hot, hotter, and hotter yet - LinguisticsOfTemperaturetemperature.ling.su.se/images/8/8c/PardeshiHook.pdf · Blowing hot, hotter, and hotter yet: ... uShNa {kaTibandh, hrutu, hawaamaan}

Blowing hot, hotter, and hotter yet:Temperature vocabulary in MarathiTemperature vocabulary in Marathi and its extension to the world of

emotionsPrashant Pardeshi

National Institute for Japanese Language and Linguistics (NINJAL), Japandand

Peter Hook Universities of Virginia and Michigan, USA

Workshop on Temperature in Language and CognitionDepartment of Linguistics Stockholm University SwedenDepartment of Linguistics, Stockholm University, Sweden.

March 19‐20, 2010 1

1 Introduction1.Introduction

• Goal of our presentation: exploring the conceptualization of the domain of ptemperature through the investigation of literal (non‐metaphorical) and extendedliteral (non metaphorical) and extended (metaphorical) usages of temperature vocabulary or temperature terms in Marathivocabulary or temperature terms in Marathi.

• Marathi: Indo‐Aryan, SOV. Primarily spoken in the state of Maharashtra, India.

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1 Introduction1.Introduction

Maharashtra stateAmbient temperature p(28 ± 2 °C)

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marathi_language3

1 Introduction1.Introduction• Maharashtra has typical monsoon climate, with hot, rainy and cold weather

seasons Tropical conditions prevail all over the state and even the hill stationsseasons. Tropical conditions prevail all over the state, and even the hill stations are not that cold. Frost occurs sometimes during the colder months. Hail is always possible.

• Summer: March April and May are the hottest months During April and MaySummer: March, April and May are the hottest months. During April and May thunderstorms are common all over the state. Temperature varies between 22°C‐39°C during this season. Rainy: Rainfall starts normally in the first week of June. July is the wettest

h h h h l b lmonth in Maharashtra, while August too gets substantial rain. Monsoon starts its retreat with the coming of September from the state. Winter: Cool dry spell, with clear skies gentle breeze and pleasant weather prevails from November to February But the eastern part of Maharashtraprevails from November to February. But the eastern part of Maharashtra sometimes receives some rainfall. Temperature varies between 12°C‐34°Cduring this season. (Source: http://www.maharashtratourism.net/climate.html)

• The average annual temperature of Maharashtra remains 25・27 degree centigrade in most regions.(http://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/maharashtra/geography‐and‐history/climate html)history/climate.html)

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2 Temperature categories2. Temperature categories• K (1980 58)• Kageyama (1980: 58):

Object temperature (buttai ondo) expression [temperature range]: NP [BE WITH a TEMPERATURE which is X than the STANDARD]Physiologically felt temperature (seiri ondo) expression [temperature sensation]NP [FEEL a TEMPERATURE which is X than the STANDARD]NP [FEEL a TEMPERATURE which is X than the STANDARD]

• Koptjevskaja‐Tamm (Dec 2007): Guidelines for collecting linguistic expressions for temperature conceptsexpressions for temperature conceptsEXPERIENCE‐BASED TEMPERATURE: Tactile temperature vs. Non‐tactile temperature perception: Koptjevskaja‐Tamm amd Rakhilina(2006: 256 257): tactile temperature (sensation of temperature(2006: 256‐257): tactile temperature (sensation of temperature through touch) vs. non‐tactile (sensation of temperature via air).EXPERIENCER‐BASED TEMPERATURE: Personal‐feeling temperature

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3. Terms of evaluation of EXPERIENCE‐BASED temperature

T til t t COLD th D• Tactile temperature: COLD: gaar vs thanDa

(1) {farshi/bhaanDa/bhaat/sup} [gaar/??thanDa] aahepaved floor/pot/rice/soup cold/cold be.Pres‘{The paved floor/pot/rice/soup} is cold.’

(2) a. gaar/*thanDa paaNyaa‐tse kunDacold water‐GEN pond‘a pond of cold water’

b. garam paaNyaa‐tse kunDahot water‐GEN pondhot water GEN pond‘a pond of hot water’

6EXPERIENCE‐BASED Tactile temperature


(3) { h /* } h hik(3) a. {thanDa/*gaar} have‐tse thikaaNcold weather‐GEN place‘hill station’

b. hi kholi {thanDa/*gaar} aaheb. hi kholi {thanDa/ gaar} aahethis room cold be.Pres‘Thi i ld ’‘This room is cold.’

(4) {thanDa/gaar/thanDagaar} paaNicold/cold/sharply cold water‘cold water’



PP’ i t iti th D th D i EXPERIENCER• PP’s intuition: thanDa, thanDagaar is a EXPERIENCER‐BASED TEMPERATURE [somewhat closer to samui in Japanese] while gaar is EXPERIENCE‐BASED TEMPERATURE [somewhat closer to tsumetai in Japanese].

• In some cases both can be used as in (4) but the meaning would differ: one sprinkles gaar paaNi (and NOTwould differ: one sprinkles gaar paaNi (and NOT thanDa/thanDagaar paaNi) in the courtyard in summer and drinks thanDa/thanDagaar paaNi (and NOT gaarpaaNi) In the latter case many use gaar paaNi as well butpaaNi). In the latter case, many use gaar paaNi as well but if the drink is changed gaar cannot be used:

• thanDa / thanDagaar / *gaar [usaaTsaa ras]:cold/sugarcane juice

• thanDa / thanDagaar / *gaar [biyar]: chilled beeCf malaa thanDi waadztiy (I DAT cold feel ‘I feel cold ’)Cf. malaa thanDi waadztiy (I.DAT cold feel ‘I feel cold.’)


3. Terms of evaluation of EXPERIENCE‐BASED temperaturei d f “ O ” f /li id• Various degrees of “HOTness” for water/liquids

{ ukaLata/ kaDhat・kaDakaDit / garam /un / kombaT / gaar} paaNib ili h t/ ldi i t l h t / h t/ / t id / ld tboiling hot/ scalding・intensely hot / hot/warm/ tepid /cold waterHOT COLD

• Most of Maharashtrians (and Indians) wash their bodies with heated water The heated water is dilutedbodies with heated water. The heated water is diluted by addition of ambient temperature water. The proportion of the two gives rise to the aboveproportion of the two gives rise to the above mentioned fine‐distinctions of degree of hotness of the water.

• For PP, the distinction between uun / kombaT is lost.9EXPERIENCE‐BASED Tactile temperature


lid d bj l• For solid and gaseous objects only a two‐way distinction is made: garam (hot) vs gaar (cold).

• Morphological make‐up of temperature adjectivesukaLat{aa,i,e,a,yaa} (>ukaL‐Ne: to boil) [aa = { y } ( ) [masc.sg, i = fem.sg, e/a = neut.sg]kaDhat (> invariant present participle form of thekaDhat ( invariant present participle form of the verb kaDha‐Ne ‘boil’ [intr]kaDakaDit (>onomatopoeic)kaDakaDit (>onomatopoeic)garam, un, kombaT, gaar: underived/basic



• In addition to the native temperature adjectives, uShNa (hot) and sheeta (cold) borrowed from ( ) ( )Sanskrit are used primarily as modifiers of super ordinate objectsordinate objects.uShNa {kaTibandh, hrutu, hawaamaan}hot {zone of the earth, season, climate}sheeta {kaTibandh hrutu hawaamaan}sheeta {kaTibandh, hrutu, hawaamaan}cold {zone of the earth, season, climate}



• T i l t ti t t• Typical syntactic context(5)haa tsahaa khup garam/gaar aahe [Predicative]

this tea very hot/cold be.Pres.3sg‘This tea is very hot.’

(6) {garam tsahaa/ thanDa sarbat} aaN [Attributive](6) {garam tsahaa/ thanDa sarbat} aaN [Attributive]hot tea cold juice bring.Imp‘Bring {a cup of hot tea/a glass of cold juice}.’

(7) aadzkaal phaar garmi/thanDi asalyaa‐muLe [Reference]now days lot heat/cold be‐hencenow days lot heat/cold be hencekaaLji ghecare take.Imp‘It’s {hot/cold} now days hence take care.’



• Typical examples of relevant entities• Typical examples of relevant entities(8) Attributive use of temperature adjectives

(A) Natural artifactsti/ L (h t d l)garammaati/waaLu (hot sand, gravel)

garam {hawaa/waraa} (hot air/wind)gaar {hawaa/waraa} (cold air/wind){garam/gaar} paaNi (hot/cold water)

(B)Drinks and foodgaram tsahaa (hot tea)thanDa sarbat (cold juice)garam poLi ‘hot chapati (bread)’garam poLi hot chapati (bread)thanDagaar taak ‘cold buttermilk’thanDagaar biyar ‘chilled bear’thanDagaar aiskrim ‘ice‐cream’thanDagaar aiskrim ice‐creamgaram/kombaT/gaar {dudha/paaNi} ‘hot/warm/cold milk/water’


3. Terms of evaluation of EXPERIENCE‐BASED temperaturei l l f l i i• Typical examples of relevant entities

(8) Attributive use of temperature adjectives(c)Household Environmentgaram shegaDi ‘hot cooking fireplace’garam shegaDi hot cooking fireplace

(9) M difi ti /C i(9) Modification/Comparisonatyanta gaar paaNi (very cold water);barphaa‐pekshaa gaar paaNi (ice‐than cold water) water colder than ice.



il ( bi• Non‐Tactile temperature (Ambient temperature vs. Clothing temperature)

• Ambient temperature• Typical syntactic contextyp yNON‐REFERENTIAL PREDICATION: no “real” subject (It’s too HOT to do anything today)(It s too HOT to do anything today)

(10) aadz khup { garmii/thanDii/ garam hot } aahetoday lot heat/cold/hot become be.Prestoday lot heat/cold/hot become be.Pres‘It’s too hot/cold today; One feels very hot/cold today.’



QUASI‐REFERENTIAL PREDICATION: “weather” or “climate” as a subject (The j (weather is too HOT today.): not possible.

(11) *aadzace hawaamaan phaarats(11) aadzace hawaamaan phaaratstoday’s weather a lotgaram aahegaram aahehot be.PresLit. ‘Today’s weather is very hot.’(example (10) would be used)(example (10) would be used)



“Place” as a subject(Rome is pretty HOT this time of year.): not possible

(12)*a. dilli atta khup garam/thanDa aaheDelhi now lot hot/cold be PresDelhi now lot hot/cold be.Pres‘Delhi is very hot/cold now.’

b. dilli‐t atta khup garmii/thanDii aaheDelhi‐in now lot heat/cold be PresDelhi in now lot heat/cold be.PresLit. ‘In Delhi there is lot of heat/cold now.’



“Ai ” “ i d” th bj t (Th i d i f th S h i“Air”, “wind” as the subject (The wind coming from the Sahara is HOT.)

(13) uttar‐bhaarataa‐kaDun raajyaa‐kaDe yeNaare waare( ) jy ynorth‐India‐from state‐toward coming windsthanDa as.lyaaNe raajyaa‐til taapmaan ghaTle aahecold are.hence state‐in temperature reduced be.Pres‘As the winds blowing from North India to (Maharashtra) state

ld th t t i th t t h l d d ’are cold, the temperature in the state has lowered down.’(72.78.249.107/esakal/20091202/5020096785402429942.htm)

• “The sun” as subject: not possible (The sun at this time of the day was really HOT.)



“Ti ” th bj t t ibl (L t S d ll“Time” as the subject: not possible (Last Sunday was really hot.)

(14) *a. gelaa rawiwaar khup garam hotaapast Sunday a lot hot waspast Sunday a lot hot was‘Last Sunday was very hot.’

b. gelyaa rawiwaar‐i khup garam hotg y p gpast Sunday‐on a lot hot becomehotawas‘Last Sunday one felt very hot.’



ATTRIBUTIONATTRIBUTION“weather” or “climate” as a subject (Older people need to sleep in cool and

comfortable conditions in the HOT weather.)

(15) garam hawaamaan‐aat baaher phiraNe yogya naahihot weather‐in outside wondering good not‘ ’ d d d h h ’‘It’s not good to wonder outside in hot weather.’

“Place” as a subject

(16) thanDa pradesh‐aat yaa wanaspati waadhatcoldplace/area‐in these plants growp / p gnaahitnot‘These plants do not grow in cold places ’These plants do not grow in cold places.



“Air” “wind” as the subject“Air”, “wind” as the subject(17) dilli‐t diwas‐bhar jhombre‐waare wahaa.t hote

Delhi‐in day‐throughout biting‐winds flow.Ptcpl were ‘ lh b d fl h h h d ’‘In Delhi biting winds were flowing throughout the day.’

• “The sun” as subject: not possible• “Time” as the subject: not possible

REFERENCE

(18) uttar pradeshaa‐t thanDi‐ne 337 lok maraN paawleUttar pradeshi‐in cold‐by 337 people diedUttar pradeshi in cold by 337 people diedaahetare‘In Uttar Pradeshi 337 people died by cold ’In Uttar Pradeshi, 337 people died by cold.



• Typical examples of relevant entities: Outdoor temperatures• Typical examples of relevant entities: Outdoor temperatures

• Geographical Places• Typically uninhabited places• Typically uninhabited places• Mountain: ???? (may be cold: thanDa dongar‐daryaa cold mountains and valleys)• Volcano: ??? (may be hot: tapta jwaalaamukhi burning volcano)• Forest: ??? (may be cold: thanDa jangal cold jungle)Forest: ??? (may be cold: thanDa jangal cold jungle)• Dersert: ??? (may be hot: raNranNte waaLwanTa glowing desert)• Shadow: thanDa saawli ‘cold shadow’

• Inhabited places• garam/thanDa desh ‘hot/cold country’, garam/thanDa shahar ‘hot/cold city’,

garam/thanDa gaaw ‘hot/cold villege’

• Time• garam (hot)/ thanDa (cold) {diwas (day), raatra (night), pahaaT (morning), dupaar

(afternoon) sandhyaakaaL (evening} aathawaDaa (week) mahinaa (month)(afternoon), sandhyaakaaL (evening}, aathawaDaa (week), mahinaa (month), warsha (year), kaaL (period), weL (hour/time), hrutu (season) }



• T i l l f l t titi O td t t• Typical examples of relevant entities: Outdoor temperatures

• Weather• garam (hot)/ thanDa (cold) {hawaamaan (weather), taapmaan

(climate)}

• Conductors of heat• garam (hot)/ thanDa (cold) {hawaa (air), waaraa (wind)}•• Environmental sources of heat• taLapataa surya (gleaming sun)p y (g g )• shital Chandra (cold moon)• stars (???)

dh dh ti (fi l l i fi )• dhagdhagti aag (fiercely glowing fire)



T i l l f l t titi I d• Typical examples of relevant entities: Indoor temperatures

• garam/thanDa ghar ‘hot/cold room’garam/thanDa ghar hot/cold room• garam/thanDa kholi ‘hot/cold room’• garam sauna ‘hot sauna’garam sauna hot sauna• thanDa refrijreTar ‘cold refrigerator’

• Sources of heat• garma shekoTi ‘warm bonfire’g• garam bhaTTi ‘hot furnace’• garam hiTar ‘warm heater’



• Clothing temperature• Clothing temperature

(19) haa sweTar ub‐daar aaheh h b bthis sweater heat‐bearer be.Pres

‘This sweater is warm.’

(20) malaa ub‐daar sweTar hawaayTo me heat‐bearer sweater need‘I need a warm sweater.’

• Typical examples of relevant entities: ClothingsweTar ‘sweater’ jyakeT ‘jacket’ kapaDe ‘clothes’ buT ‘boots’sweTar sweater , jyakeT jacket , kapaDe clothes , buT boots

• Bed (clothing)anthruN ‘spreading sheet’ paangharuN ‘covering sheet/blancket’anthruN spreading sheet , paangharuN covering sheet/blancket


4. Terms of evaluation of EXPERIENCER‐BASED temperature

Typical syntactic contexts

PREDICATION(21) hyaa khoi‐t hiTar nasalyaane malaa thanDi waadztiy(21) hyaa khoi t hiTar nasalyaane malaa thanDi waadztiy

This room‐in heater not.hence to me cold feel‘I feel cold since there is no heater in this room.’

(22) hyaa khoi‐t pankhaa nasalyaane malaa garam hotaythis room in fan not hence to me hot feelthis room‐in fan not.hence to me hot feel‘I feel hot since there is no fan in this room.’

(23) taap aalyaane malaa {thanDi waadztiy/ garam hotay}fever come.hence to me cold feel/ hot feel‘ f l { ld/h } h f ’‘I feel {cold/hot} since I have fever.’

(24)maadzhyaa kaanaa‐laa thanDi waadztiymy ear‐to cold feel‘I feel cold in my ears.’

• No person‐distinction is made like Japanese (samui [1P] vs. samusou [2, 3P]).• ATTRIBUTION: ??, REFERENCE: ??

26EXPERIENCER‐BASED Temperature


T i l l f l t titiTypical examples of relevant entities• Living things: lahaan mul (child), stri (females), puruSh(males), wayaskar lok (old people.(males), wayaskar lok (old people.

• Animals: kutra (dog), mandzar (cat), hatti (elephant).• Body‐parts: kaan (ear), naak (nose), haat (hand), pay (leg)y p ( ), ( ), ( ), p y ( g)

• Concrete uses: meaningg• In Marathi no distinction is made between ‘warm’ and ‘hot’ in the case of solid and gaseous things. In the case of li id thi di ti ti i d (k b T ) dliquids this distinction is made (kombaT vs. garam) and ‘warm’ may means ‘less hot than the expected standard’ in suitable contexts apart from the objective temperature p j p(i.e. less than hot one).


4. Terms of evaluation of EXPERIENCER‐BASED temperatureTh i f “ l hi ” ( bd )• There is separate term for “clothing warm” (ubdaar). Temperature above warm are considered dangerous.D l hi hDangerously high

{ k / k h k k / }• { ukaLata/ kaDhat・kaDakaDit / garam} paaNiboiling hot/ scalding・intensely hot / hot waterPleasantly warming

• {un / kombaT } paaNiwarm/ tepid water



• COLD, COOL, CHILLY• barphaa‐saarkha gaar paaNi (ice‐like coldbarphaa saarkha gaar paaNi (ice like cold water)

Ni ( ld )• gaar paaNi (cold water)• Others• kombaT paaNi ‘tepid water’ Not

ffi i tl h t f th ( f i isufficiently hot for the norm (cf. nurui in Japanese)



• No special term for neutral temperatures• COLD, COOL, CHILLYCOLD, COOL, CHILLYbarphaa‐saarkha gaar paaNi (ice‐like cold

)water)gaar paaNi (cold water)g p ( )

• OtherskombaT paaNi ‘tepid water’ Not sufficiently hot for the norm (cf. nurui in Japanese)



T th lit l ( t d d) f t t• To sum up the literal (non‐extended) usage of temperature adjectives in Marathi:

• Fine‐grained distinctions are made on the hot side of the temperature spectrum in the case of liquids (especially water and milk) In the case of solids and gases no distinction madeand milk). In the case of solids and gases no distinction made between “warm” and “hot”.

• Warm/lukewarm has a restricted combinatory potential (only y p ( yfor liquids)

• Warm also means “not sufficiently hot for the norm” in appropriate contextsappropriate contexts.

• Special term for warm in the case of “clothing temperature”.• The cold side of the spectrum has only one term. p y

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5. Extended (Metaphorical) usages temperature vocabulary

• In the extended or metaphorical use of temperature adjectives, attributive uses are p jfairly restricted.

English Japanese MarathiEnglish Japanese Marathihot news ??atsui

nyuusu*garam baatmi

nyuusuWarm

welcomeatatakai kangei

*{kombaT/uun} swaagat

cold response tumetaihannou

thanDapratisaad

32Cf. grama‐a‐garam Khabar (hot or breaking/sensational news), garma‐a‐garam sinetarkaa (sexy film actress)


• In the extended or metaphorical use of temperature adjectives predicative uses• In the extended or metaphorical use of temperature adjectives, predicative uses are more productive than the attributive ones.

(25) tisraa umedwaar maatra atishay thanDa aahe(25) tisraa umedwaar maatra atishay thanDa aahethird candidate however extremely cold be.Pres.3SgM ‘The third candidate however is extremely quite.’(www.loksatta.com)

(26) selinaa sadhyaa garam aaheSelina now days hot be.Pres.3SgF‘Selina is angry now days.’ (marathi.webdunia.com)

(27) aataa khaasagi kharedi‐cyaa spardhe‐muLe baadzaarnow private buying‐Gen competition‐dut to marketgaram aahehot be.Pres.3SgM‘Now due to the competition created by private (non‐governmental) buying the

k i h ’ ( k /NEWS/SSS2 h )market is hot. ’ (www.cottonyarnmarket.net/NEWS/SSS2.htm)

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• E ti G l M t i P i i l Th h i l i l ff t f• Emotions: General Metonymic Principle: The physiological effects of an emotion stand for the emotion. (Lakoff 1987: 382)

(29) dainandin kaamkaadzaa‐ne Doka garam dzhaale kiday‐to‐day work‐by head hot become thengoraa saaheb phalTani‐saha thanDa hawe‐cyaaBritish officer staff‐with cold weather‐GenBritish officer staff with cold weather GenThikaaNi rawaanaa hot aseplace used to go‘O i b d i h d d h B i i h ffi d‘On getting bugged with day‐to‐day chores British officer used to go to hill station with his staff.’

(30) Doka thanDa thew‐un wichaar karhead cold keep‐CP thinking do‘K l d thi k ’‘Keep your cool and think.’

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• Metonymic construal: INCREASE IN BODY TEMPRATURE STANDS FOR ANGER• Metonymic construal: INCREASE IN BODY TEMPRATURE STANDS FOR ANGER=>Metaphorical construal: ANGER IS HEAT, ANGER IS FIRE (Lakoff 1987: 380‐389)

(31) wakil‐saaheb garam dzhaalelawyer‐respected hot become Pst 3Pllawyer‐respected hot become.Pst.3Pl‘The respected lawyer got angry.’

(maharashtratimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/3192090.cm)(32) mag te thanDa dzhaale( ) g

then they cold become.Pst.3Pl‘Then they calmed down.’ (ejmarathe.blogspot.com/2008/06/blog‐post_28.html)

(33) sharad pawar‐yaantsaa paaraa tsaDhlaaSharad Pawar‐Gen mercury rise.Pst.3SgM‘Mr. Sharad Pawar got angry.’(article.wn.com/.../WNATc446d26032bdfb5ca2b01c467f07b2d3/)

(34) maadzhyaa maitriNi‐tsaa paaraa utarlaaI.Gen friend.Gen mercury fall.Pst.3SgM‘My friend calmed down.’ (www.deshdoot.com/detail_archive.php)

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Culture specific metaphorsCulture specific metaphors

(35) hindutwaa‐tsaa tawaa garam karNyaatsaa prayatnaHinduism‐of fry pan hot doing effortHinduism of fry pan hot doing effortsanghapariwaaraa‐ne kelaathe Sangh family‐Erg did‘The Sangh family (Hindu Nationalist Organization family) tried to popularize theirg y ( g y) p pHinduist agenda.’ (www.ibnlokmat.tv/showblog.php?id=61262&pg=)

(36) truk‐maalak‐chaalakaan‐kaDun paishaa‐chi maagNi kar‐un pathkaa‐tiltruck‐owners‐drivers‐from money‐of demand do‐CP squad‐inadhikaari wa karmachaari khisaa garam kar‐un ghetatofficers and employees pocket hot do‐CP take‘By demanding money from the truck owners and drivers the officers and employees in the (police) squad enrich their pockts.’

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6 Summary6. Summary

Lit l ( t d d) f t t t i M thiLiteral (non‐extended) usage of temperature terms in Marathi:• Fine‐grained distinctions are made on the hot side of the

temperature spectrum in the case of liquids (especially water and ilk) I th f lid d di ti ti d b tmilk). In the case of solids and gases no distinction made between

“warm” and “hot”.• The cold side of the spectrum has only one term. • Warm/lukewarm has a restricted combinatory potential (only for

liquids)• Warm also means “not sufficiently hot for the norm” in appropriate y pp p

contexts.• Special term for warm in the case of “clothing temperature”

Non‐literal (figurative/extended) usage of temperature terms in Marathi:Lik th l t t SOURCE d i• Like many other languages, temperature serves as a SOURCE domain for understanding of emotions like ANGER.

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ReferencesReferences• Kageyama Taro 1979 Ondo hyougen no imi kouzou Gengo bunka kenkyu No 5• Kageyama, Taro. 1979. Ondo hyougen no imi kouzou. Gengo bunka kenkyu, No. 5• Kageyama, Taro. 1980. Nichiei Hikaku Goi no Kouzou. Tokyo: Shohakusha.• Koptjevskaja‐Tamm, M. & E. Rakhilina 2006. "Some like it hot": on semantics of

temperature adjectives in Russian and Swedish STUF (Sprachtypologie undtemperature adjectives in Russian and Swedish. STUF (Sprachtypologie und Universalienforschung), a special issue on Lexicon in a Typological and ContrastivPerspective, ed. by Leuschner, T. & G. Giannoulopoulou, 59 (2).

• Lakoff, Geroge & Johnson, Mark. 1980. Metaphors we live by. The University of Chicago Press.

• Lakoff, George. 1987. Woman, fire and dangerous things. Chicago: the University of Chicago Press.

• Shimotori Misuzu 2004 The semantics of eight common temperature adjectives• Shimotori, Misuzu. 2004. The semantics of eight common temperature adjectives in written Japanese. Department of linguistics, Stockholm university: M.A. thesis.

• Shindo, Mika. 1998‐9. An analysis of metaphorically extended concepts based onbodily experience. A case study of temperature expressions. Papers in linguisticbodily experience. A case study of temperature expressions. Papers in linguisticscience, 4:29–54, 5: 57–73.

• Sutrop, Urmas. 1998. Basic temperature terms and subjective temperature scale. Lexicology, 4.1:60‐104

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Thank you very much !!Thank you very much !!

• Comments, criticisms are most welcome!Comments, criticisms are most welcome!

• Contact:prashant@ninjal ac [email protected]

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MemoMemo

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hot, hotter, and hotter yet - LinguisticsOfTemperaturetemperature.ling.su.se/images/8/8c/PardeshiHook.pdf · Blowing hot, hotter, and hotter yet: ... uShNa {kaTibandh, hrutu, hawaamaan}