341 GW for thesame period.

2010 a fost primul an dup 2007 n care energiaeolian nu a reprezentat sectorul de vrf n ceea ceprivete valoarea capacitii noilor instalaii ce sebazeaz pe surse ecologice de energie electric.Energia eolian a reprezentat 16,8 % din capacitateaenergetic nou instalat.

n anul 2010 tendina dinamic de utilizare a energieieoliene a fost conrmat de o cretere de 17% acapacitii parcurilor eoliene. Asociaia European aEnergiei Eoliene (AEEE) estimeaz valoarea noilorinstalaii n UE cu o capacitate de 9.918 MW la 12,7miliarde euro.

Capacitatea total a tuturor resurselor de energieregenerabil din Europa a crescut la sfritul anului2010 cu 52.855 MW ajungnd la 876.023 MW, cu unaport al energiei eoliene atingnd 84.278 MW (9,6%).

AEEE estimeaz c n cursul unui an cu de nsitatemedie de energie eolian n Europa, parcurile eolienesunt acum capabile s satisfac 5,3% din cererea deelectricitate a Europei. nlocuind combustibilii fosili,energia eolian poate utilizat pentru a reducerapid emisiile de poluare i gazele cu efect de ser.Estimarea energiei eoliene la nivel mondial

Lund n calcul n special dezvoltrile din China,Statele Unite i Europa, CGEE anticipeaz o creterea capacitii mai mare de 400 GW, aferent perioadei2010-2014, conform estimrii realizate pe cinci ani.

n cele trei scenarii ale dezvoltrii e nergiei eo liene,prezentate de CGEE, estimarea de referin prevedeo cretere a capacitii de pn la 573 GW n 2030.Cea mai optimist estimare prevede o capacitatecombinat de 2.341 GW pentru aceeai perioad.

Scenarii n dezvoltarea energiei eoliene la nivel global [MW]Wind energy development scenarios worldwide [MW]

1000000

90000

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50000

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0

1995

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2000

2001

2002

2003

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2005

2006

2007

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2010

Scenariu /Scenario 2007 2008 2009 2010 2015 2020 2030

ReferineReference

93 864 120 297 158 505 197 039 295 783 415 433 572 733

ModeratModerate 93 864 120 297 158 505 197 039 460 364 832 251 1 777 550

AvansatAdvanced

93 864 120 297 158 505 197 039 533 233 1 071 415 2 341 984

220000

200000

180000

160000

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100000

80000

60000

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0

1

996

1

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2

000

2

001

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2

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2

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2

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2

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2

009

2

010

6100 760010200 13600

1740023900

3110039431

4762059091

74052

93835

120550

197039

157899

74767

84278

64719

56519

48031

40500

34372

2449123098

17315

128879678

6453475334762497

The wind energy sector inEurope

Situaia sectorului de energieeolian n Europa

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Capacitatea parcurilor eoliene n Europa [MW]Wind farm capacities in Europe [MW]

ara / Country Sfrit 2009 / End of 2009 Sfrit 2010 / End of 2010

UE 27 74 767 84 278

Germania /Germany 25 777 27 214

Spania /Spain 19 149 20 676

Italia /Italy 4 850 5 797

Frana /France 4 492 5 660

Marea Britanie /United Kingdom 4 051 5 203

Portugalia /Portugal 3 535 3 898

Danemarca /Denmark 3 465 3 752

Olanda /The Netherlands 2 229 2 245Suedia /Sweden 1 560 2 163

Irlanda /Ireland 1 260 1 428

Grecia /Greece 1 087 1 208

Polonia /Poland 725 1 107

Austria /Austria 995 1 011

Belgia / Belgium 563 911

Romnia / Romania 14 462

Bulgaria / Bulgaria 177 375

Ungaria / Hungary 201 295

Cehia / Czech Republic 192 215

Finlanda / Finland 146 197

Lituania / Lithuania 91 154

Estonia / Estonia 142 149

Cipru / Cyprus 0 82

Luxemburg / Luxemburg 35 42

Letonia / Latvia 28 31Slovacia / Slovakia 3 3

Slovenia / Slovenia 0 0

Sursa: Consiliul Global al Energiei EolieneSource: European Wind Energy Association

Sursa: Comisia European

Source: European Commission

In its Energy trends to 2030 scenario, for the decade2011-2020 the European Commission foresees theinstallation of new facilities with a capacity of 333GW, of which 136 GW (41%) will be associated withwind energy. Moreover, the European Commissionalso estimates that 64% of this new capacity will becontributed by the wind energy sector (17% from gassources, 12% coal, 4% nuclear energy and 3% oil).

n scenariul Energy trends to 2030, ComisiaEuropean estimeaz ca n perioada 2011-2020, se conectate instalaii cu o capacitate de 333 GW,din care 136 GW (41%) s e asociate cu energiaeolian. n plus, Comisia European estimeaz ca64% din noua capacitate va rezultatul sectorului deenergie eolian (17% surse de gaz, 12% crbune,4% energie nuclear i 3% petrol).

Structura surselor de energie regenerabil energie generat [TWh]Structure of renewable energy sources generated energy [TWh]

Tip de energieEnergy type

2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030

Maree /Tidal 0 0 1 3 6 9

Geotermal /Geothermal 5 6 6 7 11 19

Biomas /Biomass 84 127 164 191 218 241

Solar /Solar 1 17 32 46 60 75

Vnt marin /Wind offshore 2 14 72 146 204 276

Vnt pe uscat /Wind onshore 68 147 197 253 316 368

Hidro /Hydro 307 323 332 339 349 335

Wind energy has taken the lead among alternativeenergy sources in Romania. According to the EnergyRegulatory Authority, the total capacity of wind farmsin use amounted to 469 MW at the end of May 2011.The largest project to be implemented to date is thewind farm in Fntnele and Cogealac, which wasbuilt by the CEZ Group and has a combined capacityof 600 MW.

Currently the most important wind energy projectsinclude Fntnele (CEZ, 347.5 MW), Casimcea,Topolog, Dieni (IMA PARTNERS + Verbund, 532MW), Tulcea county (ENEL, 174 MW), the Moldovaand Dobrogea areas (PNE Wind, 200 MW), Cogealac(CEZ, 252.5 MW), Mihai Viteazu (Iberdrola, 80 MW),Constana county (ENEL, 118 MW), Cernavod(Renovatio / EDPR, 138 MW), Galai county(Renovatio / EDPR, 100 MW), Mitoc (IWE, 100 MW),Bora (Alstrom, 56 MW), Topolog (Land Power, 168MW) and Casimcea (Martifer, 40 MW).

Energia eolian a ajuns s e pe primul loc printresursele de energie alternativ din Romnia. Potrivit

Autoritii Naionale de Reglementare n DomeniulEnergiei, capacitatea total a parcurilor eoliene

n funciune a crescut la 469 MW la sfritul luniimai 2011. Cel mai amplu proiect care urmeaz a implementat este parcul eolian din Fntnele iCogealac, construit de Grupul CEZ i care va nsumao capacitate de 600 MW.La momentul actual, cele mai importante proiectede energie eolian sunt: Fntnele (CEZ, 347,5MW), Casimcea, Topolog, Dieni (IMA PARTNERS +Verbund, 532 MW), judeul Tulcea (ENEL, 174 MW),zona Moldova i Dobrogea (PNE Wind, 200 MW),Cogealac (CEZ, 252,5 MW), Mihai Viteazu (Iberdrola,80 MW), judeul Constana (ENEL, 118 MW),Cernavod (Renovatio / EDPR, 138 MW), judeulGalai (Renovatio / EDPR, 100 MW), Mitoc (IWE, 100MW), Bora (Alstrom, 56 MW), Topolog (Land Power,168 MW) i Casimcea (Martifer, 40 MW).

The wind energy sector inRomania

Situaia sectorului de energieeolian n Romnia

3

Capacitatea instalaiilor de energie regenerabil din Romnia [MW] (n 2010)Capacity of renewable energy facilities in Romania [MW] (as of 2010)

Sursa: TranselectricaSource: Transelectrica

Energie eolian 290.045 MW / Wind energy 290,045 MWMini sau micro hidrocentrale n operare (pn la 10 MW) 274.439 MWMini or micro hydro plants in operation (up to 10 MW) 274,439 MWFotovoltaice 7 MW/ Photovoltaic 7 MWBiomas 112.115 MW / Biomass 112,115 MW

42,86 %

40,18 %

16,96 %

0,0001 %


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Romanias operational wind farms are mainly located inDobrogea, on the Black Sea coast, where average windspeeds can reach 7 m/s at an altitude of 100 m. The regionis at and sparsely populated, which makes it possible toinstall a large number of wind turbines. There are also twoother regions with a high wind power potential in Romania,namely: Moldova and Cara Severin (Banat).

Parcurile eoliene operaionale din Romnia sunt nprincipal situate n zona Dobrogea, pe coasta MriiNegre, unde viteza medie a vntului poate ajunge la7 m/s la o altitudine de 100 m. Zona este de cmpiei puin populat, ceea ce faciliteaz instalarea unuinumr mare de turbine eoliene. Pe lng acestea, nRomnia mai sunt dou regiuni cu potenial eolianridicat, i anume: Moldova i Cara Severin (Banat).

Harta mobilitii atmosferice n RomniaWind map in Romania

Parcuri eoliene n regiunile din RomniaWind farm capacity in main Romanian regions

Locaie / LocationCapaciate n perioada 2009-2013 /Capacity for the period 2009-2013

Dobrogea /Dobrogea 2 789

Moldova /Moldova 1 000,5

Banat /Banat 56

Diferite localiti-deja funcionale /Different localities-already running 17,1

Total / Total 3 862,6

Sursa: Site-ul Asociaiei Romne pentru Energie EolianSource: Romanian Wind Energy Association website

Sursa: Asociaia Romn pentru Energie EolianSource: Romanian Wind Energy Association

Prevederi legale

Legal regulation

CAPITOLPART

2


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Romanias New Civil Code1(NCC) was approved in2009 and is expected to enter into force on 1 October20112. Compared with the Civil Code of 1864 3(ACC)currently in force, the NCC marks the most extensiveamendment of the ACC since its rst publication in1864. Due to the novelty of real estate related legalprovisions and the impact they might have on thedevelopment of a wind farm project, we provide asummary of the main amendments created by theNCC with respect to the matters mentioned below.

Right to dispose of real property

The rst stage when implementing an investmentproject is obtaining the land on which to erect awind farm. Under Romanian law, a building permitis needed to build any facility for the production ofenergy. The building permit is granted only if aspecic real right to the land on which the wind farmis to be erected is proved. Under Romanian lawthere are generally two ways for investors to hold thespecic in rem right required for a building permit: (i)an ownership title to the land or (ii) a similar right ofuse, which under Romanian Law is embodied in theso-called supercies right (drept de supercie).

Ownership right

The ownership right under Romanian law offers theowner an absolute right to use, encumber and sellthe real property without limitation in time. This alsoincludes the right to build on the real property.

While currently an ownership right may be provedby way of any attesting ownership documents, theNCC provides that the proof of ownership right to realestate subject to registration with the Land

This section will focus on the legal aspects of windenergy investments in Romania, as well as within theEuropean Union.The rst two parts deal with Romanian real estate,regulatory and environmental regulations applicable tothe construction and the operation of a wind farm. Thethird part places Romanian wind energy develop mentwithin the larger context of EU regulations.

Dreptul de a dispune de proprietate

Primul pas n implementarea unui proiect de investiiipentru un parc eolian l reprezint obinerea terenuluinecesar amplasrii parcului eolian. Conform dreptuluiromnesc, pentru construcia oricrei capacitienergetice este necesar obinerea unei autorizaii deconstruire. Aceast autorizaie de construire se acorddoar n baza unui drept real asupra terenului pe careurmeaz a construit capacitatea energetic. Astfel,investitorii care doresc s dezvolte un parc eolian

n Romnia, au n general dou modaliti pentrudobndirea dreptului real solicitat n vederea emiteriiautorizaiei de construire: (i) obinerea dreptului deproprietate asupra terenului sau (ii) obinerea unuidrept similar de folosin, denumit de ctre doctrin

drept de supercie.Dreptul de proprietate

Conform dreptului romnesc, titularul dreptului deproprietate dispune de un drept absolut de a folosi ide a dispune de proprietatea sa, fr limitare n timp.

Acest drept l include i pe a cela de a dispune deproprietate prin edicarea unor construcii-structuripe aceasta.Dac n prezent dreptul de proprietate poate doveditprin orice nscris ce atest proprietatea, NCC prevedec dovada dreptului de proprietate asupra imobilelor

nscrise n cartea funciar, se va face cu extrasul de

Aceast seciune se concentreaz asupra aspectelorjuridice referitoare la investiii le n energie eoli an nRomnia, precum i n Uniunea European.Primele dou pri trateaz reglementrile legislaieiromneti cu privire la regimul juridic al imobilelor,la autorizaiile necesare i la legislaia de mediuaplicabile construciei i operrii unei centrale eolien e.Partea a treia situeaz dezvoltarea domeniuluienergiei eoliene n contextul mai larg al reglementriloreuropene.

Noul Cod Civil al Romniei1(NCC) a fost aprobat n2009 i urmeaz s intre n vigoare la 1 Octombrie20112. n comparaie cu Codul Civil din 18643(CC)actualmente n vigoare, NCC marcheaz cea maiimportant modicare a CC de la publicarea sadin 1864. innd cont de noutatea unora dintrereglementrilor legale introduse de NCC i deimpactul pe care acestea l-ar putea avea cu privire ladezvoltarea unui parc eolian, n cuprinsul prezentuluidocument sunt menionate principalele modicriintroduse de NCC, cu limitare ns la aspectelecuprinse mai jos.

Preparation of the investmentproject and construction of awind farm

Pregtirea proiectului deinvestiie i construcia uneicentrale eoliene

1

1.1

1.1.1

1Legea nr. 287/2009 privind Codul Civil, publicat n Monitorul Ocial al Romniei, Partea I, nr.511, din 24 Iulie 20092Legea nr. 71/2011 privind punerea n aplicare a Legii nr. 287/2009 privind Codul Civil, publicat

n Monitorul Ocial al Romniei, Partea I, nr. 409, din 10 Iunie 20113Republicat n Broura din 26 Iulie 1993

1Law No. 287/2009 on the civil code, published with Part I of the Ofcial Gazette in Romania,No. 511 dated 24 July 2009.2Law No. 71/2011 regarding the implementation of Law No. 287/2009 on the civil code, pub-lished with Part I of the Ofcial Gazette, No. 409 dated 10 June 20113Republished in Brochure dated 26 July 1993.

1.1.2

1.1.2.1

carte funciar4.Dobndirea dreptului de proprietate asupra tere-nurilor n Romnia este n prezent limitat persoanelorzice sau juridice romne. Cu toate acestea, striniipot deine n Romnia dreptul de proprietate asupraterenurilor prin intermediul unei societi nregistrate

n Romnia.

Dreptul de supercie

Dreptul de supercie const n:1. dreptul de a construi o cldire precum i orice

alt tip de structur pe deasupra sau n subsolulterenului deinut n proprietate de alt persoan;

2. dreptul de proprietate asupra cldirii sau oricruialt tip de structur i

3. dreptul de folosin asupra terenului pe care sea cldirea sau structura. Dreptul de superciepermite separarea ntre dreptul de proprietateasupra terenului i dreptul de proprietateasupra cldirii ori asupra altei structuri ridicate

pe deasupra sau n subsolul terenului aat nproprietatea altei persoane.Un drept de supercie se constituie de regul nbaza unui contract ncheiat pentru validitate, n formautentic.Iniial o creaie a doctrinei i a jurisprudenei, dreptulde supercie este acum exhaustiv reglementat deNCC. Dac n prezent un drept de supercie poate stabilit pe perioad nedeterminat, NCC limiteazdurata acestui drept la maximum 99 de ani, cuposibilitatea de prelungire.

n ciuda tuturor similitudinilor cu dreptul de proprietateasupra terenurilor, nu sunt impuse restricii strinilorcu privire la dobndirea unui drept de supercieasupra terenurilor n Romnia.

Dreptul de supercie vs. dreptul de folosin(locaiune)

Orice drept de supercie include dreptul de a folosisuprafaa de teren afectat de dreptul de supercie.Dac proprietarul unui teren acord unui ter dreptulde folosin n baza unui contract de locaiune ori

n baza altei convenii, terului nu i va permis,din punct de vedere legal, s construiasc pe acelteren. Cu alte cuvinte, autoritile competente nu voremite autorizaie de construire n baza unui drept de

folosin, obinut n baza unui contract de locaiune.

Uzufructul

Potrivit legii romne, uzufructul este dreptul cuivade a se folosi i de a se bucura de proprietatea careaparine altei persoane, att timp ct nu se aduceatingere substanei proprietii. Uzufructul este undrept real asupra proprietii altuia, limitat ca durat.

Titularul unui uzufruct, cunoscut ca i uzufructuar, aredreptul de a folosi i de a se bucura de bun, i, deasemenea, de a obine prot din fructele bunului.Uzufructul poate constituit prin convenie ncheiat,pentru validitate, n form autentic.

4Aceast prevedere va aplicabil doar dup ncheierea lucrrilor cadastrale pentru ecareunitate administrativ - teritorial.

4This provision shall be applicable only after completion of the cadastral works for eachadministrative-territorial unit.

Register shall be made with the excerpt from theLand Register4.Direct access to ownership right to lands is currentlylimited to Romanian individuals or entities.Nevertheless, foreigners can hold ownership title tolands through a company registered in Romania.

Supercies right

A supercies right consists of:1. the right to erect a building or other kind of

structure on or under the land owned by anotherperson;

2. the ownership right over the building or other typeof structure; and

3. the right to use the land pertaining to the building(drept de folosinta). The supercies right allowsfor separation of the ownership to the land andthe ownership to the buildings or other kind ofstructures erected on or under the land that is

somebody elses property.A supercies right may be established by way ofagreement executed in notarised form for validitypurposes, under sanction of null ity.

Although initially a creation of legal scholars and thecourts of law, the supercies right is now exhaustivelyregulated under the NCC. While currently a superciesright may be established for an undetermined periodof time, the NCC limits its time period to a maximumof 99 years, with a prolongation option.Despite all legal similarities with the ownership rightover land, foreigners are in no way restricted fromdirectly holding such supercies rights.

Supercies right vs. right of use (lease)

Any supercies right includ es a right of use over theplot of land on which the supercies right is granted.If the owner of a piece of land grants to a third partyonly the right of use through a letting/lease or otherkind of agreement, the third party will not be allowedfrom a legal point of view to build any permanentstructure on that land. A third party whose right of useof the land is only based on a letting/lease agreement

will not be granted permits to build on that land.

Usufruct

Pursuant to Romanian law, the usufruct is the legalright to use and derive prot or benet from propertythat belongs to another person, as long as thesubstance of the property is preserved.The usufruct is a real right of limited duration on theproperty of another.The holder of a usufruct, known as the usufructuary,has the right to use and enjoy the property, as wellas the right to receive prots from the fruits of theproperty.

1.1.3


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Conventional and statutory right of usage andeasements

The right of usage is quite similar to the usufruct asdescribed above. The difference between the right ofusage and the usufruct consists of the fact that theholder of the right of usage has the right to use andenjoy the affected property, as well as the right toreceive prots from the fruits of the property withinthe limits required for himself and his family.The easement right enables the beneciary to haveaccess to the property held by another person.For access to the wind farm during and after thenalisation of the construction works of the wind farmor for the route of the electric cables that cross thirdparties properties, the investor must hold easementson the lands crossed by the access ways or thecables.The establishment of passage easements is valid onlyif the beneciary rst obtains an urbanism certicate.Pursuant to the ACC the easement extinguishes for

30 years of non-use. The NCC provides a period ofnon-use of ten years in order for the easement toterminate5.The rights of usage or the easements may beestablished (i) by executing a private notarisedagreement or (ii) by virtue of law, depending on thestage of development of the wind farm. A distinctionmust be made between the stage of development ofthe wind farm prior to and after obtaining the setting-up authorisation. Prior to obtaining the setting-upauthorisation, the developer may benet from theright of usage or easements only by executing privatenotarised agreements. The developer may benetby virtue of law from the mentioned rights only afterobtaining the setting-up authorisation.The rights of usage or the easements granted byvirtue of law are regulated by Law No. 13/2007on energy6 (the Energy Law), which grants thedeveloper certain rights of usage or easements overthe surrounding plots of land in order to be able toeconomically exploit the wind farm. Such rightsaffecting land owned by the State and local authoritiesare granted free-of-charge, while those affecting thirdowners properties follow specic rules stipulated bylaw, as detailed below.

Exercise of easement and usage rights over third

owners properties, as provided under the EnergyLaw and GD 135

In order to set the terms and conditions under whichthe developer may exercise the statutory rights ofusage and easements, the owners of affected privatelands may request the developer to execute theframework agreement as approved in the annex toGovernmental Decision No. 135/20117 (GD 135)GD 135. The duration of the agreement will cover, inprinciple, the necessary period required to erect the

Drepturile convenionale i legale de uz iservitute

Dreptul de uz este similar cu cel de uzufruct, aa cumeste el descris mai sus. Titularul dreptului de uz aredreptul de a folosi i de a se bucura de bunul afectat,precum i dreptul de a culege fructele bunului nsdoar n limitele necesare lui i familiei sale.Dreptul de servitute faciliteaz beneciarului dreptulde acces pe proprietatea deinut de alt persoan.Pentru accesul la parcul eolian, n timpul i dupnalizarea lucrrilor de construcie, ori pentru traseulreelelor electrice care traverseaz proprietateaterilor, dezvoltatorul trebuie s dein servitui peterenurile afectate de cile de acces sau de reeleleelectrice.Constituirea servituilor de trecere este valabil doardac beneciarul obine n acest scop un certicat deurbanism. Potrivit CC servitutea se stinge prin neuztimp de 30 de ani. NCC prevede o perioad de neuzde 10 ani care duce la stingerea servituii 5.

Dreptul de uz i de servitute pot constituite (i) prinncheierea unui contract n form autentic sau(ii) n baza legii, n funcie de stadiul de dezvoltareal parcului eolian. Trebuie fcut distincie ntrestadiul de dezvoltare al parcului eolian nainte idup obinerea autorizaiei de ninare. nainte deobinerea autorizaiei de ninare, dezvoltatorulpoate benecia de drepturile de uz i servitute doar

n baza unui contract n form autentic ncheiat cuproprietarul terenului afectat. Dezvoltatorul poatebenecia prin lege de drepturile menionate doardup obinerea autorizaiei de ninare.Drepturile de uz i de servitute acordate n bazalegii sunt prevzute n Legea Energiei Electrice nr.13/20076(Legea Energiei), care acord dezvoltatoruluidrepturi de uz i servitute asupra terenurilor aate

n vecintatea capacitilor energetice. Exercitareadrepturilor de uz i servitute asupra proprietilorstatului i ale unitilor administrativ-teritorialeafectate de capacitile energetice se realizeaz cutitlu gratuit pe toat durata existenei acestora, n timpce pentru exercitarea drepturilor de uz i servituteasupra terenurilor aate n proprietatea privat legeaprevede reguli speciale,detaliate mai jos.

Exercitarea drepturilor de uz i servitute asupra

terenurilor aate n proprietatea privat a terilor,conform Legii Energiei i Hotrrii de Guvernnr. 135

Pentru a stabili termenii i condiiile n caredezvoltatorul poate exercita drepturile legale deuz i servitute, proprietarii terenurilor afectatede aceste drepturi pot solicita dezvoltatorului s

ncheie convenia-cadru, aa cum este aprobat nanexa la Hotrrea de Guvern nr. 135/20117 (HG135). Durata conveniei va acoperi de principiu attperioada necesar executrii capacitii energetice,

1.1.4

5Aceast modalitate de stingere se va aplica doar drepturilor de uzufruct constituite dupintrarea n vigoare a NCC, respectiv 1 Octombrie 2011.6Publicat n Monitorul Ocial, Partea I, nr. 51, din data de 23.01.20077Hotrrea de Guvern nr 135/2011 pentru aprobarea regulilor procedurale privind condiiile itermenii referitori la durata, coninutul i limitele de exercitare a drepturilor de uz i servituteasupra proprietilor private afectate de capacitile energetice, a conveniei-cadru, precum ia regulilor procedurale pentru determinarea cuantumului indemnizaiilor i a despgubirilor sia modului de plat a acestora, publicat n Monitorul Ocial al Romniei, partea I, nr. 236, din05.04.2011.

5This termination reason will apply only to those usufructs established after the entry into forceof NCC, namely 1 October 2011.6Published in Ofcial Gazette, I Part, No. 51 dated 23 January 20077Governmental Decision No. 135/2011 for approving the procedural rules on conditions andterms of duration, content and limits of rights of usage and easement rights over private proper-ties affected by energy capacities, the framework agreement, as well as for determining theamount of compensations and indemnities and the payment method thereof, published with PartI of the Ofcial Gazette of Romania No. 236 dated 5 April 2011.

1.1.4.1

wind farm, as well as the necessary period requiredfor the maintenance and operation of the wind farm.In all cases where agreements will be executed, themaximum amount of compensation to be paid to theowners is to be established by way of negotiation, butnot higher than the level of minimum rent establishedby the local scal authority per sqm of land havingthe same category, and shall be calculated only forthe surface of land directly affected by the rights ofusage and easement rights. Where no minimumrent is established by the local scal authority, theamount of compensation is to be determined by anauthorised expert chosen by the parties and payedby the developer.

The owners of lands affected will be indemnied forany damages caused by the wind farm determinedwith consideration to aseries of criteria (e.g. the

surface of land affected by the works agreedupon under the agreement; the types of cultureand plantation existing on the affected land atthe execution date of the agreement;the value ofproduction affected by the works performed by thedeveloper; etc.). The compensation right does notaffect the above-mentioned owners right to receivethe indemnication.

Pursuant to GD 135 and the Energy Law, the ownersof the affected lands have the option to request fora new contract observing the form and content ofthe agreement approved by GD 135 to be executedwith the developer. According to Article 16 (7) of theEnergy Law, the holders of licences and setting-upauthorisations are bound to execute the agreementno later than 30 days after the affected land ownersrequest. However, neither GD 135 nor the EnergyLaw provide (i) a sanction in case developers do notreply to the land owners request or do not agree onthe amendment of the already in-force agreement or(ii) if a legal deadline is to be met by the land ownersin order to request the execution of the agreement.

Romanian Land Register

In relation to the above-mentioned real rights,

opposability/transfer of said rights is also important.Under the current Land Register system any grant,transfer or limitation of rights pertaining to real propertyis generally effective between the parties uponsigning the underlying agreement, e.g., a transferdeed. The lack of registration following execution ofa transfer deed does not prevent ownership transferor establishment of other real rights; however, thistransfer will not be binding in respect of third-partyinterests until registration with the Land Register.

The Romanian Land Register system will changeonce with the entry into force of the NCC. Pursuant tothe NCC, the entries in the Land Register will havea constitutive effect and real rights will not be trans-ferred prior to their legal registration with the LandRegister. Rights will rank according to the date, hour

ct i perioada ulterioar de ntreinere i funcionarea capacitii energetice.

n toate cazurile n care se vor ncheia astfel deconvenii, cuantumul maxim al indemnizaiei la caresunt ndreptii proprietarii n schimbul afectriiterenurilor private se va stabili prin negociere, celmult la nivelul chiriei minime pe mp stabilite pentrufolosina unui teren din aceeai categorie de ctreadministraia public local n a crei raz teritorialse a terenul i se calculeaz numai pentrusuprafaa de teren ce urmeaz a efectiv afectat deexercitarea drepturilor de uz si servitute. n situaia ncare la nivelul administraiei publice locale n a creiraz teritorial se a terenul nu exist stabilit unnivel al chiriei minime pe mp, ntinderea indemnizaieiva determinat de ctre un evaluator autorizat ncondiiile legii, ales de comun acord de ctre pri, alcrui onorariu va acoperit de dezvoltator.Proprietarii terenurilor afectate de exercitareadrepturilor de uz i servitute vor despgubiipentru prejudiciile cauzate de realizarea capacitii

energetice, prejudicii ce vor evaluate avndu-senvedere anumite criterii (e.g. suprafaa de terenafectat de lucrrile prevzute n convenie; tipurilede culturi i plantaii existente la data ncheieriiconveniei pe terenul afectat; valoarea producieiafectate de lucrrile efectuate de dezvoltator; etc.)Dreptul la compensaie nu afecteaz dreptulproprietarului mai sus menionat de a primiindemnizaia.Conform HG 135 i Legii Energiei, proprietariiterenurilor afectate au opiunea de a solicita

ncheierea unui nou contract, care s aib forma iconinutul conveniei aprobate de HG 135. Conformart. 16 alin. 7 din Legea Energiei, titularii de autorizaiii licene sunt obligai s procedeze la ncheiereaConveniei-cadru n termen de maximum 30 de zile dela solicitarea proprietarilor afectai. Cu toate acestea,nici HG 135, nici Legea Energiei nu prevd (i) osanciune n cazul n care dezvoltatorii nu rspundcererii proprietarilor de terenuri, sau nu sunt de acordcu modicrile contractului care este deja n vigoaresau (ii) un termen legal n care proprietarii de terenuripot solicita ncheierea contractului.

Cartea funciar n Romnia

Opozabilitatea/transferul drepturilor reale menionate

mai sus este strns legat de sistemul crii funciare.Sub actualul sistem al crii funciare, orice constituire,transfer sau limitare a drepturilor cu privire la imobileopereaz ntre pri, ca regul, prin semnareacontractului, respectiv a actului de transfer. Lipsa

nregistrrii ulterioare a acestor contracte sau actede transfer nu mpiedic transferul dreptului deproprietate sau constituirea altor drepturi reale; cutoate acestea, un astfel de transfer sau constituire dedrepturi nu vor opozabile terilor dect n momentul

nregistrrii n cartea funciar, cu anumite excepii.

Sistemul crii funciare va suferi o serie de modicriintroduse de NCC. Potrivit NCC, nscrierile n carteafunciar vor avea efect constitutiv de drepturi, nsensul n care drepturile reale asupra imobilelorcuprinse n cartea funciar se vor dobndi, att

ntre pri, ct i fa de teri, numai prin nscrierea

1.2


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and minute of their registration applications8.

Issues that might impede/delay the investmentprocessPublic property

Under Romanian law, immovable goods held by theState and local authorities can be of two categories:they can belong to the public domain or to the privatedomain (domeniul public sau privat).The importance of knowing in which category the landneeded for a wind farm project falls into lays with thetype of agreement the land can be secured with for aproject as land in public domain can only be obtainedsubject to a concession agreement.

The question of how the local authorities can cho osetheir contract partners when granting rights over landis a very sensitive aspect. The sale, concession orleasing of the plots of land, part of the public or privatedomain of a town or village, are subject to a publictender procedure. The details of such procedures arenot yet completely claried; neither the statutes northe legal writings nor the case law provide a reliableset of rules as to how the local authorities shouldconduct such a public tender procedure. However,if the local authority grants rights to land to a partywithout conducting a public tender, the contractconcluded with such a party may be declared null andvoid. This would have a series of adverse effects onthe ownership over the structures built on the landand even on the authorisations and permits issued forthe building and operation of the wind farm.

Restitution claims/litigations affecting the lands

In the period 6 March 1945 to 22 December 1989,the Romanian State conscated/nationalised/expropriated real estate property without paying

adequate compensation to the owners, partly onthe basis of enacted laws, partly without any legalbasis. In order to correct such abnormalities and toopen up access to private property over land, theRomanian State enacted several laws, such as lawsNos. 18/19919, 1/200010 and 10/200111, as meansto regulate private ownership over land. Based onthese laws, individuals were able to le restitutionclaims requesting the reinstatement (reconstituire)of ownership titles to land owned by them or theirancestors prior to expropriation by the State. At the

lor n cartea funciar. nscrierile n cartea funciari vor produce efectele de la data nregistrriicererilor, inndu-se ns cont de data, ora i minutul

nregistrrii acestora8.

Situaii care ar putea mpiedica/ntrzia investiia

Proprietatea public

Conform dreptului romnesc, imobilele deinute destat i unitile administrativ-teritoriale fac parte dindou categorii: cele care aparin domeniului public icele ce aparin domeniului privat.Importana de a ti n care dintre aceste categorii esteinclus terenul necesar pentru construcia capacitiienergetice determin tipul de contract n baza cruiaterenul poate asigurat pentru dezvoltarea parculuieolian, avnd n vedere c terenurile deinute

n proprietate public pot obinute n vedereaexploatrii ntr-un astfel de scop n baza unui contractde concesiune.

ntrebarea cum i pot alege statul sau unitileadministrativ-teritoriale partenerii contractualicnd acord drepturi asupra terenurilor deinute

n proprietate este un subiect sensibil. Vnzarea,concesiunea sau nchirierea unor terenuri dindomeniului public sau privat al statului sau al unitiloradministrativ-teritoriale, sunt supuse procedurilor delicitaie public. Detaliile unor astfel de proceduri nuau fost pn n prezent complet claricate; legea,doctrina sau jurisprudena nu ofer un set de reguliclare cu privire la modalitatea n care autoritilepublice trebuie s organizeze astfel de proceduri delicitaie. Cu toate acestea, dac o autoritate publicacord unui ter drepturi asupra unui teren deinut

n proprietate public sau privat fr organizareaunei licitaii publice n acest sens, contractul astfel

ncheiat poate anulat de ctre instana de judecat.Aceast anulare ar produce o serie de efecte negativeasupra proprietii structurilor construite pe teren ichiar asupra autorizaiilor i avizelor emise pentruconstruirea i operarea parcului eolian.

Cereri de restituire/ litigii cu privire la terenuri

n perioada 6 martie 1945 22 decembrie 1989,uneorin baza unor legi, precum i parial fr vreobaz legal,statul romn a conscat / naionalizat /expropriat

anumite imobile fr a plti respectivilorproprietaridespgubiri (corespunztoare). Pentrua remediaaceste anormaliti i a facilita accesulasupraterenurilor proprietate privat, statul romn aadoptat o serie de legi cum ar Legea nr. 18/19919,Legea nr. 1/200010, Legea nr. 10/200111, pentrureglementarea proprietii private asupra terenurilor.Pe baza acestor legi, persoanele zice au pututprezenta cereri de restituire solicitnd reconstituireadreptului de proprietate asupra terenurilor deinutepersonal sau de ctre ascendenii lor nainte de a

1.3

1.3.1

8Prevederile NCC se vor aplica doar acelor contracte ncheiate/drepturi constituite dupintrarea n vigoare a NCC, respectiv 1 Octombrie 2011, i doar dup ce lucrrile cadastrale vor ncheiate pentru ecare unitate administrativ-teritorial.9Legea nr. 18/1991 asupra fondului funciar, republicat n Monitorul Ocial, Partea I, nr. 1, din5 Ianuarie1998.10Legea nr. 1/2000 pentru reconstituirea drepturilor de proprietate asupra terenurilor agricolei forestiere, solicitate potrivit prevederilor Legii nr. 18/1991 i Legii nr. 169/1997, publicat nMonitorul Ocial, Partea I, nr. 8, din 12 Ianuarie 1998.11Legea nr. 10/2001 privind regimul juridic al unor imobile preluate abuziv n perioada 6 Martie1945 22 Decembrie 1989, republicat n Monitorul Ocial, Partea I, nr. 798, din 2 Septembrie2005.

8These provisions of the NCC will apply only to those agreements executed /rights establishedafter the entry into force of the NCC, namely 1 October 2011, and only after the completion ofthe cadastral works for each administrative-territorial unit.9Law No 18/1991 on agricultural land, published with Part I of the Ofcial Gazette No. 1 dated5 January 1998.10Law No. 1/2000 regarding the reinstatement of the ownership right over the agriculturallands and forest lands, requested as per provisions of Law No. 18/199 and Law No. 169/1997,published with Part I of the Ofcial Gazette No. 8 dated 12 January 2000.11Law No. 10/2001 on the legal regime of the immovable abusively taken over in the periodbetween 6 March 1945 and 22 December 1989, republished with Part I of the ofcial GazetteNo. 798 dated 2 September 2005.

1.3.2

expropriate de ctre statul romn. n acelai timp, lacererea persoanelor zice private sau societilor/asocierilor, au fost acordate n proprietate terenuri nbaza constituirii dreptului de proprietate.

Cu toate c perioada pentru depunerea cererilorde restituire a expirat (30 Noiembrie 2005), fotiiproprietari care pot dovedi un titlu mai puternic (maivechi) asupra unui teren pot contesta titlurile deproprietate nregistrate n prezent.

Avnd n vedere c este imposibil de identicat toateexproprierile/naionalizrile fcute n perioada 1945-1989 (e.g. din lipsa unor nregistrri corespunztoare,din cauza efecturii unor dezmembrri sau alipiriale terenurilor, etc.), pentru a evita riscuri viitoarecare ar putea ntrzia investiia, sunt recomandabileinvestigaii ociale la autoritile locale competente ncauz (cu privire la cererile de restituire nregistrate/depuse).

Aceleai investigaii sunt recomandate pentru averica dac terenurile sunt afectate de litigii care

ar putea avea un potenial impact asupra dezvoltriiparcului eolian.

Constituirea titlului de proprietate; interdicii

La ndeplinirea anumitor condiii preliminare,anumitor persoane li s-a acordat drept de proprietateprivat asupra terenurilor prin constituirea dreptuluide proprietate, chiar dac nu fuseser expropriai

n perioada comunist. Potrivit art. 32 din Legea nr18/1991 asupra fondului funciar, persoanelor crora lis-a constituit dreptul de proprietate asupra terenurilorle este interzis s vnd sau s transfere dreptul deproprietate asupra terenurilor respective timp de 10ani calculai de la nceputul anului urmtor anului

n care s-a nregistrat proprietatea. NCC a abrogatinterdicia de nstrinare menionat anterior.

nclcarea acestor interdicii este sancionat cunulitatea absolut a actelor de nstrinare, iarconstatarea nulitii poate cerut n justiie de ctreprimrie, prefectur, procuror, precum i de ctreorice alt persoan interesat.Pentru a aprecia dac aceast interdicie a fostrespectat, trebuie urmrit momentul de la careinterdicia de nstrinare ncepe s curg. Art. 32al Legii nr. 18/1991 prevede c termenul va ncepes curg la nceputul anului urmtor anului n care

s-a fcut nregistrarea proprietii. Doctrina coninenumeroase interpretri ale termenului nregistrarei implicit, ale datei la care interdicia de nstrinare

ncepe s curg. Riscul cu privire la acest aspecttrebuie evaluat individual n ecare proiect.

Regimul monumentelor istorice

Legea nr. 422/2001 privind protejarea monumenteloristorice12 denete monumentele istorice dreptimobile, construcii i terenuri13 situate pe teritoriulRomniei, semnicative pentru istoria, cultura icivilizaia naional i universal.

same time, land was distributed on request to privateindividuals or corporations by means of instatement(constituire) of titles to land.

Although the time period for initiating restitution claimshas expired (30 November 2005), former owners thatcan prove a stronger, i.e., older, title to a particularland may challenge currently registered titles.Since it is impossible to track down all expropriations/nationalisations made in the period 1945 through 1989(e.g., due to the lack of proper records, detachmentsand mergers of concerned plots, etc.), in order to avoidfuture risks that might delay the investment process,ofcial inquiries with the relevant local councils arerecommended (with a view to restitution claims led/deposited).

The same inquiries are recommended in order toverify whether the lands are affected by other

litigations that might have a potential impact on thedevelopment of the wind farm.

Instatement of ownership title; restrictions

Subject to certain preconditions, persons weregranted access to private property over land bymeans of instatement of titles to land, even if theyhad not been expropriated during the Communistera. Pursuant to Article 32 Law No. 18/1991 on landresources, certain persons whose ownership rightto a plot of land has been instated (constituit asopposed to reinstated, reconstituit) are not allowedto sell or otherwise transfer their ownership right tothe respective plot for a period of ten years calculatedas of the beginning of the year subsequent to the yearwhen their ownership was registered. NCC abolishedthe aforementioned alienation prohibition.Breach of such prohibition results in absolutely nulland void transfer documents (e.g., null and voidpurchase agreement) nullity that may be asserted atany time by the mayoralty, prefect and prosecutor, aswell as by any interested person.In order to assess whether the prohibition has beenobserved, attention must be paid to the date whenthe prohibition term starts to run. As Article 32 of LawNo. 18/1991 stipulates that the term shall run as of

the beginning of the year following registration ofownership, various interpretations of the meaning ofthe term registration and, implicitly, of the date whenthe prohibition term starts to run where developedby the legal scholars. The risks regarding this termshould be assessed in each project individually.

Historical monument status

Law No. 422/2001 on protection of historicalmonuments12denes a historical monument asconstructions and lands13 situated in Romania thatare signicant for Romanian (and universal) history,culture and civilisation.

1.3.3

1.3.4

12Publicat n Monitorul Ocial, partea I, nr. 938 din 20 Noiembrie 200613Cu toate c aceast dispoziie legal poate interpretat ca aplicndu-se doar terenuriloraferente construciilor clasicate ca monumente istorice, n practic autoritile locale au consi-derat i parcele de teren libere ca ind monumente istorice.

12Published with Part I of the Ofcial Gazette No. 938 dated 20 November 2006.13Although this provision may well be interpreted as only applying to land corresponding toconstructions designated as historical monuments, in practice local authorities have also consid-ered empty plots of land (agricultural) as historical monuments.


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n conformitate cu art. 4 alin. 4 al Legii nr. 422/2001,titlurile unor proprieti clasicate ca monumenteistorice pot transferate de proprietarii de dreptprivat doar cu respectarea dreptului de preemiuneal statului romn de a cumpra astfel de proprieti.

Actele de transfer ncheiate cu nerespectarea acestuidrept de preemiune al statului sunt nule absolut.Constatarea nulitii poate invocat oricnd, dectre orice persoan interesat.Pentru a evita acest risc, este recomandabilobinerea unei adrese ociale de la Departamentulde Cultur, Culte Religioase i Patrimoniu CulturalNaional i de la Ministerul Romn al Culturii iCultelor cu privire la situaia terenurilor.

Regimul arheologic

Proprietarii terenurilor localizate n perimetrulunor situri arheologice, astfel cum sunt denite deOrdonana de Guvern nr. 43/200014trebuie s respecterestricii special prevzute, n scopul de a proteja i

recupera patrimoniul arheologic. Dac pe terenurilerespective sunt necesare lucrri arheologice, oricealt activitate va suspendat pn la executareai ncheierea cercetrilor arheologice, n baza unuicerticat de descrcare de sarcin arheologic.Efectuarea oricror lucrri care pot afecta siturilearheologice, n absena certicatului de descrcarede sarcin arheologic, ca i desinarea, distrugereaparial sau degradarea siturilor arheologice constituieinfraciune i se pedepsete prin lege. Pentruevitarea unor astfel de riscuri, este recomandabilobinerea unor documente ociale care atest situaiaarheologic a terenurilor.

Lipsa certicatului de urbanism

Legea nr. 350/2011 privind amenajarea teritoriuluii urbanismul15 prevede la art. 29 alin. 2 ca indobligatorie obinerea unui certicat de urbanismpentru ntocmirea documentaiilor cadastrale decomasare, respectiv de dezmembrare a bunurilorimobile n cel puin trei parcele. Art. 6 al Legii nr.50/1991 privind autorizarea executrii lucrrilorde construcii16 prevede necesitatea emiterii unuicerticat de urbanism pentru operaiunile notariale ceau ca obiect (i) dezmembrri ori comasri de parcelesolicitate n scopul realizrii de lucrri de construcii,

precum i (ii) constituirea unei servitui de trecerecu privire la un imobil. Astfel de operaiuni juridiceexecutate n lipsa certicatului de urbanism suntlovite de nulitate absolut.

Evaluarea potenialului eolian

Autoritile romne au ntocmit hri eoliene valabilepentru teritoriul Romniei, punndu-le la dispoziiapublicului. Aceste hri au mai degrab un caractergeneral, ind necesar o evaluare a potenialuluieolian n aria n care urmeaz a se construi centralaeolian. Dezvoltatorii monitorizeaz n generalpotenialul de vnt cu cel puin un an nainte de

14OG 43/2000 privind protecia patrimoniului arheologic i declararea unor situri arheologice cazone de interes naional, publicat n Monitorul Ocial, partea I, nr. 951 din 24 Noiembrie 2006.15Publicat n Monitorul Ocial, partea I, nr. 373 din 10 Iulie 2001.16Publicat n Monitorul Ocial, partea I, nr. 933 din 13 Octombrie 2004.

14Published with Part I of the Ofcial Gazette No. 951 dated 24 November 2006.15Published with Part I of the Ofcial Gazette No. 373 dated 10 July 2001.16Published with Part I of the Ofcial Gazette No. 933 dated 13 October 2004.

In accordance with Article 4, paragraph 4 of LawNo. 422/2001, title to property listed as a historicalmonument may only be transferred by private ownerswith due observance of the Romanian States pre-emption right to purchase such property. Transferdocuments concluded in breach of such legal provisi onare null and void. The nullity may be brought up incourt at any time, by any interested person. In orderto avoid this risk, requesting an ofcial inquiry fromthe Department for Culture, Religious Denominationsand National Cultural Patrimony and the RomanianMinistry for Culture and Religious Denominations isrecommended.

Archaeological status

The owner of land located within the perimeter ofarchaeological sites, as dened by GovernmentOrdinance No. 43/200014, must observe specicregulations concerning restrictions for the purpose of

protecting and recuperating archaeological patrimony.Should archaeological works be required in a speci carea, any other activity shall be suspended untilthe performance and termination of archaeologicalinvestigations, as evidenced by a certicate forarchaeological clearance.Performance of works thatmay affect the archaeological sites, in the absenceof the certicate for archaeological clearance, as wellas destruction or damage done to archaeologicalsites constitutes a criminal offence and is punishableby law. In order to avoid such risks, documentsevidencing the archaeological status of the landsshould be obtained.

Lack of urbanism certicate(certicat de urbanism)Law No. 350/2001 on land development andurbanism15provides under Article 29 paragraph 2 thatit is mandatory to obtain an urbanism certicate priorto the unication of two or several plots of land, aswell as for the partition of a plot of land into three ormore plots of land. Under Article 6 of Law No. 50/1991on the authorisation for execution of constructionworks16, a city planning certicate must be issued forall notarised deeds related to real estates, wheneverthese deeds have as an object (i) the partitioningor unication of plots for the purpose of performing

construction works or (ii) the establishment ofeasements of passage. The performance of anysuch deeds in the absence of an urbanism certicatetriggers their absolute nullity.

Wind assessment

Wind maps for Romania have been drawn up byauthorities and are available to the public. Theyare rather general, however; hence an assessmentof the wind potential in the area where the windfarm will be built is required. Developers generallymonitor wind potential for at least one year beforecommencing construction. The duration of monitoring

1.3.5

1.3.6

nceperea construciei. Durata monitorizrii i caracte-risticile echipamentului de monitorizare trebuie alesecu atenie, n special dac n proiect urmeaz s eimplicate instituii nanciare, ntruct acestea tind simpun cerine specice.Echipamentul de monitorizare anemometre - poate instalat ulterior urmrii procedurii de obinere aautorizaiei de construire, care este similar cu aceeanecesar pentru centrala eolian, dup cum estedetaliat n cele ce urmeaz.

Autorizaia de construire

Pentru construirea unui parc eolian este necesar oautorizaie de construire, indiferent de capacitateainstalat.

n general, administraia public local arecompetena de a emite autorizaii de construirepentru parcurile eoliene construite pe teritoriul suadministrativ. Cu toate acestea, n cazul n careparcul eolian este localizat (i) pe teritoriul mai multor

uniti administrativ-teritoriale (ora/comun); sau (ii)n extravilanul unei comune care nu are organizat ostructur specializat, autorizaia de construire va emis de ctre preedintele Consiliului Judeean, cuacordul primarului oraului sau al comunei respective.

Autorizaia de construire se emite n 30 de zile de ladata depunerii documentaiei complete la autoritateacompetent. Procesul de obinere a documentaieicomplete necesit diferite alte autorizaii i acorduricare difer n funcie de amplasament (de exemplu,certicat de urbanism, acord de mediu, avizul autoritiiaeronautice, aviz arheologic, avize pentru scoatereadin circuitul agricol), precum i documentaie tehnicspecic i drepturi reale asupra terenului aferentproiectului. Din aceste motive, durata procesului deautorizare va depinde de caracteristicile proiectului,cum ar amplasamentul sau capacitatea instalat.

Planicare urbanistic

Autorizaia de construire poate emis doar atuncicnd construcia parcului eolian este permis prinplanul urbanistic al municipalitii (Plan UrbanisticGeneral - PUG). Atunci cnd planicarea urbanisticnu permite construirea unei centrale eoliene, suntposibile modicri prin pregtirea unui plan urba-

nistic pentru suprafaa relevant pentru proiect (PlanUrbanistic Zonal - PUZ) sau, n anume situaii, a unuiplan urbanistic de detaliu PUD). Similar PUG-ului,att PUZ-ul, ct i PUD-ul, se aprob prin hotrrea consiliului local. n anumite cazuri, modicareanecesit o evaluare strategic de mediu (SEA).

Modicarea planului urbanistic trebuie nalizatanterior emiterii autorizaiei de construcie. Scoatereadin circuitul agricol a terenului aferent proiectului esteo condiie pentru obinerea autorizaiei de construcie.Procedura este diferit n funcie de suprafaa terenului,precum i n funcie de alte criterii, cum ar calitateasolului sau capacitile de irigare, astfel nct procesuleste mai dicil i necesit o perioad mai ndelungatde timp n cazul terenurilor cu suprafee mai mari sau ncazul suprafeelor cu capaciti de irigare, ntruct vor implicate mai multe autoriti.

and the characteristics of monitoring equipmentshould be carefully considered, especially if nancinginstitutions will be involved in the project, as they tendto have specic requirements.Monitoring equipment wind masts may be installedafter undergoing a permit process for construction,which is similar to the one for the wind farm itself, asdiscussed below.

Building Permit

The construction of a wind park always requires abuilding permit, irrespective of its installed capacity.

Generally, the local public administration is competentto issue the building permit for those wind parkserected on its administrative territory.However, in cases where a wind park is located (i)on the territory of more than one administrative unit

(town/commune); or (ii) extra muros of a communethat does not have a specialised structure, thebuilding permit shall be issued by the president of thecounty council, with the consent of the mayor of therespective town or commune.

The building permit is issued within 30 days uponsubmitting the complete documentation to thecompetent authority. The process of obtaining thecomplete documentation requires various otherpermits and approvals that will vary depending onthe location (e.g., urbanism certicate, environmentalapproval, approval from the aeronautical authority,archaeological approval, approvals for changeof land designation, etc.) and specic technicaldocumentation and real rights over the project land.Therefore, the timeframe will depend on the featuresof the project, such as location or installed capacity.

Zoning classication

A building permit can only be issued if the constructionof a wind park is permitted according to the zoningplan of the municipality (Plan Urbanistic General- PUG). If the zoning classication does not allowfor the erection of a wind power facility, it can beamended by preparing a zoning plan for the specic

area considered for the project (Plan Urbanistic Zonal- PUZ) or, in certain situations, a Detailed Urban Plan(Plan Urbanistic de Detaliu PUD). Similarly to thePUG, both PUZ and PUD are approved by resolutionof the local councils. In some cases, the amendmentrequires the execution of a Strategic Environmental

Assessment (SEA).The amendment of the zoning plan has to becompleted prior to issuing the building permit.Changing the designation of the project land fromagricultural land to non-agricultural land is a conditionfor obtaining the building permit. The procedurediffers depending on the surface of the land and onother criteria (e.g., soil quality, irrigation capacities,etc.), with the consequence that the process is moredifcult and time consuming for large surfaces of landor for surfaces with irrigation capacities, as moreauthorities get involved.

1.4

1.5

1.6


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n cazul parcurilor eoliene, este necesar scoatereadin circuitul agricol numai a acelor suprafee directafectate de construcii (cum ar cele aferente fundaiilorturbinelor, staiei de transformare, cilor de acces, liniilorelectrice).

Prevederi cu privire la mediu

Evaluarea impactului asupra mediului (EIA)

Producerea de energie electric din surse eolieneeste calicat de legislaia romn drept o activitatecu potenial impact semnicativ asupra mediului.

Ageniile de mediu locale decid de la caz la caz ipe baza unor criterii specice (capacitate instalat,amplasament, emisii poluante, inclusiv poluarefonic) dac un parc eolian va avea impactsemnicativ asupra mediului, urmnd ca n acest cazs e solicitat o EIA.

n general, EIA este efectuat de ctre ag enia demediu competent. Durata necesar pentru emiterea

acordului de mediu conform legislaiei EIA este de45 de zile lucrtoare de la depunerea documentaieicomplete. n funcie de proiect, ntregul proces poatedura mai mult de 12 luni.

Protecia naturii i conservarea peisajului

Protecia naturii i conservarea peisajului constituieparte a procedurii EIA. Pentru proiecte eolienelocalizate n siturile Natura 2000 care nu se calicdrept proiecte cu impact semnicativ asupra mediului(nsemnnd c acordul de mediu nu este necesar)este necesar avizul Natura 2000. Avizul Natura 2000este emis de agenia competent pentru proteciamediului.

Racordarea la reea

n scopul de a racorda o central eolian la reeauapublic, este necesar emiterea unui aviz tehnic deracordare de ctre operatorul de distribuie sau dectre operatorul de transport, dup caz. Avizul tehnicde racordare este emis pe baza studiilor de conectareaprobate de ctre operatorii d e reea. Accesul poate refuzat doar n cazul unei lipse de capacitate a reelei.

Avizul tehnic de racordare este valabil o perioad de25 de ani, cu condiia ca n trei sau 6 luni (n funciede tensiunea reelei electrice) de la emiterea avizuluis e semnat contractul de racordare cu operatorulde reea competent i s e pltit tariful de racordare.La cerere este posibil prelungirea acestei perioadecu nc 3 sau 6 luni. Tariful de racordare reprezintvaloarea lucrrilor de racordare; prin urmare, valoareapoate substanial.

nainte de nceperea construciei instalaiei deracordare i respectnd termenele limit de mai sus,se va semna un contract de racordare cu operatorulde reea. Scopul contractului de racordare este de adetermina termenii i condiiile construciei instalaieide racordare. Urmtoarele documente trebuie depusela operator:

In the case of wind parks, it will be necessary tochange the designation only for those surfacesdirectly affected by constructions (such as the surfaceof the foundations of the turbines, the transformerstation, access roads, electrical lines, etc.).

Environmental regulations

Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)

Wind energy generation is qualied by the Romanianlegislation as an activity with potentially signicantimpact on the environment. The local environmentalagencies decide on a case-by-case basis and afterconsidering specic criteria (installed capacity,location, polluting emissions, including noise)whether a wind park will have a signicant impact onthe environment, with the consequence that in suchcases an EIA shall be required. Generally, the EIAwill be conducted by the competent environmentalagency. The timeframe for the issuance of the

environmental approval (acord de mediu) inaccordance with EIA applicable regulations is 45working days upon submission of the completedocumentation. Depending on the project, however,the overall process may take more than 12 months.

Nature protection and landscape conservation

Nature protection and landscape conservation arepart of the EIA procedure. For wind projects locatedon Natura 2000 sites that do not qualify as projectswith a signicant impact on the envi ronment (meaningthat an environmental approval shall not be required)a Natura 2000 permit (aviz natura 2000) is needed.The Natura 2000 permit is issued by the competentenvironmental protection agency.

Grid connection

With a view to connect a wind farm to the publicgrid, a technical connection permit (aviz tehnic deracordare) should be issued by the distribution systemoperator or by the transmission system operator, asapplicable. The technical connection permit is issuedon the basis of connectivity studies approved by thenetwork operators. Access can only be denied in theevent of lack of grid capacity.

The technical connection permit is valid for 25 years,provided that within three or six months (dependingon the voltage of the electrical lines) of the issuanceof the permit, the connection agreement is signed withthe competent network operator and the connectionfee is paid. A three or six-month extension period isavailable upon request.The connection fee represents the value of theconnection works; hence the value may be substantial.Prior to starting construction of the connectioninstallations and observing the above deadlines, aconnection agreement (contract de racordare) shallbe signed with the network operator. The purpose ofthe connection agreement is to determine the termsand conditions of the construction of the connectioninstallations. The following documents must besubmitted to the operator:

1.7

1.7.1

1.8

1.7.2

1. copie a avizului tehnic de racordare;2. copie a certicatului de nregistrare la Registrul

Comerului;

Documents

Horwath & Schonherr - 2011